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Market Equilibrium Process
Good luck finding a market that does not have some sort of government interference. Is there some sort of tax-free product, produced by an unregulated business, that I don't know about? Economic models are never based in reality, just a hypothetical world in which all external factors are stripped away, so that simple models can be built to understand how specific critical elements within these models relate to one another. So let's dispense with the silliness and get to work, looking at hypothetical products in a hypothetical free market. We are talking about the market for widgets.
The law of demand states that as the price of widgets increases, demand for widgets decreases. The law of supply states that as the price for widgets increases, the supply of widgets increases. The determinants of demand for widgets are price, the availability and price of any substitutes, and the availability and price of competing widgets. The determinants of supply are the price, the availability and price of inputs, and the opportunity costs of producing something other than widgets.
Efficient markets theory holds that the price of a good is at the equilibrium point in an efficient...
The aggregate demand and aggregate supply are equal at a particular point, and this point is at the equilibrium price.
Surplus and shortage occur under two conditions. First, they can occur when there is a distortion in the market. This will typically arise when there is something to disrupt the market. This something could be government interference, which can result in market failure and deadweight loss. Or the something could be a short-run misalignment of demand and supply. The equilibrium point is a theoretical point in economic models, but such a point does not really exist for any length of time in an efficient market. Consider the highly efficient market for stocks of any company with a high trade volume. The price at any given moment can be taken as the equilibrium point, but the next trade could very well move the price. The efficient market hypothesis when applied to equity assets holds that the stock's price movements reflect changes in the business (in real time, if you take this to the extreme). If your company was Starbucks, this is a company that is operating round the clock somewhere in the world, so in theory the stock could move based on changes in the perceived value…
References
Economics Online (2015). Equilibrium. Economics Online. Retrieved June 1, 2015 from http://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Competitive_markets/Market_equilibrium.html
St. Louis Fed (2015). Market equilibrium -- the economic lowdown. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved June 1, 2015 from https://www.stlouisfed.org/education/economic-lowdown-podcast-series/episode-8-market-equilibrium
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