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Moreover, all these approaches are not completely sufficient in meeting the challenges mentioned in section 3.2. For instance, PETs and privacy models do not explicitly contribute in a reduction of data collection, nor is that their intent or purpose. Although anonymous data collection is based on the assumption that if data is collected anonymously then it cannot be linked with any individual, and if data cannot be related to an individual then it poses no threats in terms of privacy. Thus, detailed privacy policies and safeguards for data are not seen as critical in this model. By collecting anonymous data, one may argue that a true minimum amount of personal data is being collected. However, ensuring complete anonymity remains both technically and practically difficult.
For example, mix zones and changing pseudonyms are used to maintain anonymity but it is also possible to break the anonymity and track a user in a mix zone. Pervasive computing, then, needs other, more robust means to minimize the amount of data collection. Moreover, there are usability and efficiency issues that arise with any of these approaches. Testing, for example, is typically done in a controlled environment under limited conditions. The effectiveness of many of these solutions, then, has not been adequately tested under typical, real-world, conditions. In a true pervasive computing environment, users will move extensively between different computing environments and will interact with various devices (e.g. starting from small portable hand held device to large wall sized displays), and applications. It is difficult to predict how privacy solutions will perform in a true user-environment under more typical conditions.
Thus, it will be necessary to find and incorporate a unique privacy model that accentuates both social and legal norms, while ensuring the technical ability to protect privacy.
Newman, a. 2008, Protectors of Privacy: Regulating Personal Data in the Global Economy, Cornell University Press.
Miller, S. And J. Weckert 2000, "Privacy, the Workplace...
28, no. 3, pp. 255-65.
OECD -- Recommendation Concerning Guidelines Governing the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data, (September 1980), cited in: http://www.oecd.org/document/18/0,2340,en_2649_34255_1815186_1_1_1_1,00.html
See also: Caloyannides, M 2004, Privacy Protection and Computer Forensics, 2nd ed., Artech House; Bennett, C.J. And C. Raab 2006, the Governance of Privacy: Policy Instruments in Global Perspective, MIT Press.
For additional discussions on the efficacy of sensitive monitoring devices, see: Glasziou, P., et.al., eds., 2008, Evidence-Based Medical Monitoring: From Principles to Practice, BMJ Press; Jovanov, M. And D. Raskovic, 2000, "Issues in Wearable Computing for Medical Monitoring Applications," Wearable Computers: The Fourth International Symposium, pgs. 43-49, Cited in: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=888463
See: Blanchard, J. 2004, "Ethical Considerations of Home Monitoring Technology," Telemedicine Information Exchange, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 63-64, Cited in: http://tie.telemed.org/articles/article.asp?path=homehealth&article=ethicsAndHomeTech_jb_hhct04.xml
See: Yamada & Kamioka 2005.
See: International Telecommunications Union 2005, "Privacy and Ubiquitous Network Societies," ITU Workshop on Ubiquitous Network Societies, New Initiatives Program, April 5-8, 2005; Cited in: http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/ni/ubiquitous/Papers/Privacy%20background%20paper.pdf
Do you really need this here? If you do, a complete scholarly reference will be necessary. I was not able to find one that fit your paragraph's intent.
See the technical discussion in: Golle, P. et.al.,n.d. "Data Collection With Self-Enforcing Privacy," Cited in: http://crypto.stanford.edu/~pgolle/papers/selfprivacy.pdf
See: Aceituno, V. 2005, "On Information Security Paradigms," ISSA Journal,
September; Casey, E 2004, Digital Evidence and Computer Crime, 2nd ed., Academic Press.
references that can be easily manipulated by the end user.
Moreover, all these approaches are not completely sufficient in meeting the challenges mentioned in section 3.2. For instance, PETs and privacy models do not explicitly contribute in a reduction of data collection, nor is that their intent or purpose. Although anonymous data collection is based on the assumption that if data is collected anonymously then it cannot be linked with any individual, and if data cannot be related to an individual then it poses no threats in terms of privacy. Thus, detailed privacy policies and safeguards for data are not seen as critical in this model. By collecting anonymous data, one may argue that a true minimum amount of personal data is being collected. However, ensuring complete anonymity remains both technically and practically difficult.
