Stereotype
In my daily encounters I normally encounter gendered assumptions that are prejudicial to both male and female gender. In these encounters, gender role stereotypes are manifested. The human race behaves in gender stereotypical ways without taking their time to reflect on such behaviors (University of Toronto, 2010). Our society is programmed in such a way that when a person strays from gendered expectations; s/he has to face the consequences (Kemeck, 2012). People would be very quick to correct or behave in a way that makes it obvious to somebody that he has strayed from what is considered feminine or masculine. Straying is at times met with violence or harassment.
One fine morning when my sister was mowing the front lawn, quite a number of the male gender who lived next to our home stopped to give her some advice on how to properly mow a lawn. In fact I heard one…...
The current study investigates two questions: a) do positive self-affirmations influence the likelihood of individuals holding prejudicial and stereotypical beliefs? And b) are suggested self-concepts projected onto others who are often stereotyped? It is hypothesized that positive self-affirmations will result in reduced stereotypical and prejudice beliefs. It is also hypothesized that positive self-concepts (high intelligence) through suggestion will result in the projection of these concepts onto others that are often stereotyped, resulting in the belief that others are intelligent as well.
Method
Participants
200 undergraduate university students participated in this study in order to fulfill course credit for an introductory psychology course.
Procedure
Half of the participants received a bogus spatial orientation exercise to complete and were told that it was a test of intelligence. Upon completion of the task, they were all told that their score indicated that they were of very high intelligence. The remaining participants completed the same exercise, but were not…...
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Reference
Fein, S., Spencer, S. (1997). Prejudice as self-image maintenance: affirming the self through derogating others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(1), 31-44.
Govorun, O., Fuegen, K., Payne, B. (2006). Stereotypes focus defensive projection. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(6), 781-93.
Newman, L., Duff, K., Baumeister, R. (1997). A new look at defensive projection: thought suppression, accessibility, and biased person perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(5), 980-1001.
Seibt, B., Forster, J. (2004). Stereotype threat and performance: how self-stereotypes influence processing by inducing regulatory foci. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(1), 38-56.
They feared difference, lacked an understanding of my culture and used stereotypes as an excuse to keep me isolated within the company. This was an organization where I find myself unable to remain for any lengthy period of time.
It was also an extremely important moment of revelation with regard to the way that I approach others, particularly those who are in some manner different from me. I was now alerted to my own tendencies with respect to others, and even to realize that I had been guilty of employing stereotypes in the past as well. Perhaps in a sense, I had been somewhat standoffish around my new all-white coworkers because I allowed this sense of cultural isolation to become a self-fulfilling prophecy. This again causes us to consider the theories discussed in Ruchlis' text. The author explains avoidance as a dimension of stereotyping that is passive in nature but…...
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Works Cited:
Ruchlis, H. (1990). Clear Thinking: A Practical Introduction. Prometheus Books.
Microagression and the Concept Stereotype Threat
The objective of this brief study is to examine microaggression and the concept of stereotype threat.
Micro-Aggression
The American Psychological Association reports that all individuals "exist in social, political, historical and economic contexts." (2008, p. 377) The work of Ross-Sheriff (2012) reports that social workers and academians who are female are "targets of microaggression." (p. 1) This si reported to often be the case when these individuals are coping with institutions on behalf of their clients or in the management of "relations and careers within their own institutions." (Ross-Sheriff, 2012, p. 1) Chester M. Pierce coined the term microaggression and reported that microaggression is "...subtle, stunning, often automatic and nonverbal exchanges which are put downs of blacks by offenders." (cited in Ross-Sheriff, 2012) Microaggression is defined as "verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities, whether intention, or unintentional that communicate hostile derogatory or mental indignities, where intention or…...
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Bibliography
Ross-Sheriff, F. (2012) Micro-Aggression, Women and Social Work. Sage Publishers. 15 Aug 2012.
Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice, and Organizational Change for Psychologists (2008) American Psychological Association.
Guidelines for Psychological Practice With Older Adults (2008) American Psychological Association. Report.
