¶ … WorldCom Prior to the corporate financial scandal, WorldCom was one of the largest long distance telephone companies (Reuters, 2003). Initially headquartered in Mississippi it later moved to Virginia. The company grew fast by acquiring other companies such as MCI Communications in 1998 and UUNET technology in 1996. Other companies acquired included, Metromedia in 1992, Resurgens Communications Group in 1993. In the course of this acquisition spree, WorldCom undertook two complex takeovers. The first was the 1998 acquisition of CompuServe from H&R Block where it retained the network division, sold off the online service to American Online (AOL) and the second, the acquisition of Digex in 2001, and disposed of all Digex assets to Allegiance Telecom (Kaplan & Kiron, 2004). With these acquisitions, it gained a favorable reputation in the market as a company with a solid foundation.

Facts of the WorldCom Case

The WorldCom fraud case is one of the largest corporate fraud and accounting scandal in the United States history. It inflicted billions of dollars worth of damage to the investors and resulted in the greatest bankruptcy in America. Senior directors, officers and external auditor Arthur Andersen and investment banking agency Salomon Smith Barney Incorporated brought about the fraud case (Kaplan & Kiron, 2004). This syndicate was in violation of securities act of 1993, and the securities and exchange act of 1934. WorldCom gained more than $3.8 billion in ordinary costs as capital expenditure; a gross violation of the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) (The Securities and Exchange Commission, 2002).

WorldCom inflated their stock and bond prices to meet Wall Street's estimates, a plan that enabled the company and principal underwriters to defraud investors by misguiding them to purchasing more that $17 billion investment notes contrary to the company's financial status. The senior executives involved in the swindle manipulated reserves to cover bad debts by setting high figures to compensate for projected and real profits.

Violation of GAAP Concept

WorldCom largely violated the GAAP. Under the GAAP, the company was required to approximate monthly line costs and expenses. To estimate these costs, WorldCom created a liability account. The company reduced the bills in the same margin as the income. Expenses according to GAAP are estimates that needed revision to make sure their genuineness (Ryerson, 2009). In cases whereby the expenses are lower than estimates, they are revised to match with revenues and expenses; which WorldCom did not do. The management involved in the fraud manipulated the figures to give unrealistic values.

The Fraud from Accounting Aspects of the Case

From the beginning of the first half of 1999 to the first half of 2002, WorldCom under Bernard Ebbers management used fraudulent and unscrupulous accounting practices to cover declining revenues. They did this by portraying an inaccurate image of the company's financial growth and profitability to stabilize and strengthen the stock value. The fraud carried out by the company was primarily in two major phases; placing line costs as capital in the balance sheet instead of expenses and inflating the revenue earned with inaccurate accounting entries from non-allocated revenue accounts (The Securities and Exchange Commission, 2002).

The company's employees released inaccurate and manipulated financial statements in order to give a picture of financial stability to the stakeholders. They did this by setting unrealistic revenues targets set up by the chief finance officer Mr. Scott Sullivan and the chief executive officer Mr. Bernard Ebbers. WorldCom decreased line costs by improperly releasing altered reserves set aside for other expenses unrelated to line costs. These changes done quarterly without any proper supporting evidence made the company cut expenses and increase reported before-tax revenue to help the perpetrators of the phishing fraud.

Victims of the fraud

The trading of WorldCom securities were efficient before the scandal and attracted many investors into the company. The WorldCom fraud scandal rocked the financial foundations of several shareholders and stakeholders within the company. The investors in shares of WorldCom who suffered grievous losses include the county of Fresno, HGK Asset Management Inc. among others.

The main loser from the share trade was New York State Common Retirement Fund (NYSCRF), which purchased WorldCom securities during the class period and suffered from fine based on the federal securities law violations (The Securities and Exchange Commission, 2002, p. 3). NYSCRF invests in assets of New York State and Local Employees' Retirement System and because of WorldCom's share purchases suffered losses amounting to $315 million.

The other victim of the fraud was Fresno County Employees Retirement Association (FCERA), California that bought WorldCom shares and was fined for violating federal securities laws. The association investing in funds for provision of retirement compensation and disability benefits...

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Finally, the last victim of the phishing scandal was HGK Asset Management Incorporation. HGK; an investment advisor serving clients under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 was fined and suffered damages for federal securities law violation following share acquisition during the Class Period. Because of the firm's purchases of WorldCom securities, it suffered losses of more than $28 million.

Beneficiaries of the Fraud Scandal

The fraud could not have been successful without the collaboration of Salomon Smith Barney Limited. They were the main underwriters of the public offerings of WorldCom notes that generated $17 billion for WorldCom in the stock market in the first year (Ryerson, 2009). The major beneficiaries of the fraud deal included the former Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Mr. Bernard Ebbers, Mr. Scott Sullivan the former Chief Finance Officer (CFO), Director of General Accounting (DGA) Mr. Buford Yates Junior, former controller Mr. David Myers and outside auditor Mr. Arthur Andersen LLP of investment banking agency Salomon Smith Barney Incorporation (Ryerson, 2009).

Accounting Practices

Separation of duties to carry out accounting task and allocating the specialized assignment to the internal accounting or top management team would have condensed the chances of either the employees or CEO defrauding the company. This appears to be the most workable internal controls in combating employees' fraud because it supports the internal system responsible for checks and balances.

When the lower level managers prepare the annual accounting report, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer are recommended to certify the report and acknowledge their details. This they do to deter any forged record or essential exceptions. This ensures accuracy, transparency and accountability of the organizational funds. Furthermore, the company should set up financial principles, adapt them in the annual reports and send them to the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Accountants and top management teams should undergo proper training and have records that show personal integrity. Employee education is one way of avoiding and detecting professional frauds as well as fraud prevention. This training may include all employees or personal coaching and should comply with the company's corporate structure as well as their roles and responsibilities to deliver records of misconduct in the company. This is highly recommended because incompetent accountants may give an inaccurate report and cause error as seen in the WorldCom case.

Employees may be exposed to the freedom of fraudulent activities, more so when they are granted unwarranted access into the financial system. For this reason, it is necessary to make sure that access rights granted to all staff are in accordance to their duties and responsibilities in the company. Formal written security administration procedure should be designed to make sure that applications for new privileges to access system are appropriately approved. The company's top management team should periodically check the staff right of privilege commensurate with job responsibilities.

Company should apply activity-based costing to make sure the accuracy and validity of the financial information such those contained in the revenue and cash receipts. This is conducted by weighing the financial records against the company's activities, verifying accounting source books.

The company's success lies on executives and top management team's ethics. In addition, the company's leadership need to exercise due care in conducting proper background inspection before recruiting people to fill positions of trust. Companies should set up a Code of Ethics, which includes concise compliance standards that are consistent with management's ethics policy relevant to business operations.

Sarbanes-Oxley Act

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act put a recommendation for businesses to hire second accounting or business advisory company to offer non-audit services, "including internal assessment co-sourcing and out sourcing" (United States Congress, 2002). Additionally, the Act provides for independent lawyers and accountants to help firms identify and process ethical responsibilities. So far, this Sarbanes-Oxley tool has been highly ranked as a key deterrent of fraud.

In the case of WorldCom, the Act could have created a set of understandable, brief and well-ordered protocols that recognizes prior risk generated from weaknesses in the internal audit. It could be used as a controls measure for business activities and other executions.

Under the Act, CEO and CFO are held accountable for manipulated accounts statements. It also prescribes suitable penalties such as forfeiture of bonuses and any benefit resulting from the sale of company securities. CEOs must also personally vouch for their companies' statements and give well-documented evidence that their internal control systems…