16th Century Carnivals the Carnival,

16th Century Carnivals The carnival, or pre-Lenten festival, was often described as a socially transgressing ritual in 16th century Europe. The festival took place in common areas such as market spaces, where people of all different classes and walks of life could mix in a crossroads of commerce, entertainment, as well as sacred pageantry. The carnival was a place where an seemingly older, pagan spirit 'jousted' with the new, Christian spirit of order and the church.

One 16th century woodcut by Bruegel is entitled, "The Fight Between Carnival and Lent" (1559) the title of this painting refers to the focal scene which depicts a typical pageant during the carnival, where there is a mock-tournament between "Prince Carnival and Dame Lent," two figures that represent the different spirits embodied in the carnival.

This event of the carnival typically took place, in the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance, during the Shrove Tuesday processions where there were folkloric and popularly sponsored pantomime and masquerades paired together with officially church sanctioned rituals. In the common space of the carnival marketplace the church and the inn both had their representative figures, and Bruegel, with "his use of spatial contiguity" thus "vividly conveys" the ideological closeness of both spirits of the holiday as embodied in these two figures.

However, some scholars dispute the direct roots of the carnival in pagan Saturnalia rituals. Rather, they believe "Carnival developed initial as a reaction to the church's rules concerning Lent. Along with the prohibition of meat the church prohibited marriage during Lent and also discouraged sexual intercourse. Thus it became easy enough for 15th and 16th century church reformers to associate with pagan materialism and sensuality, although erroneously, the boisterous games and bodily self-indulgence that developed in these early Carnivals.

(Wayne, 2005) From the 16th century forward city and state authorities in both Catholic and Protestant areas sometimes found it politically useful to support the notion of pagan origins in their efforts to suppress the festivals disorderliness, which often promoted a 'world upside down,' where beggars were crowned kings for a day, and there was a rough equality between all participants. Even if the true origins of the carnival were not threatening, there was a threat to order and church control over religious festivities, hence.