Guidelines for Psychotherapy with Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Clients. (2000) American Psychologist. Division 44. Reports of the Association.
And a study showed that just in the U.S.A., more than half (57%) said that their friends used these sites only for self-promotion, narcissism and attention-seeking (Jason, 2009). They end up "sending messages," "sharing thoughts," "poking friends," letting people know "what are they doing," and therefore spamming their profiles with unnecessary details of their lives (that, again, may not necessarily be true) just to hit the right note.
On the other hand, one might still argue that social networking sites do really give opportunities to make real friends. One might say that exchanging messages, updating people what we are doing, and poking each other in the virtual world are no different than doing them in reality. But ask yourself: when you have a problem, could you replace a real tap on the back with a virtual smiley? Could a real rose be replaced by a virtual one on a Valentine's…...
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REFERENCES
Boyd, D.M. And N.B. Ellison. Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 2007.
Jason, S. Are social networks making students more narcissistic?. USA Today, 2009.
media, British or otherwise, has been known to stereotype all groups of people, including men, women, the gay community, and racial minorities. Young people are no exception. In particular, racial stereotyping and body image form part of the media's agenda setting practices, mostly in terms of advertising products.
In the media then, women and girls are normally portrayed as flawlessly beautiful, white, and very thin. The impact on the body image of the youth is profound. Black girls for example are taught through this that it is better to be white and very thin than black and of a more normal, healthy size. Girls thus go through torturous practices such as continuous dieting to accomplish something as close as possible to the ideal image portrayed by the British media. Black girls and those of other races are also taught that they are somehow not as beautiful as white girls, which…...
This fear may lead people to develop a negative attitude about older persons because it is rooted in fear -- fear of what will become of them someday (if they live that long). Nelson (2004, x) adheres to this way of thinking. He says, "Merely thinking about (or seeing) an older person tends to arouse anxiety about the fact that one has a short time on earth, and the fear associated with such cognitions tends to provoke the perceiver to dislike the individual (or group) who elicits such fear." While Nelson's (2004, x) theory may be easy to understand, it still does not make ageism right.
Another factor related to ageism is the way in which men and women who are aging are viewed differently. Women may hear the compliment, "You look so young," more than men because in our society it is much more important for women to look…...
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References:
Nelson, T.D. (2004). Ageism: stereotyping and prejudice against older persons. The MIT
Stereotyping effects not only other people image of an ethnic group but it can also influence the self-image of that group. [Tatum, 1999] describes a discussion with her children while driving them to school.
A drove past a Black teenager running down the street." hy is that boy running?" my son asked. "I don't know," I said absentmindedly. "Maybe he stole something." I nearly slammed on the brakes. "hy would you say something like that?" I said. "ell, you know, in the city, there's a lot of crime, and people steal things," he said. He did not say "Black people," but I knew the cultural images to which he was responding.]."
The stereotyping of blacks as good in sports has often been at the expense of negative image in other areas. The blacks were considered a 'race of physical bodies (athletes) without minds or spirits' [Entine, 200]. Breaking this stereotype image to…...
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Works Cited
Entine, J., Why Black Athletes Dominate Sports and Why We Are Afraid to Talk about It, Publisher: Public Affairs. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 2000.
Feagin, J.R. And Sikes, P.M., Living with Racism: The Black Middle-Class Experience, Publisher: Beacon Press. Place of Publication: Boston. Publication Year: 1994.
Gates, H.L. (Ed) (1991). Bearing Witness: Selections from African-American Autobiography in the Twentieth Century, New York: Pantheon Books.
Ruiz, D.S., Handbook of Mental Health and Mental Disorder among Black Americans, Publisher: Greenwood Press. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 1990.
Stereotype Threat
The different social groups that I feel I belong to are female and 20s age group. Although I have many ethnicities, the ones that I indentify the most with are Mexican-American/Yaqui Indian and Caucasian. I belong in the group who has a degree and is pursuing an even higher degree. Some stereotypes that I have heard about for the discussed groups are that if you are a mature (i.e. older) white male, you are assumed as more intelligent, than say, a young Mexican woman. People like to assume that if you have a college degree it must mean you are smarter than the average person is, but I know plenty of people who never went to college and have a higher IQ than mine, and I also know many people who have a degree and skated through school. I think people may perceive those with high skills in athleticism…...
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Works Cited
Steele, C.M. (1997). A Threat in the Air: How Stereotypes Shape Intellectual Identity and Performance. American Psychologist, 52(6), 613-629.
Stereotyping Inevitable: An Investigation of How People Use and Maintain Stereotypes, and How They Can Be Changed
Social psychology by nature deals with the examination of social phenomena including stereotyping. The intent of this paper is a close review of the nature of stereotyping, in order to determine whether stereotyping is inevitable and to determine whether or not social stereotypes can be changed. In particular stereotyping will be examined to determine whether or not people have an unconscious tendency to create perceptions of others, and what if anything can be done to change this unconscious pattern of thinking. The effects of stereotyping on members of groups will also be discussed and analyzed.
Analysis of Problem
Before one can examine the question of stereotyping, they must first understand exactly what stereotypes are. Stereotypes can be defined in a number of ways; most simply stereotypes are a set view or image of the members…...
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References:
Anthony, T., Cooper, C., & Mullen, B. (1992). "Cross-racial facial identification: A
social cognitive integration." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 296-301.
Aronson, E., Wilson, T.D. & Akert, R.M. (2004). Social Psychology, 5th edition. New York: Prentice Hall.
Devine, P.G. (1989). "Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18
The Sopade (underground messages to the Social Democratic Party's headquarters in exile) confirmed that a plurality of attitudes towards Jews -- ranging from virulent hatred to apathy and indifference -- continued to exist during the Third Reich and that these attitudes were shaped as much by geographical, class, and religious affiliations as by propaganda (Brown, 2002)."
An example of Christian in 2004, Director Mel Gibson became embroiled in controversy for producing what may likely be considered the most direct and explicit work of anti-Semitism created for mainstream consumption since II. In the Passion of the Christ, which would ultimately gross more than $370 million at the box office, Gibson would retell the story of Jesus with a focus on the myth of the Jew as a weak, effeminate figure whose treachery caused the death of the Messiah. (BOM, 1) the recall of an otherwise fading perspective on the Jews returned…...
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Works Cited
Alba r. And Kasinitz p. (2006) Sophisticated Television, sophisticated stereotypes. Contexts 5 (4). 74
Armour J. (1995) Stereotypes and Prejudice: Helping Legal Decisionmakers Break the Prejudice Habit. California Law Review. 83 (3), pp. 733-772
Becker, a. (2007) 'Sopranos' Makes a&E a Big Shot. Broadcasting & Cable. 137 (10), p4-25, 2p
Negative Impacts of Stereotypes
What are stereotypes?
Stereotypes can be defined as generalizations passed about a group of individuals where they may be associated with particular kinds of characteristics which defines them in a particular way and attaches a label to them. This may be a negative attachment or a positive label but they have strong implications on those that undergo this stereotyping. It is generally easy when the group has some clear attributes that can be defined and identified in a particular way. These stereotypes may be based on qualities like race, ethnicity, color, gender, age, etc.
The impacts of stereotypes on the labeled groups can be quite long lasting and drastic. It may mentally torture a person and in some instances there are physical harassments taking place as well. There may be high levels of discrimination that a person has to face due to the stereotypes attached to him or her.…...
Stereotypes
Practitioners of certain religions have faced prejudiced and stereotyped ideas about the personages because of the negative affiliations of their religion. Perhaps no religion is as stereotyped as the religion called Islam. Islam, antithetically to what the majority of ignorant people believe, is "a religion of ethics, obedience, harmony, and is based on a faithful belief system" (Hossain). It is a religion that promotes peace and the toleration of others. Due to the unfortunate actions of a handful of terrorist extremists, many people mistakenly associate the religion with terrorism. There are violent people in all walks of life and from every religion, but ignorance does not allow people to see that the vast majority of Islamic believers are not terrorists. Those who practice Islam, Muslims, are not violent people. The stereotype of Muslims is that they are violent extremists bent on destruction and death. This is absolutely not the case…...
