Blood Hormone Levels Are Regulated?

¶ … blood hormone levels are regulated? (p. 318) ANSWER: The general ways in which blood hormone levels are regulated are: through signals from the nervous system, through chemical changes in the blood, and through other hormones.

How do hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones influence secretions of anterior pituitary hormones? (p. 323) ANSWER:

Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones influence secretions of anterior pituitary hormones by acting rapidly on cells of the anterior pituitary.

How are blood levels of glucagon and insulin controlled? (p. 329) ANSWER:

Blood levels of glucagon and insulin are controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS), with the parasympathetic division of the ANS stimulating secretion of insulin and the sympathetic division of the ANS stimulating secretion of glucagon.

What is the relationship between melatonin secretion and sleep? (p. 334) ANSWER:

More melatonin is being secreted by the pineal gland during sleep.

5. What is the role of the hypothalamus during stress? (p. 336) ANSWER:

The hypothalamus initiates the flight-or flight response during stress in order to mobilize the body's resources for immediate physical activity.

Chapter 17

6. What are the roles of the thymus and the lymph nodes in immunity? (p. 425) ANSWER:

The thymus transforms immature T cells into mature ones. Lymph nodes filter lymph along with capturing and destroying foreign substances.

7. What physical and chemical factors provide protection from disease in the skin and mucous membranes? (p. 428) ANSWER:

The skin and the mucus membranes are protected by disease by the epidermis (which provides a physical barrier to the entrance of microbes), by the mucus (it traps microbes and foreign substances), by the lacrimal apparatus (it produces and drains tears in order to keep the eyes clean), by Saliva (it is similar to tears, it washes the mouth and the teeth), by Vaginal secretions (they move microbes out of the body), by Defecation and Vomiting (microbes are expelled), by Sebum (protects the surface of the skin), by Perspiration (flushes microbes from the surface of the skin and it breaks down the cell walls of certain bacteria).

8. What internal defenses provide protection against microbes that penetrate the skin and mucous membranes? (p. 428) ANSWER:

The body uses the following internal defenses in order to combat microbes: the production of proteins (interferons- they stimulate synthesis of proteins that interfere with viral replication, complement system- enhance certain immune, allergic, and inflammatory reactions, transferrins-reduce the amount of available iron, and, thus, inhibit microbial growth, antimicrobial peptides-cause death of microbes)

9. What are the main signs and symptoms of inflammation? (p. 428) ANSWER:

The main signs and symptoms of inflammation are redness, pain, heat, and swelling.

10. How is the secondary response to an antigen different from the primary response? (p. 437) ANSWER:

The secondary response to an antigen is much quicker, as the memory T cells immediately destroy the pathogens.

Chapter 20

11. Describe the My Pyramid and give examples of foods from each food group. (p. 507) ANSWER:

The food pyramid called My Pyramid is based on the users having to determine their calorie levels after which they can choose the type and amount of food that they will consume.

The calorie level of a 17-year-old moderately active female is 1800 calories.

The following foods should be consumed in the following amounts: Fruits-1.8 cups, Vegetables-2 cups, grains-5 oz, meats and beans-5 oz, milk group-2.5 cups, oils-5tsp.

12. What happens during glycolysis? (p. 514) ANSWER:

The conversion of glucose into pyruvic acid takes place during glycolysis.

13. What is gluconeogenesis and why is it important? (p. 514) ANSWER:

Glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate sources during a series of reactions called gluconeogenesis. The process releases glucose into the blood between meals when glucose is not being absorbed.

14. What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism? (p. 514) ANSWER:

Complex molecules are being created from the combination of simple substances during anabolism. In contrast, during catabolism, complex molecules are being split apart.

15. Where are triglycerides stored in the body? (p. 514) ANSWER:

Triglycerides are being stored in the body fat and in the liver.

16. In what ways can a person lose heat to or gain heat from the surroundings? How is it possible for a person to lose heat on a sunny beach when the temperature is 40?C (104?F) and the humidity is 85%? (p. 518) ANSWER:

About 60% of the energy released in catabolism in converted into heat. It is possible for a person to lose heat when the temperature is high if the respective person's body had not been supplied with enough external sources of energy for the cells to synthesize ATP.

Week 6

Chapter 14

17. Name several substances transported by blood. (p. 346) ANSWER:

Oxygen, carbon dioxides, and nutrients are all transported by blood.

18. How is blood protective? (p. 346) ANSWER:

Blood clots prevent blood from being lost in excess. Also, it contains white blood cells which protect the body against disease by carrying on phagocytosis and producing proteins fighting the disease.

19. What is erythropoiesis? How does erythropoiesis affect hematocrit? What factors speed up or slow down erythropoiesis? (p. 354) ANSWER:

The term erythropoiesis refers to the formation of red blood cells. Erythropoiesis can influence hematocrit by causing it to rise or to fall. The amount of oxygen that the blood can carry depends on the presence of red blood cells, and, if it decreases, erythropoiesis is required to produce more red blood cells.

20. What is hemostasis? (p. 357) ANSWER:

Hemostasis is the process which stops bleeding.

21. What is the basis for distinguishing the various blood groups? (p. 359) ANSWER: