We must "establish expectations for the outcomes that the agency will achieve, the consequences that it will create, or the impact that it will have" (p.10). But unlike accountability for finances and accountability for fairness, the authors write that it is impossible to establish these expectations with rules, procedures, and standards. Instead, specifying the quality of performance expected from a public agency necessitates a performance benchmark -- a transparent,

(Abdelnabi, 2007) Emergency services personnel are required to perceive to include an accountability system which is standard. Systems may change as per the circumstances, however there is required to be certain fundamental principles which are to be followed so as to promote compatibility among systems. There are several varying systems of accountability out there. Each asserts to be superior. Some are very costly, and some are cheap. When perceiving for

, although more governments are including citizen satisfaction survey results to address the lack-of-quality-indicators criticism. Ultimately, the article's key findings can be summarized in the four lessons learned from the states that the authors provide: (1) the importance of working proactively to identify roles and responsibilities; (2) the importance of committed leadership; (3) the importance of balancing political, managerial and performance measurement accountability; and (4) The importance of clarity and

Organizational Accountability Review of Taiwan's Disaster Management Activities In Response To Typhoon Morakot Taiwanese System of Government 174 Responsibility of Emergency Management in Taiwan 175 Disasters in Taiwan 175 Citizen Participation 189 Shafritz defines citizen participation as follows: 192 Public Managers, Citizen Participation, and Decision Making 192 The Importance of Citizen Participation 197 Models of Citizen Participation 199 Citizen Participation Dilemmas 205 Accountability 207 Definitions of Accountability 207 The Meaning of Accountability 208 The Functions of Accountability 213 Citizen Participation and Accountability 216 Accountability Overloads

232). In the final purpose of accountability, where the goal is to enhance the learning capacity and effectiveness of the executive branch, we should realize that what needs to happen in this situation is that public authorities act on feedback about their own performance (Deutsch, 1963; Luhmann, 1966; Behn, 2001 as cited in Bovens et al., 2008). Thus, a good accountability mechanism, from this angle, is one that illustrates how

Function #1: Mitigation At this stage, gradual and long-term steps are taken to ensure that disasters do not occur, or that, when they do, they cause minimal damage. Actions at this stage include the identification of hazards, the research of the causes which generate the disaster, the creation of means in which to modify the causes of the disasters, the development of means which reduce the community's vulnerability to the disaster,