Clinical Trials and Enzyme

¶ … Acidic Fluid on Enzymatic Activity The aim of the experiment is to investigate the effect of an acidic fluid on enzymatic activity. Enzymes are the class of molecules referred as proteins having one or more chains of amino acids, which are joined together by peptide bonds. The role of an enzyme is to speed up or catalyze the chemical reactions as well as reducing the amount of energy that an enzyme needs to enhance a chemical reaction. (Al-Hakimi, 2008).

In other words, enzymes are the protein molecules found in living cell used to speed up a reaction in the cell. Catalyze is an example of an enzyme found on liver and potato. However, the level of enzyme activity is affected by factors such as PH, temperature and salinity. (El-Beltagin, Mohamed, Mekki, et al. 2011). For example, PH has the ability to affect the state of ionization of basic or acidic of amino acids since the amino acids contain carboxyl functional features in the side chains.

Essentially, an evaluation of the acid on the enzyme activity is critical because of the cytochrome P450, which is one of the families of the enzyme is the most cause of harmful drug to drug interaction during a drug development; which is the major factor for removing some drugs from the clinical trials. Thus, it is critical to understand the potential effect of acid on the enzyme activity to avoid undesirable drug development. (Lin, Zhang, Lu, et al. 2015).

Hypothesis A presence of 9 ml of acidic content on a slice of potato makes catalyze in the potato break down rapidly. The study tests the hypothesis with the following experiment: Method Materials used for the experiment are as follows: Three and one grams of the slice of potato are put into three separate test tubes: 9 ml of acid is poured into the first test tube 9 ml of base is poured into the second test tube 9 ml of neutral is poured in the third test tube.

Afterward, the H202 (Hydrogen peroxide) is poured into each of the test tubes. The study measures the enzyme activity with a number of bubbles that each test tube produces. Typically, bubble production occurs when the potatoes are breaking down the H202 into water and oxygen. Results The results reveals that catalyze in the potatoes did not break down and submerged in base content. Similarly, catalyze in the potatoes did not break down and submerged in the neutral content.

However, the catalyze in the potato break down rapidly in the test tube with acidic content. The original hypothesis states that a presence of 9 ml of acidic content on a slice of potato makes the catalyze in the potato break down rapidly. The finding supports the hypothesis showing that the catalyze in the potatoes break down rapidly with the 9 ml of acidic content.

However, the catalyze in potatoes did not break down following the presence of neural or base content revealing that acidic content has an effect on enzyme activity than the base or neutral contents. A similar experiment to evaluate the impact of is carried out by adding 2cm3 of yeast in the test tube and adding 4 cm3 of H202 solution filled 20% of the test tube. The next step is to measure out the volumes with a pipette since it is critical to measure the amount of H202 accurately.

After pouring the H202 into the test tube, the bubbles start rising up. However, the experiment is repeated using the H202 concentration of 0%, 4%, 8%, 10%, 12%, and 16%. The 0% H202 concentration is used as a control experiment. However, the tap water is added to other H202 concentration. Table 1 reveals the proportion of tap water mixed with the H202. Hypothesis An increase of H202 concentration by 200% on enzyme double enzyme activity reaction.

Concentration of H202 Volume of H202 (cm3) Volume of Water (cm3) 0% 0 4 4% 0.8 3.2 20% 4 0 8% 1.6 2.4 10% 2 2 12% 2.4 1.6 16% 3.2 0.8 20% 4 0 Results H202 Concentration Test 1 (Time Taken) Test 2 (Time Taken) Test 3 (Time Taken) Average of the for Tests Rate=30/Average (Cm3per second) 0% 0 4% 47,3 43,3 52,2 47,6 0,63 8% 18,4 19 17,2 18,2 1,65 10% 17,3 16,7 18,5 17,5 1,71 12% 14,5 14,9 11,2 13,5 2,22 16% 10,6 11,2 8,6 10,1 2,97 20% 9,7 10 7,8 9,2 3,26 The results reveal that an increase in H202 increases the rate of reaction by up to 16%. However, when the H202 concentration is doubled, the reaction rate double as well. When the H202 concentration rate is doubled from 8% to 16%, the reaction rate increases from 1.65 cm3 to 2.97 cm3.

The study also supports the hypothesis that when H202 concentration rate is doubled, the reaction rate increases is also doubled. Similar experiment to test the effect of acid on enzyme is as follows: Four test tubes are used for the experiment, and the following solutions with different pH are put in each test tube: • test tubes 1-2ml of 0.1 M.

hydrochloric acid with pH 1.0 • test tubes 2-2ml of 0.1% lactic acid with pH 5.0 • test tubes 3-2ml of distilled water with pH 7.0 • test tubes 4-2ml of 1% sodium carbonate with pH 9.0. The next step is to add 2 or 3 drops of pepsin solution in each of the test tubes. Moreover, 2 ml of amylase solution and 1 ml of starch are added to each of.