" (Rouillard, 1987) VIII. LIBERAL HUMANISM & ECONOMIC PLANNING

In 1958 this liberal humanism of the CTCC "manifested itself in a new theme that appeared...economic planning." (Rouillard, 1987) Abuses of the system were corrected by the intervention of the state even though it was symbolic intervention only and it even "further directed the economy toward satisfying the real needs of individuals." (Rouillard, 1987) the CTCC gradually became nondenominational over the years and finally in 1960 the CTCC dropped 'Catholic' from its title and "all direct references to the Church's social doctrine." (Rouillard, 1987)

IX. ETHNICALLY SUBMERGED SPLIT LABOUR MARKET

The work of Calliste entitled: "Sleeping Car Porters in Canada: An Ethnically Submerged Split Labour Market" (1987) states that the theory of the split labour market "was formulated by Edna Bonacich to explain economic sources of ethnic antagonism." (Calliste, 1987) a split labour market is stated to exist "when the cost of labour substantially differs along ethnic lines for the same work, or would differ if they did the same work." (Calliste, 1987) This situation creates conflict "among employers and "higher-paid dominant labour, and lower-paid ethnic minority labour." (Calliste, 1987) the higher-paid labor force is reported to have felt threatened when lower-paid labour was introduced into the workforce due to fear of being displaced or having their wages reduced. W.D. Scott, Superintendent of Immigration stated in 1918 of Canadian ethnic segregation: "Coloured labour is not generally speaking in demand in Canada and it is not only regarded as the lowest grade, but it is the last to be taken on and the first to be discharged in most enterprises." (Calliste, 1987)

X. PORTERS UNIONIZED in 1942 & ESTABLISH AGREEMENT in 1945

In 1942, porters were unionized and by 1945, an agreement has been established. The national committee on human rights of the Canadian Labour Congress (CLC) launched an investigation in 1961, which found that discrimination did exist and placed blame on the railway. Following the Local 130 filing...

This resulted in the way being opened for porters to be "promoted to sleeping car conductor and inspector, as well as for being eligible for employment in the dining car." (Calliste, 1987)
The work entitled: "The Modern Era: 1960-1990" relates that the workforce expansion continued "both as a result of a natural increase in the population (the baby boom) and with the influx of thousands of immigrants." (1987) Additionally during World War II the industrial framework which was developed experienced expansion and adaptation in the 1960s as associations were converted by public sector employees and engaged in "consultation with employers, into unions bargaining collectively on their behalf, often however not always with the right to strike." (the Modern Era: 1960-1990, 1987) at this time, private sector employment was unorganized for women.

SUMMARY & CONCLUSION

The post-World War II years in Canada were years of change and transformation and realization of what had been envisioned prior to the beginning of the war. While patriotism during the world had served to extend labour's realization of that for which they organized, went on strike and fought for, in the end the labour movement made great strides in advancing the conditions, rights and wages of the workforce in Canada.

Bibliography

Calliste, Agnes (1987) Sleeping Car Porters in Canada: An Ethnically Submerged Split Labour Market. Canadian Ethnic Studies. 1987 Canadian Ethnic Studies Association.

Gindin, Sam (1987) Globalization, Nationalism, and Internationalism (1987) the Modern Era (1960-1990).

Iacovetta, Franca (1987) From Contadina to Workers: Southern Italian Immigrant Working Women in Toronto, 1947-1962. The Modern Era. (1960-1990)

McDowell, Laurel Sefton (1987)the Formation of the…