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¶ … B; no interaction). B. A x B. interaction; C. Main effect B. only.
First, counterbalancing the design of the experiment would control for practice effects. In this case the carry-over effect is in one direction. Counterbalancing the conditions leads to the subjects being exposed to different levels of the IV in different orders. Working on lower levels of color variability prepares one to work more efficiently on higher levels of color variability. Counterbalancing the conditions balances out the carry over effects because some subjects start at lower levels of color variability and others at higher levels. As a result of counterbalancing the practice effects are canceled out.
A major disadvantage of repeated measures designs are carry-over effects. The researcher could also control for practice effects by incorporating a between subjects design and simply comparing the performance of the matched pairs on at different levels of color variability and not having each subject work through all the levels. However, this would result in the need for significantly more participants (a much higher N) than a repeated measures design.
3. A researcher is interested in how people judge people perceived as similar to them and how they judge individuals perceived as different from them...
The researcher sets up a minimal groups paradigm where participants are told that they are either over estimators or under estimators based on estimations of dots presented on an overhead screen (in reality this is deception the researcher randomly assigns subjects to the over estimator or under estimator group). Once the person is told of which group they are in their asked to evaluate both their in group and the out group on a number of different measures. The researcher performs this study at a suburban private college using the psychology subject pool. The students at the college are primarily male, Caucasian, and upper-middle-class. Thus his sample is biased in terms of these parameters because of the limitations of gender, ethnicity, and social economic status.
One way to control for this sampling bias would be to attempt to develop parameters for a stratified sample of participants where there is more equity on these demographic variables. In this case a stratified sample would help to increase the ability to generalize from the findings compared to simply not trying to control the demographic characteristics of participants. This may also require the researcher to go outside of the current research setting to a different venue in order to fulfill the…
Whether the rejecter's brain functions differ was not studied in their research, but in the future merging neurobiology with cultural psychology would yield even more fruitful results about the extent to which our culture does and does not produce specific responses in terms of how we think and act. References Delude, Cathryn (2008).Culture influences brain function, study shows. MIT News. Retrieved October 9, 2011 at http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2008/psychology-0111.html Fischer, Ronald & Shalom Schwartz. (2011). Whence
Fragile X syndrome (also called Martin -- Bell syndrome, or Escalante's syndrome) is the most common single cause of mental retardation and the second most common inherited form of mental retardation, affecting approximately 1 in 1000 males and 1 in 2000 females (Sadock & Sadock, 2007). Fragile X syndrome is the result of a single gene mutation, a mutation of the FMR1 gene, located on the X chromosome. Every person
Creative Minds Critical Thinking Famous Thinkers Paper Subjects: Martin Luther King Malcom XS It is not easy to readily deconstruct the ideas and courses of action that Malcolm X advocated, for the simple fact that those ideas and courses of action changed so much during his relatively short lifetime. It is far easier to do so for Martin Luther King Jr., who was fairly consistent in his ideology and actions.
successful aging as viewed by Generation X versus Baby Boomers over the age of Successful Ageing: Generation X versus Baby Boomers Numerous studies have focused on understanding and defining the constituents of successful aging. The term "successful aging" is popular in the gerontological literature to cover processes in aging. The processes of aging are positive, and at times, the term has shown relations to "vital aging" or "active aging" implying that
Management STYLE IN THE United States Cultural Values and Business Theory X vs. Theory Y Management the High Tech Way Management STYLE IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC CULTURAL VALUES AND Business Role of Entrepreneurship In the United States, management values, beliefs and attitudes have undergone a gradual shift away from the simplistic stance of planning, organizing and directing. Valuable managerial skills, no matter what culture is being considered, have traditionally been masculine skills, highlighting the dominant, assertive, and
Company X has faith in its employees to utilize their own ethical judgment in conjunction with the rules and standards set forth by the company in order to assure that actions within the company are performed at an optimal level across the board. Implementation and Communication In order to assure that a code of ethics is implemented to the best of its ability into a company, gradual implementation must be used