Management as a discipline is generally concerned with the art and science of getting a group of people to achieve a defined goal or objective (Griffin, 2008). The discipline has evolved significantly over the last one century or so (Roth, 1998). In the first half of the 20th century, emphasis was largely placed on structure, authority, and production; with little or no attention to employees (Adetule, 2011). There has, however,

Constraints What is the Theory of Constraints? There has been a continuous development of management from the time it was realized that it can be studied carefully to form a branch of knowledge and the individuals who had studied it generally performed better as managers than others who never spent time on the matter. The Theory of Constraints or TOC is basically a philosophy of management and improvement. The first person

In actuality, the competition became quite stiff between various sales staff as it was the sales leaders in each category that were to receive bonuses, rather then incentives being given to all staff that reached certain targets. This meant that it was in each sales person's best individual interests to hinder sales from others and compete for certain specific sales. The ultimate result was a more embittered workforce and a

Organizational Behavior In a competitive environment, where change is the only constant phenomenon, learning and knowledge management are vital for sustenance and growth of organizations. A precise universal definition of knowledge can be elusive, because it is complex and manifests itself in various forms in individuals as well as in organizations. Individual or tacit knowledge is confined to the people who possess it and cannot be structured or managed in the

One aspect of the ethics of electronic communications is that people feel an insular autonomy, not necessarily true but implied by the format and that often times people chose to communicate at many times of the day and night, sometimes regretting that the communication was not made with appropriate forethought and skill. The social aspect of work communications must not be ignored as the dynamic of email communication can

Thus, the HR activities are currently more structured, but in the same time more decentralized to be able to respect the local characteristics of each market. Reference List Barney J.B. 1986. Organizational Culture: Can it Be a Source of Competitive Advantage?, the Academy of Management Review, vol. 11(3): pp. 656-665. Bass B.M. & Avolio B.J. 1994. Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture, International Journal of Public Administration, vol. 17(3): pp. 541-554. Beer M. &