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Federal Indian Policy
One of the first government policies on the Native Americans was the Trade and Intercourse Act of 1790, which said that no Indian lands could be sold unless the government authorized the sale. A second Act was passed n 1793, which allowed government agents to live with and watch over individual tribes. One author notes, "Under this authorization appeared the permanent Indian agents, assigned to particular tribes or areas, who became indispensable in the management of Indian affairs" (Prucha 1984, 161). Another Act in 1802 dealt with issues such as whiskey sales and other items on the reservations, among other items, and Congress was formally nominating Indian agents during this time. Another author note, "Other Trade and Intercourse Acts provided federal compensation to injured Indians, but made no attempt to regulate conduct of Indians among themselves in Indian country" (Editors 2009).
In 1824, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) was established to help deal with Indian affairs. During Thomas Jefferson's presidency, more Indian tribes were moved from their lands to barren and unprotected areas out west, which Jefferson said "protected" them from the white settlers and allowed them to maintain their lifestyles, even though most of the reservations did not even resemble their traditional tribal lands. Often, treaties were signed, and then as more people moved into the area, they were ignored.
By 1834, the BIA was working with warring Indian tribes attempting to keep the peace, and the scope of government involvement in this area continued to grow. Jackson's Indian policies were much more dramatic than any of the others before him. During his presidency, he authorized military campaigns against the Indians, the Indian Removal Act of 1830 allowed the government to remove Indians to lands far west, even further than earlier relocations, and the reservations of warring tribes were often place near each other. In short, the Federal Indian policies throughout this period were all about the government, and had little valid concern for the Natives.
References
Editors. 2009. Federal Indian Policy Timeline. Washington State Historical Society. http://stories.washingtonhistory.org/treatytrail/context/policy-timeline-1.htm.
Campbell, John. 2006. The Seminoles, the "Bloodhound War" and Abolitionism, 1796-1865. Journal of Southern History 72, no. 2: 259+.
Prucha, Francis Paul. 1984. The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
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