The fact that industrial control systems may be vulnerable to infiltration by other citizens, or international parties puts laws pertaining to intersection of systems transmission at the forefront of priorities for us all.
At present, telecommunications interference of private citizens holds an up to a five-year prison sentence by U.S. federal law. How cyberterrorism is addressed, when the stakes are heightened, leaves a whole host of opportunities for citizens, and legislators to voice their opinion as new technologies for privacy invasion come on the market.

Every ISP access point imaginable is cited within the literature on cyberterrorism, including direct access networks, maintenance of dial-up modems, and of course the internet, remote systems architectures. Exponential information like SCADA systems create an incredibly vulnerable area for hackers interested in "knowledge sharing" network data toward sabotage of industrial operations and state military interests. DHS strategic responsibilities take care of the broad brush stroke where…...

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References

Amendments to Section 225 Cyber Security Enhancement Act, 2002 (2003). Washington, D.C.: Department of Homeland Security.

Antal, J. Counter-terrorism multipliers needed (2010). Military Technology, 34(4), 4.

Ashley, Col. (S) B.K, USAF (2004). The United States Is Vulnerable to Cyberterrorism. Signal Online. Retrieved from:  http://www.afcea.org/signal/articles/templates/SIGNAL_Article_Template.asp?articleid=32&zoneid=10 

Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 409 F.2d 718, (U.S.App. LEXIS 12867 2d Cir. N.Y., 1969).

Cyber Attacks on Financial Institutions
Carmalia Davis

The finance industry has continued to receive more targeted and sophisticated cyber attacks from criminals. These criminals often email phishing campaigns to customers which have remained the most successful methods of targeting financial institutions. New innovations in banking, like online and mobile banking, have continued to create new vulnerabilities for cyber thieves. To minimize the efficiency of these attacks, banks have devised improved communication and educational tools for customers, and procedures for quick interventions in the event of an actual attack. However, beyond simply creating harmful software intended to hack online bank details, criminals have found ways to subvert the software and servers owned by prestigious financial institutions to make their phishing campaigns more effective; this technique is known as infrastructure hijacking (Pettersson, 2012).

In 1998, one of the foremost examples of infrastructure hijacking ever discovered is known as The Morris worm. This worm spread…...

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References

Cordle, I. P. (2014, August 7). TotalBank responds to computer security breach, Miami Herald. Retrieved from Comment by dkamari: are all of these cited in your paper? If not, do not list them.http://www.miamiherald.com/news/business/article1978822.html

Mossburg, E. (2015). A Deeper Look at the Financial Impact of Cyber Attacks. Financial Executive, 31(3), 77-80. Retrieved from  http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.umuc.edu/ 

Crossman, P. (2015, March 5). Is Apple Pay a Fraud Magnet? Only If Banks Drop the Ball. Retrieved from American Banker:  http://www.americanbanker.com/news/bank-technology/is-apple-pay-a-fraud-magnet-only-if-banks-drop-the-ball-107312 

Dean, B. (2015, March 4). Why companies have little incentive to invest in cybersecurity. Retrieved February 18, 2016, from  http://theconversation.com/why-companies-have-little-incentive-to-invest-in-cybersecurity-37570

The organizations are usually run by a core group, which divides the different responsibilities of an operation (e.g. spamming, web design, data collection) among the members. The members run their own outer networks to fulfill those responsibilities -- rarely even having contact with each other online. The decentralized structure of the internet, as well as the high levels of anonymity it provides makes it difficult for law enforcement agencies to locate cybercriminal groups. A group could have networks in a myriad of different countries, whilst using servers based in numerous different countries and jurisdictions. Furthermore, many national jurisdictions lack the legislative framework required to properly prosecute online crime." (Collins, 2012)
These insights are illustrating how the lack of self-control is creating a situation where more criminals or organizations are turning to cyber crime. What makes the situation worse; is they can work anonymously and be able to conduct these activities…...

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References

Casey, E. (2011). Digital Evidence and Computer Crime. London: Academic.

