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¶ … Chinese bibliography
Baker-Barnhart, J. The Fair but Frail: Prostitution in San Francisco 1840-1900 Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1986.
During the time of the prior to the Chinese exclusion, Chinese immigrants were restricted to male immigrants only. In addition, only the men could enter into the coolie contracts, and thereby secure passage into America. As a result, the demand for Chinese women for sexual gratification, and for potential wives grew. This resulted in a thriving sex trade in San Francisco, served by both Chinese and white women who were sold into prostitution.
Campbell, P.C. Chinese Coolie Emigration to Countries within the British Empire. 1923, repr. 1971.
The Coolie emigration from china was similar to the slave trade which emanated from Africa...
The Coolie laborers were brought to the U.S., and other British and Portuguese colonies are workers. They entered into repayment agreements, called coolie contracts, that bound them as indentured servants to their owners until the contract was repaid.
Chan, S. Entry Denied: Exclusion and the Chinese Community in America, 1882-1943. Temple University Press. 1991.
The Chinese exclusion in America was a difficult time, hostile to the Chinese-Americans who were denies rights given to other Americans. The Chinese community was viewed as cheap replacement labor for higher paying jobs, and as the westward migration slowed, and jobs became less plentiful, the sectarian chinese were often targeted as the course of white worker frustration. The Chinese exclusion…
The Chinese emigration into America, and other westward nations was an atypical change for Chinese citizens. The high degree of family commitment, and social bonding, in addition to a political aversion toward emigration created strong cultural ties for Chinese citizens to stay in china. However, a series of economic and agricultural setbacks, together with the advent of ocean bound merchants created economic reasons for the Chinese to leave their homelands, and venture to other countries.
Chiu, P. Chinese Labor in California, 1850-1880: An Economic Study Madison, 1967.
Chinese laborers in California during the period from 1850 to 1880 faced some of the greatest opportunity, and the greatest discrimination. News of the gold rush reached as far as China by ocean traveling merchants, and a flood of Chinese immigrated to the states for the same reasons that Americans traveled from east to west n to find gold. Also, the availability of work on the national railroad guaranteed peasant Chinese citizens the ability to start a new life. These factors brought Chinese laborers to America. At the same time, a high level of Americanism, and a bit of xenophobia created an environment in which the Chinese were treated as threats rather than co-labors who contributed to American prosperity.
Managerial Accounting -- Budgeting 1 & (1) Is this a static or flexible budget? Since many of the budget line items are based on student enrollment, this budget format is considered to be a flexible budget. The costs of providing instructors and associated benefits is fixed by the state with regard to the ratio of students to teachers, and students per classroom (which is more a function of fire codes and building
Managerial Accounting Cost-volume-profit analysis is a tool used in managerial accounting that helps companies to determine the level of production (and sales) required by the company to break even. In CVP analysis, costs are separated into fixed and variable costs. The assumption is that the fixed costs do not change, while the variable costs do change with the level of production. Once sales are taken into account, so are variable costs,
2. Research the answers to management tax or auditing questions- once an accountant understands their job, they must be prepared to answer very specific questions concerning the accounting information that is provided (Johnstone & Biggs, 1998). While most CEO's and people in various departments have some understanding of accounting, there are some very intricate financial details that only accountants fully understand (Johnstone & Biggs, 1998). With this understood, successful accountants
Budget Management Analysis In budgeting, one of the major challenges is accurately predicting the profit margins of a firm. This is because there are uncertainties from changes in the economy and their industry. These factors could adversely affect their earnings. To improve accuracy, accounting personnel must use tools and strategies that will enhance analysis. This will be accomplished by focusing on: tactics for managing budgets, comparing results with expectations and recommending
Greater emphasis must be placed on studies to highlight the factors which affect the diffusion of these managerial accounting techniques which can increase an organizations productivity, efficiency and competitiveness. (Tan, 2002, p. 226) Innovative academic researchers and managers should pave the way for a scientific management movement which can lead to the design of management accounting systems which are significantly different from the traditional ones. (Johnson; Kaplan, 1991, p.
Managerial Accounting: Manufacturing Overhead: The costs allocated to a cost object can be considered as fixed or variable as well as direct or indirect costs. There are two types of costing systems that are used by management accountants i.e. job-costing systems and process-costing systems. While job-costing systems mount up and track costs differently for every product or service, the process-costing systems are basically used by companies manufacturing huge quantities of similar or