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A normal costing approach uses an annual average overhead rate consistently throughout the year, without accounting for day-to-day and month to month fluctuations. This average overhead rate is applied to the cost of a manufactured product, along with actual direct material and actual direct labor. Because the amount of overhead is computed as an average over the year, a department's applied overhead will rarely, if ever, be equal the actual incurred overhead. A department's applied overhead will rarely equal the actual overhead incurred. Why the reason for the variance? The most common reason is that the department is operating at a different level of volume than the level used in calculating the budgeted overhead rate. This can be the result of an over- or under-estimation of the hours which will be needed to produce goods or unexpected events like plant shutdowns. Still, even with the variances, companies prefer to use an annual budgeted overhead rate, despite the month-to-month variances. Managers often find themselves in the position of having to analyze the difference between the annual overhead rate budgeted for their companies and the actual overhead rate incurred over the course of the year. These two rates are rarely equal to each other, for several reasons. One of the most important factors in the difference is that companies often operate at a different level during the year than was used to figure out the budget in advance. Other causes include poor forecasting of the year's manufacturing needs, or how much product will be produced; the inefficient or unexpected use overhead items; unanticipated price changed in overhead items; behavior of overhead items (need for repairs, etc.); and variations in the amount of work hours from month to month. Normalizing the cost of goods over a year by using the budgeted annual overhead instead of actual incurred costs accounts for these fluctuations and possible distortions, enabling managers to make better…
Operating expenses include selling and administrative expense. Ordinarily, a forecast or budget for selling expenses is prepared together with the sales budget or profit target because selling efforts such as promotions, commissions and salaries of the sales staff are directly related to sales. Selling expenses may either be variable or fixed. Administrative expenses include projected administrative costs for other than production or selling activities. These expenses are mostly composed of
S. debt. Conclusion Health care is a large part of the federal budget and it is increasing in importance. The rate of growth in health care outlays is greater than the rate of growth in the budget itself. The poses a problem, because the federal budget deficit is increasing in size. Debt service is going to be the most rapidly growing component of the federal budget over the next several years, highlighting
Budgeting and Cost Control in Healthcare One of the most critical issues facing healthcare facilities and organizations is the rapidly increasing cost of providing services. Cost control and budgetary issues are the first consideration for many healthcare facilities. According to statistics, the "single most important thing on the minds of healthcare decision makers is cost management and containment." (Lawson, 2004). In fact, more than 95% of respondents to a survey concluded
Grant: Strengthening the Family Unit Grant -- Strengthening the Family Unit BUDGET NARRATIVE The program expenses described in this budget narrative are for the Year 1 Pilot. Subsequent years of program are dependent on the provision of additional funding, to be determined at the close of the Year 1 and upon satisfactory evaluation of the Pilot program. PERSONNEL: Costs attributed to personnel with project coordination and budget oversight duties are assigned to this category. Two
Budget Airlines: The Destruction of Australia's Domestic Tourism Industry or Convenient Way to Travel Internationally? With such a beautiful and exotic national landscape, one can immediately garner why Australia is a travel destination for many tourists. However, it is easy to overlook the fact that many of these tourists, whose travel is crucial to the Australian economy, are in fact native Australians looking to explore their vast and varied national landscape. One
Budget plan is a quantitative expression of planned income and expenses for a given financial year. A budget contains an estimated projected expenses and revenue for a financial year. A budget also reveals the estimated costs, expenses, liabilities and assets and the cash flows for a fiscal year. Syracuse is an historic city based in Sicily, and the city budget for 2011-2012 fiscal years is to achieve a balanced between