Collins, a. (2012). Contemporary Security Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Gregg, M. (2010). Hacker Techniques, Tools and Incident Handling. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.

Gryzbowski, K. (2012). An Examination of Cyber Crime and Cyber Crime Research. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Arizona State University, Scottsdale.

Essay Topic Examples
1. The Evolution and Impact of Computer Viruses on Cybersecurity:
This essay explores the history of computer viruses, detailing their progression from simple self-replicating programs to complex malware that can cause significant damage to digital infrastructure, steal sensitive data, and compromise personal information. It discusses the impacts on individuals, businesses, and governments, and the growing importance of robust cybersecurity measures.

2. Cyber Fraud and Its Effect on the Global Economy:
The focus of this essay is the prevalence and variety of cyber fraud, including phishing, identity theft, and financial scams, analyzing how these crimes undermine trust in digital transactions. It examines the economic ramifications for both consumers and organizations, highlighting the need for greater awareness and prevention strategies.

3. The Ethical Implications of Computer Hacking:
This topic invites discussion around the moral considerations of hacking, distinguishing between different motivations such as 'black hat', 'white hat', and 'grey hat' hackers. The essay would delve…...

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Primary Sources

United States. National Institute of Justice. \"Cybercrime: Public and Private Entities Face Challenges in Addressing Cyber Threats.\" Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, 2007. Print.

United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation. \"Internet Crime Report.\" IC3 Annual Report. Washington, D.C., 2021. Web.

European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol). \"Internet Organised Crime Threat Assessment (IOCTA).\" The Hague, Netherlands: Europol, 2020. Web.

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. \"Law Enforcement Tools and Technologies for Investigating Cyber Attacks: A Report to Congress from the Attorney General.\" Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2003. Print.

United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. \"Hearing on Cyber Crimes and the Law: Updating the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act.\" 113th Cong., 1st sess. H. Hrg. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2013. Web.

Human Aspects in IT and Cybersecurity Outline
Government Justification of Informing Private industry to improve or Set up Cyber-security

Methods of the Government Interventions

Impacts of Government egulation on National Security

Failure to comply to related cyber regulations

Meeting the minimum requirements.

Exceeding the Minimum equirements

The economic and national security of the United States rely on the effective functioning of the country critical infrastructures. ecently, the U.S. government has issued an executive order to manage the cybersecurity and protect the country critical infrastructure since a destruction of the critical infrastructures whether virtual or physical can have a negative impact on the national economic security, safety or national public health. The computer and information systems are part of the country critical infrastructures that facilitate effective data communication between organizations. Presently, the U.S. information systems have enhanced interconnectivity that enhances business advantages, which has never happened before. Despite the benefits of interconnectivity among businesses and public organizations, the…...

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Reference

Coyne, C.J. (2012). Who's to Protect Cyberspace? Department of Economics Hampden-Sydney College

Liu, E.C. Stevens, G. Ruane, K. A. et al. (2013). Cybersecurity: Selected Legal Issues. Congress Research Service

Rosenzweig, P. (2012). An emerging threats: Cybersecurity and Public Goods. The Public/Private "Partnership." Hoover Institution, Stanford University

Stalling, W. (2011). Cryptography and Network Security Principles and Practice. (Fifth Edition). Pearson Education, Inc. Prentice Hall

Cyber Crimes
There are many different types of cybercrime committed. The general class of cybercrime reflects any crime that occurs over the Internet. These can range from hacking crimes to identity theft, and anybody or any entity that is online can be vulnerable to cybercrime. The list of ten major cybercrimes covers a wide range of crime types and victim types, highlighting the diverse range of criminal activity that falls under the category of cybercrime.

One of the cases identified in the video was that of Max Vision, a hacker who stole credit card information. Max Vision stole over two million credit card numbers, and was sentenced to a record 13-year sentence for this crime in 2010 (Poulsen, 2010). He had sold the stolen numbers to other criminals, and they racked up $86.4 million in fraudulent charges.

Vision was a cyber security consultant in the late 1990s, and was one of the leaders…...

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References

"10 Notorious cyber crimes" (2014). Alltime 10s./YouTube. Retrieved March 17, 2016 from  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m0iaRn2WwPw 

Poulsen, K. (2010). Record 13-year sentence for Max Vision. Wired. Retrieved March 17, 2016 from  http://www.wired.com/2010/02/max-vision-sentencing/

The technology is extremely effective. In brief, crime mapping technology enables the police and other crime fighting agencies "... To analyze and correlate data sources to create a detailed snapshot of crime incidents and related factors within a community or other geographical area." (the Use of Computerized Crime Mapping by Law Enforcement)
Studies show that this technology is creating a positive response among law enforcement agencies and has many advantages over older methods of fighting crime. Among the many aspects of this method is the real-time analysis of crime data as well as the mapping of various critical crime areas using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. (Newsom G.)

One of the central advantages of this system is that it provides the ability to identify certain trends in crime and links between crimes. This is an important aspect as it provides crucial correlations between events and crimes which may occur in different…...

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Works Cited

Crime Mapping and Problem Analysis Laboratory. 16 September, 2006.  http://www.policefoundation.org/docs/crime_mapping.html 

Godwin M. Government: Cops on the I-Way. 1995. 16 September, 2006.  http://onlineethics.org/cases/lamacchia/godwin-cops-iway.html 

How can police agencies keep up with new technology? 2005. 15 September, 2006. http://www.gazette.rcmp.gc.ca/article-en.html?&article_id=91

Newsom G. Crime Mapping Technology. 16 September, 2006.  http://www.gavinnewsom.com/index.php?id=28

Essay Topic Examples

1. The Evolution of Cybercrime:
    Explore how computer crimes have evolved from simple hacking to sophisticated cyber-attacks, detailing the technological advancements that have facilitated this growth.

2. Legal Frameworks and Computer Crimes:
    Discuss the development of laws and regulations aimed at combating computer crimes, analyzing their effectiveness and areas where they fall short.

3. sychological rofile of Cybercriminals:
    Examine the motivations, backgrounds, and psychological traits common among individuals who commit computer crimes.

4. Cybersecurity Measures Against Computer Crimes:
    Evaluate various cybersecurity strategies and technologies designed to prevent, detect, and respond to computer crimes.

5. The Impact of Computer Crimes on Society:
    Analyze how computer crimes affect individuals, businesses, and governments, including economic impacts, privacy issues, and societal trust.

Essay Title Examples

1. "Navigating the Dark Web: A Journey into Cybercrime"

2. "From Hackers to Cyberterrorists: The Spectrum of Digital Offenders"

3. "The Digital Battlefield: Cybercrime in the 21st Century"

4. "Legal Labyrinths: The Challenge of rosecuting Cybercrime"

5. "Cybersecurity's Achilles Heel: Human Error…...

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Primary Sources

Primary Sources

Computer Crime: A Crimefighter\'s Handbook

MLA Citation: Icove, David J., et al. Computer Crime: A Crimefighter\'s Handbook. O\'Reilly Media, 1995.

The Art of Invisibility

MLA Citation: Mitnick, Kevin D. The Art of Invisibility. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.

Cybercrime and Society

MLA Citation: Yar, Majid. Cybercrime and Society. SAGE Publications, 2013.

Essentially, securing the electronic frontier is very critical because of the potential harms that cyber crime and fraud cause to individual, businesses and nations as a whole.
One of the effective strategies that could be employed to secure the electronic frontier is the collaboration of the government with the private and public organizations. Increasing number of governments has implemented method to secure the electronic frontier without success. Since corporate organizations are more equipped to counter IT threats than the government, a collaboration of the government with organizations will be more effective.

Moreover, the international organizations such as the United Nations should also play effective roles in securing electronic frontier. The United Nation should make a law to ensure that all member nations are obliged to secure electronic transfer in their respective nations since lack of cross-border treaties for data sharing is creating havoc to corporate organizations. Essentially, some countries such as…...

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Reference

Berkowitz, B. & Hahn, R.W. (2003).Cyber-security: Who's Watching Store? Issue of Science and Technology.

Goel, S. (2011). Cyberwarfare: Connecting the Dots in Cyber Intelligence. Communications of the ACM. 54 (8): 132-140.

Rosenzweig, P. (2012). The International Governance Framework for Cybersecurity. Canada-United States Law Journal.37 (1).

Chief Security Officer:
As the Chief Security Officer for a local University, my main role is establishing and maintaining an enterprise wide information security program that helps to ensure all data and information assets are not compromised. This process involves developing a plan to conduct a security program that prevent computer crimes, establishes a procedure for investigation, and outlines laws that are applicable for potential offenders. To develop an effective plan, the process would involve identifying recent computer attacks or other offenses that have been carried out against higher educational institutions and processes established by these institutions to prevent the recurrence of the crimes. In addition, procedures, methodologies, and technologies that could be bought to lessen computer crime threats and effective laws for convicting offenders will also be examined. The other parts of the process include identifying computer crime fighting government programs and the types and costs of computer forensics technology…...

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References:

"Data Security Breach at Ferris State University." (2013, August 16). Local. CBS Local Media.

Retrieved December 16, 2013, from  http://detroit.cbslocal.com/2013/08/16/data-security-breach-at-ferris-state-university/ 

Easttom, C. & Taylor, J. (2011). Computer crime, investigation, and the law (1st ed.). Stamford,

CT: Cengage Learning.

Canadian Policies to Thwart Terrorist and Criminal Activities
Canadian Policies to Combat Crime and Terrorism

Problems being faced due to Cyber-Crime in Today's World

What is Identity Theft?

How and Why Cyber-Crime Occurs?

Why Cyber-Crime has become an Important Issue?

How elease of Personal Information makes an Individual vulnerable to Identity Theft?

Future Implications

Since time immemorial, crime and criminal activities have been found at an accelerated pace, however, with the penetration of the world into the twenty first century with numerous technological advancements and innovations, these acts have taken a new form. This evidently signifies that crime through cyberspace has become one of the widespread and prevailing activities of the today's fast paced world, where the entire human race is moving towards the industrial and hi-tech progressions at a constant speed. Moreover, the criminal and terrorist activities in a more sophisticated version have become a common aspect of mundane life (Brenner, 2010).

The criminal activities is not confined…...

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References

Balkin, J.M. (2007). Cybercrime: Digital Cops in a Networked Environment. Edited Version. New York, USA: NYU Press.

Brenner, S.W. (2010). Cybercrime: Criminal Threats from Cyberspace. USA: ABC-CLIO.

Burgess, A., Regehr C., & Roberts, A. (2011). Victimology: Theories and Applications: Theories and Applications. USA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Clough, J. (2010). Principles of Cybercrime. 1st Edition. New York, USA: Cambridge University Press.

Crime
Workplace is not safe from numerous types of crimes. These crimes can range anywhere from burglary to homicides and from discrimination on the basis of sex to even rape for that matter. But these crimes are physical crimes and it is easy to avoid them or keep them at bay by making use of physical barriers, security cameras and a few sensible risk/security management tactics. For instance, if only 3 or 4 people work at night-time, it is easy to target anyone of them but if a considerable amount of people work together and have no hostility towards each other, these types of situations can be avoided. Use of security systems is a pre-requisite for the protection of material wealth and belongings. These types of systems can help avoid theft and burglary but if somehow these do occur, it will inform the managers of the incident at the earliest…...

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Reference List

McCollonel '(2000). Cybercrime And Punishment. Page 8-9. www.mcconnellinternational.com.

Balkin J. M (2007)Cybercrime: digital cops in a networked environment. NYU PRESS. New York. USA.

Perline I.H. & Goldschmidt J. (2004). The psychology and law of workplace violence:a handbook for mental health professionals and employers. Charles C. Thomas Publisher. USA

Keats J. (2010) Virtual Words: Language on the Edge of Science and Technology. Oxford University Press. USA.

