Sign Up Now
Get instant access to over 1 million+ study documents
OR
Already registered? click here to login
By creating your account, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and student honor code.
Comte and Tonnies
Compare and contrast Comte and Tonnies on their view of the social structure of society. Which had the more accurate view? Explain and justify with specific points from their theories.
August Comte, the founder of the theory of positivism, viewed all of society was an integrated whole. He believed that all society stemmed from the basic, three-part construction of the human mind, whereby individuals seek theological, metaphysical, and abstract explanations, from which they finally extrapolate an abstract or metaphysical conception of the world, an explanation that is the only truly objective view of any phenomena. Comte believed that students should concern themselves only with phenomena that have an objective, "positive," existence.
In contrast, the German sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies based his sociological arguments not so much upon ideas about the structure of the mind, but on the idea that the human will forms the impetus for societal development. Tonnies argued that there exist two basic forms of the human will. The essential will is the underlying or primal instinctive driving force for survival. Then, there is the arbitrary will, which is deliberative, purposive, and very specific and goal- oriented.
It is interesting to contrast these two philosophers, because Comte views society as moving forward in terms of a quest for understanding. Although materialistic in its emphasis upon phenomenon that has an objective existence, as noted by both Ritzer in his comparative work on sociological theories, Comte's stress is upon the mind's ability to focus and comprehend, and the limits and reasons for human mental structures to have evolved as they have. Comte's stress upon human understanding in the individual is quite different from Tonnies' focus on human existence as the exercising of a variety of drives in the context of groups, rather than individual minds. Tonnies stresses the impact the human drives and human goals have upon the world. He does not see the quest for understanding as the basic human framework through which societal relationships are created. Given the broader view of society taken in recent years that tends to de-emphasize theology and the intellect as a cultural product of philosophy's location in the academy, the German philosopher's explanation ultimately emerges as more persuasive.
Learning is cooperative and there is much to gain by sharing it with classmates. Special needs students had the right to merge with normal students in a regular classroom, according to advocates of inclusion (McCarthy 1994). Technology could make that happen, the advocates contended. Special services and resources could be integrated into the regular classroom and allow the ideal learning environment to develop for both types of students. Computer technology
Worldviews of Research PhilosophyIntroductionOntology, epistemology and axiology are at the foundation of research philosophy. Ontology is the study of the nature of being. Epistemology is the study of knowledge or how one comes to know things. Axiology is the study of the nature of values. Being, knowledge and values are intimately connected in business research, because they set the stage for how one will ultimately collect and analyze the data
How can I expand or advance the conversation by new insight or perspective?I agree with the idea that the ability to replicate a study is critical in being able to trust its conclusions. This is much more difficult in qualitative research, given that such a small, highly specific population is being observed by the researcher. But even quantitative studies face a so-called replication crisis. �When research papers are published, they
Logical positivism (also known as logical empiricism) was a philosophical movement that began in Vienna, Austria during the 1920s, coming to public attention in 1929 with the publication of a manifesto called Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung. Der Wiener Kreis (The Scientific World-Conception. The Vienna Circle) (Richardson & Uebel 13). The manifesto was dedicated to Moritz Schlick, a leading figure of logical positivism and the ostensible leader of the Vienna Circle, and was
This showed me that law-protection of people from harm- was exclusive from the moral obligations of the society-such as working to improve the community. Basically, I eventually came to associate the Separability Thesis based on my observation; essentially, the legality and morality of the island were independent of one another. Ultimately, the member of my expedition who spoke the language of Pango-Pango was able to have a conversation with one
Legal Positivism and Australian Law Nature and rule of law have generated more passionate debates in legal circles than anything else and the reason lies in the fact that law directly affects the lives of citizens of a country. National laws govern the lives of human beings and it is thus important to debate such things as their nature, their validity and applicability, their relevance to the case etc. Citizens of