For example, mix zones and changing pseudonyms are used to maintain anonymity but it is also possible to break the anonymity and track a user in a mix zone. Pervasive computing, then, needs other, more robust means to minimize the amount of data collection. Moreover, there are usability and efficiency issues that arise with any of these approaches. Testing, for example, is typically done in a controlled environment under limited conditions. The effectiveness of many of these solutions, then, has not been adequately tested under typical, real-world, conditions. In a true pervasive computing environment, users will move extensively between different computing environments and will interact with various devices (e.g. starting from small portable hand held device to large wall sized displays), and applications. It is difficult to predict how privacy solutions will perform in a true user-environment under more typical conditions.
Thus, it will be necessary to find and incorporate a unique privacy model that accentuates both social and legal norms, while ensuring the technical ability to protect privacy.
Newman, a. 2008, Protectors of Privacy: Regulating Personal Data in the Global Economy, Cornell University Press.
OECD -- Recommendation Concerning Guidelines Governing the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data, (September 1980), cited in: http://www.oecd.org/document/18/0,2340,en_2649_34255_1815186_1_1_1_1,00.html
For additional discussions on the efficacy of sensitive monitoring devices, see: Glasziou, P., et.al., eds., 2008, Evidence-Based Medical Monitoring: From Principles to Practice, BMJ Press; Jovanov, M. And D. Raskovic, 2000, "Issues in Wearable Computing for Medical Monitoring Applications," Wearable Computers: The Fourth International Symposium, pgs. 43-49, Cited in: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=888463
See: Blanchard, J. 2004, "Ethical Considerations of Home Monitoring Technology," Telemedicine Information Exchange, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 63-64, Cited in: http://tie.telemed.org/articles/article.asp?path=homehealth&article=ethicsAndHomeTech_jb_hhct04.xml
See: International Telecommunications Union 2005, "Privacy and Ubiquitous Network Societies," ITU Workshop on Ubiquitous Network Societies, New Initiatives Program, April 5-8, 2005; Cited in: http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/ni/ubiquitous/Papers/Privacy%20background%20paper.pdf
See the technical discussion in: Golle, P. et.al.,n.d. "Data Collection With Self-Enforcing Privacy," Cited in: http://crypto.stanford.edu/~pgolle/papers/selfprivacy.pdf
Nursing Research HIPAA Proposal Patient privacy protection is a cornerstone of any patient bill of rights and is a major goal of any nurse or medical professional. Without privacy, the basis of trust necessary to facilitate patient healing simply can not occur. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) increasingly dominates the nursing landscape. Safeguarding private patient information is not just important. It is the law. HIPAA provides
Privacy or Surveillance -- Political Topic Privacy or Surveillance? We live in an age of heightened concerns about terrorism and public safety. The events of 9/11, the constant threat of future terrorist plots and mass shootings and public bombings have put both the American people and government on high alert. Some of the government's responses have included development of the Department of Homeland Security and terrorist threat level systems (Hiranandani, 2011). Other
Privacy and Abuse Protection Efforts of Businesses Facts Many workforces in most nations all over the world are increasingly becoming global. These workforces cooperate, communicate, and link up in multinationals and global marketplaces via web-based applications across countries and territories. The phenomenon of globalization has removed quite a number of differences amongst peoples and nations both in workplaces and in other areas[footnoteRef:2]. However, some questions have been raised on the origins of
Internet: Privacy for High School Students An Analysis of Privacy Issues and High School Students in the United States Today In the Age of Information, the issue of invasion of privacy continues to dominate the headlines. More and more people, it seems, are becoming victims of identity theft, one of the major forms of privacy invasion, and personal information on just about everyone in the world is available at the click of
But the failure must be corrected within 30 days from the time of notification of the violation. Criminal penalty will be imposed on a person who knowingly obtains and reveals identifiable health information and violates HIPAA Rules at a fine of $50,000 and up to 1 year imprisonment. The fine can increase to $100,000 and the imprisonment to 5 years if the violation involves false pretenses. The fine can
Layne', in December 1994, the Office of the Information and Privacy Commissioner received a compliant that the Vancouver Police Department had taken a decision to block out the faces of those person who were being interviewed by the police in the program, "To Serve and to Protect." The complainant was KF Media Inc., of Vancouver B.C. KF Media Inc. who was the producer of the program, and it generally