¶ … bilateral negotiation is mainly characterized by the fact that there are only two parts trying to reach an agreement. The two sides can either have a conflicting negotiation, where they're disputing a certain aspect (it may be an economic dispute or a political matter, for example), or a constructive negotiation, where they are drawing up a cooperation agreement, for example. B) Internal negotiations are negotiations that take place inside the negotiating team. In general, these types of negotiations are not recommended in public or during the rounds of negotiations between teams, because it may show the other side that there is a certain lack of consensus on the matter, which may destabilize the negotiating position.

Vertical negotiations are negotiations that take place between members of opposite teams that are on different positions of authority. It may be the case that one of the members of lesser importance of one time has the authority to negotiate with someone higher in rank from the opposite team.

Horizontal negotiations take place between members of opposite teams that are on the same position or have the same rank.

C) A coalition is a situation where two or more parts side together for a common objective. Coalition for Iraq would be a present-day example, with several countries joining together for a common objective: democracy in Iraq.

2. A) The most important element that arises and needs to be taken into consideration during an international negotiation refers to the cultural differences between the interlocutors. This means that additional elements need to be considered in an international...

Cultural differences imply, for the beginning, a language barrier. It may be the case that a translator needs to be used and, if this is the case, the negotiating process is more difficult, it takes more time as iti is less direct.
Additionally, one needs to consider all the elements related to customs and traditions for each team of negotiators in part. Some people like to be direct and get to the point quickly (the Americans would practice the "time is money" concept in negotiations as well), while for others time is more of a philosophical concept rather than a practical application. The South Americans would, for example, most likely be late at 9 out of 10 meetings, which may end the negotiations before they even start if they are dealing with Germans.

B) The Yalta Conference between the three main leaders of the Second World War, Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill, may provide a good example. First of all, the negotiating teams were supplemented with numerous auxiliary members, who acted as translators or interpreters. The cultural advisors in each of the teams explained to the leaders every gesture and stratagem that the other parts may have used. The negotiations themselves needed several other meetings between the leaders before an actual concluding and mutually satisfying result could be reached.

3. A) The most important element that a third party can bring about in a negotiation is the element of impartiality. This means that the two party that have reached a stalemate position in the negotiation will trust a third party to mediate the conflicting situation and, perhaps, work out an…