¶ … Hell
Critical interaction with author's work
Four Views in Hell is an anthology of four different kinds of views on Hell. The book was published in 1996 (originally in 1992) and was edited by William Crockett. The views presented in this book are literal, metaphorical, conditional, and purgatorial. All four authors have described the subject from different directions. Views are all based on teachings of Bible and the four theological concepts which are somewhat different from each other. The four views are John Walvoord's 'the literal view', William Crockett's 'the metaphorical view'. Zachary Hayes' 'the purgatorial view' and Clark Pinnock's 'the conditional immortality view'. The book 'Four Views on Hell' is an interactive book in which every author has presented a view on Hell, and every author has also defended the view against all the counter arguments put forward by the others.
Brief Summary
John F. Walvoor has presented the Literal View (pg. 11-29) and according to this view, Hell is a physical and an eternal place where those people who rejected God will be placed for eternity. This is an old view of Hell, where people believe that God will put everyone, who went against Him and His judgment, in Hell. The fires of Hell will destroy all the sinners and people will be punished for the sins committed. A strong case was put forward by Walvoord for the everlasting actual fire in Hell. He argues that the punishment in Hell is everlasting and that is punitive, not redemptive. He surveys the doctrine of Hell in both old and new testaments.
The next section, The Metaphorical View is presented by William V. Crockett which rejects the literal view. According to Crocket, the view shown in the Bible of what Hell actually looks like is not to be taken in literal sense; instead, the view of Hell has been explained in the figurative sense. Hell does not actually contain a burning abyss, hellfire and brimstone etc., the use of these terms is a way to warn the sinners of what lies for them ahead, if they went against God's judgment. Also, these terms reflect the availability of a certain place without God's love which no one would want to go to. Though Crockett agrees at one point with the literal view, which is that...
As noted, this is an interesting book. However, an introduction to the subject as well as concluding remarks by Crockett would have been helpful. The reader is left in limbo at the end without any concluding comments. The introduction could have provided more information as a foundation of Christianity and the notion of hell and perhaps even how other religions view this. In addition to these four perspectives, there are
Martin Luther King Jr. was a black revolution leader who fought for the equal rights of blacks in USA. A priest by profession. A philosopher and hero of the blacks. Headed the Southern Christian Leadership and held peaceful protests. He was arrested for a similar protest in Birmingham. White priests sent him a letter in jail, asking him to end the demonstration and approach the court with his problem. He wrote this in reply to their
Slave Narrative and Black Autobiography - Richard Wright's "Black Boy" and James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography The slave narrative maintains a unique station in modern literature. Unlike any other body of literature, it provides us with a first-hand account of institutional racially-motivated human bondage in an ostensibly democratic society. As a reflection on the author, these narratives were the first expression of humanity by a group of people in a society where
and, so that brought in a whole new perspective. I had never realized the degree to which they were afraid of us and often feel as though - now the situation becomes very life threatening for them. Because often they don't know how to follow the protocol, how to properly respond to police officers. and, so it just supercharges the whole event." The training] gave us an opportunity to ask
E., they became helpless). Furthermore, other behaviors of the dogs were adversely affected (e.g., the dogs appeared apathetic and had poor appetites) (Hitzemann, 2000). In his essay, "Animal Models of Psychiatric Disorders and Their Relevance to Alcoholism," Hitzemann (2000) reports that, "Both fear and anxiety are alerting signals that warn the individual against impending danger and enable the individual to take defensive measures. For animals, the distinctions between fear and
231) Yet, research recently has stated findings that "non-mnemonic semantic elaboration methods" are more effective that the mnemonic keyword technique on lexical retention for L2. VIII. Differentiation of Mnemonic and Non-mnemonic Elaboration Techniques Mnemonic and non-mnemonic elaboration techniques are differentiated by the manner of association of new words with previous knowledge in that: "mnemonic elaboration techniques establish this connection through verbal and visual imagery" however, the elaboration of non-mnemonic techniques makes this
Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.
Get Started Now