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¶ … Homeland Security and Emergency Management.
M7D1: Social Media and Risk Communications
According to Bullock (et al. 2013) the four methods of risk communication include mitigation or "to promote implementation of strategies, technologies, and actions that will reduce the loss of lives and property in future disasters; preparedness or "to communicate preparedness messages that encourage and educate the public in anticipation of disaster events;" response or "to provide to the public notification, warning, evacuation, and situation reports on an ongoing disaster and recovery or "to provide individuals and communities affected by a disaster with information on how to register for and receive disaster relief" (Bullock et al. 2013: 515). It is in the response phase which was critically lacking in the case of dealing with the threat posed by the D.C. sniper. There is always an element of fear in the case of spontaneous threats which emerge, as but a realistic vision of this threat must be communicated. Fear is inevitable in any situation in which human life is in peril. However, unlike a hurricane or a snowstorm, the threat of a sniper is unexpected and there is no advance warning. This is one of the reasons the fear rate is so elevated, in combination with the unpredictable nature of the threat. While the threats were being investigated,...
area was nearly paralyzed by the attacks: field trips were curtailed by schoolchildren and the media devoted a great deal of heated speculation to the likely identity of the purported attackers, much of which was incorrect and wholly speculative.
It is important that law enforcement surveys the media coverage (not all of which it can control, although it may make a contribution to it in the form of press releases and public statements) and attempts to convey a realistic point-of-view of the threat. In the case of the sniper, one criticism of the actions of law enforcement was that it did not communicate clearly the likely statistical probability of risk and did not temper the sensationalistic coverage. Limiting fear through direct communication, versus letting the communication be solely tackled by the commercial media is extremely important. For example, having press releases regularly posted about the sniper on the law enforcement agency website and the level of likely threat encourages the public to directly access the information provided by law enforcement agencies, versus resorting to special reports issued by Fox News. Even the most legitimate media outlets such as NPR will have a natural bias to convey an elevated threat level, given this increases the likelihood of media interest by the public. The cliche that 'if it bleeds,…
They have also provided intelligent analysis to state, federal and local law enforcers promoting competency and improved support missions in and out of the United States. Navy and marine corps have participated in multi- service working groups to ensure to update and produce multi- service CBRNE defense. CBRNE is also incorporated into air command, where the training is incorporated into courses; the instruction in the course includes instructions addressing the
According to the Congressman, there is a basic lack of interoperability across more than 80% of the United States' first responders. They are not able to communicate with each other, and are therefore also not able to launch adequate rescue operations, particularly during times of large-scale emergencies. According to the report, it was found that at least 121 of the 343 fire fighters who died could have been saved had
Emergency Management (Mitigation) Policy analysis and assessment Emergency management policy has undergone change historically and these changes have been disaster driven and administration dependent. Early History of Emergency Management A Congressional Act was passed in 1803 to make the provision of financial assistance to a town in New Hampshire that had been devastated by fire. This is the first involvement of the Federal government in a local disaster. In the 1930s the Reconstruction
S. DHS "Strategic Plan," 2008, http://www.dhs.gov/xabout/strategicplan/) Realistically acts of terrorism, domestic or foreign are exceedingly rare, though slightly more common than they have been in the past and at least marginally more violent in nature, they occur very, very rarely. (Lewis, 2000, p. 201) Though maintaining serious preparedness the mitigation of natural disasters, most which cannot be avoided is an issue needed to be addressed almost yearly, on both small
On the other hand, the Department in itself was projected to deal with a large number of aspects surrounding homeland security. The arguments supporting the idea were focused on the principle that the citizens must be protected from foreign threats, such as terrorism, and they must be given the help needed to face the treacheries of nature. In aiming to accomplish the latter, the Federal Emergency Management Directorate was established.
The challenge for local and state homeland security planning lies with the top-down nature of disaster response and relief and the technologies that are needed in order for adequate response to become possible. As authors Schafer, Carroll, Haynes, and Abrams (2008) write, "Emergencies often have causes and effects that are global. However, emergencies are also inherently local: They occur in a particular place and point in time. While it is critical