Knowledge of e-crime from the perspective of crime science is insufficient in devolution of the problem, which cuts across various sections of social interaction through computers. There is a limitation in the forensic and social / legal exploration of information technology aspects and that is the possible cause of the limitations of the jurisdictions of the computer crime legislation, creating the insufficiency in the fulfillment of its purpose (Tonry 2009 p. 20-350).
The legislation approaches the infringement of the social precepts of technology without any consideration of social remedies. The use of police in regulation of operations is limiting because they may not have the capacity for gauging the extent of computer damage. It is logical considering the sensitivity of pro-social individuals, and their possibility of taking up their responsibilities. Social norms revolve around consideration of others and create a sense of mindfulness and consideration of activities (Humphreys 2007 p.…...

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References

'a Comparative Study of Cyberattacks' 2012, Communications of the ACM, 55, 3, pp. 66-73, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 20 August 2012.

Assange, J., & Dreyufus, S. (2011). Underground tales of hacking, madness and obsession on the electronic frontier. Edinburgh, Canongate. 56. Print.

Assange, J., & Dreyufus, S. (2011). Underground. North Sydney, N.S.W., Random House Australia. 23-150. Print.

Foltz, C, & Renwick, J 2011, 'Information Systems Security and Computer Crime in the IS Curriculum: A Detailed Examination', Journal of Education for Business, 86, 2, pp. 119-125, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 20 August 2012.

The author identifies different type of ethical issues, which include:
Privacy & confidentiality,

Hacking/Spamming,

Property/Copyright,

Netiquette,

Vandalism,

Access,

Accuracy.

Students can break the law by going against the laws on ethical issues. Thus, it is the responsibility of teachers to inform students about the importance of computer ethics. Teachers should be aware of their ethical responsibilities and play role models to assist students to learn by examples.

Part 2 - eflective Diary - the Internet and Ethical Values

Ethical values in the internet and information technology have become important issues within a business environment, and the rapid development cyber crimes have necessitated the needs to spread the ethical values within the it environment. More importantly, the cyberspace has become very importance in the cotemporary it environment because cyberspace assists people and organizations globally to communicate and transact business without limit. Thus, internet has become a necessary tool of doing business, and despite the importance of cyberspace within a business…...

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References

Akcay, B. (2008). The Relationship Between technology and Ethics from Society to Schools.

Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education-TOJDE. 9(4), 120-127.

Baum, J.J. (2005). CyberEthics: The New Frontier. TechTrends, 49 (6), 54-55.

Frohmann, B. (2008). Subjectivity and Information Ethics. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 59(2):267 -- 277.

Combating Digital Crime & Digital Terrorism
"Describe the overall impact (e.g. economic, social, etc.) of utilizing technologies in combating digital crime and digital terrorism"

It has become very obvious over the past few years that the United States' technologies that are supposed to combat cyber attacks on corporate, personal, and government computers are enormously ineffective. Some would say that is an understatement. This paper discusses ways to combat cyber crime and cyber terrorism. There is good reason why this subject needs addressing not just in college research papers but by the agencies that are supposed to protect Americans and the U.S. government and its employees (including the Department of Homeland Security, the U.S. Secret Service, the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, among others).

hy better digital crime prevention is imperative

In fact one of the most devastating digital attacks on U.S. government computers occurred earlier in June, as hackers linked to China gained access…...

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Works Cited

Bennett, B., and Diersing, C. (2015). Hacked U.S. files not encrypted. Los Angeles Times.

Retrieved June 17, 2015, from  http://www.latimes.com .

Bissell, K. (2013). Fighting Cybercrime with Collective Intelligence and Technology.

The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 17, 2015, from  http://deloitte.wsj.com .

There are several factors that may drive individuals to engage in cyber crime:

1. Financial gain: One of the most common motivations for engaging in cyber crime is financial gain. Cyber criminals may engage in activities such as stealing credit card information, hacking into bank accounts, or taking over online payment systems in order to profit from their crimes.

2. Revenge or retaliation: Some individuals may engage in cyber crime as a form of revenge or retaliation against individuals, companies, or organizations that they feel have wronged them. This can take the form of targeting specific individuals or organizations with a cyber....