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Works Cited:
Al-Marayati, Laila and Semeen Issa. "An Identity Reduced to a Burka." Women's Muslim
League. 2002. Print.
Elliott, Justin. "Debunking Stereotypes of Muslim Americans." Salon. Web. March 2012.
Stereotypes have existed since time immemorial. They are as old as human culture itself and are beliefs and ideas that a certain group of people hold for those who differ from themselves. A stereotype can exist in a simple word for example "nerd" or in a collection of words and images which are evoked when others hold similar opinions. Stereotypes can be positive, however, most of the times they are associated with negative connotations and make one group of person feel superior and above another group. Stereotypes are oversimplifications and are usually based on behavioural aspects or on the way people physically appear. (Stangor, 2000)
In today's society it is almost impossible to escape stereotypes. The media, entertainment, sports and politics all bring to light stereotypes and because of this the lives of many are affected. According to several studies people who feel they are being stereotyped tend to perform poorly…...
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References:
Macrae, C.N., Stangor, C., & Hewstone, M. (1996).Stereotypes and stereotyping. The Guilford Press.
Stangor, C. (2000). Stereotypes and prejudice, essential readings. Psychology Pr.
Stereotypes
We are all guilty of judging others based on a wide range of traits we perceive in them. In so doing, we end up attaching (wrongly) certain traits to such individuals. In this text, I concern myself with stereotyping, its meaning, and the effects it has on those who experience it.
Common Stereotypes
According to Schneider (2005), "stereotypes are qualities perceived to be associated with particular groups or categories of people." In that regard, stereotypes include all those assumptions as well as generalizations we make about all members of certain groups based on our perceived characteristics of the group under consideration. Personally, I have in the past encountered a variety of stereotypes. The most common of these include stereotypes on gangs and abortions. The other rather outrageous, yet common stereotype I do encounter is that all tell men play basketball.
When it comes to gangs, one commonly held stereotype is that all gang…...
In August Wilson’s Fences, the author explores several themes as they relate to the central themes of race, fatherhood, and manhood in the United States. One of the themes that he tackles is the concept of fate, though the approach is less about life being preordained as it is an examination of how history, social circumstances, and upbringing can combine to make some events appear preordained or fated rather than the intervention of some type of divine or supernatural fate. This contextual analysis of manhood in a political situation that seems designed to challenge it was explored by
One of the reasons that Frederick Douglass was an effective anti-slavery advocate was because he was a powerful speaker and writer who mastered rhetorical tools and was able to use them to convey the realities of slavery to people who had either never experienced or had experienced slavery from the perspective of the slaveholder, rather than the perspective of the slave.
Douglass uses simile, comparing most slaves’ knowledge of their birthdays to what a horse would know of its birthday. Given that slaves were often compared to beasts of burden; this may not seem like a rhetorical device....
That sounds like an interesting essay, because Swift’s “A Modest Proposal” is so-often held up as the prime example of satire. Would be a fascinating read, especially if you are arguing that “Huck Finn” offers a more effective use of satire. Here are a few ideas for essay titles.
Eat the Poor: The Satirical Approach to Class in “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” and “A Modest Proposal”
Less than Human: Race, Class, and Satire
Hypocrisy and Piosity: How Swift and Twain Use Satire to Explore Religion
The Impact of Realism on Satire
Is Subtle Satire or Overt Satire More Effective? An Examination....
This is a very interesting topic. Near the end of each year, Lux Research posts a list of transformational technologies to watch in the following year, which might be a good place to start if you are looking for ideas about a specific technology. However, those are going to be technologies that are already invented. Inventing a technology that would transform society in a specific country would require an intimate understanding and knowledge of a country’s culture, geography, religion, history, infrastructure, and natural resources; identifying a problem that it has; and combing up with a novel invention....
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