Humanism and Person Centered Therapy for Drug Addiction

Comparing Behaviorism and Humanism Learning Theories in Understanding Mike's Situation

Introduction

The Case of Mike is one that deals with addiction and how to overcome it. Mike was introduced to drugs at an early age, as a treatment for ADHD. Eventually, he took to harder drugs and ended up prison. Now he is out and wants to stay clean. Two contrasting learning theories can be applied to the case study of Mike are Skinner's Behaviorism, which emphasizes the role of environmental reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior, and Rogers' Humanism, which focuses on the individual's subjective experience and intrinsic motivation. This paper will look at Mike’s case from the perspective of these two theories, compare and contrast them, and show how they can be applied to Mike’s situation.

Skinner's Behaviorism

B.F. Skinner's behaviorism theory, or the theory of operant conditioning, rests on the assumption that all behavior is a product of conditioning, with reinforcement and punishment shaping future actions (Schlinger, 2021). According to this theory, behaviors that are followed by desirable consequences (reinforcements) are likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by undesirable consequences (punishments) are not likely to be repeated.

A key strength of Skinner's theory is its focus on observable behaviors and measurable outcomes. This makes it highly empirical and applicable in a variety of practical settings. For instance, behaviorism has been widely used in clinical psychology to treat various conditions through techniques such as behavior modification and systematic desensitization (Kafes, 2021). It has also used in education to shape student behavior and learning through positive and negative reinforcements.

However, a significant criticism of Skinner's behaviorism is its disregard for cognitive processes such as thoughts, beliefs, and expectations. Skinner argued that internal mental states were unnecessary for explaining behavior, but many modern psychologists argue that cognition plays a significant role in learning and behavior (Povinelli, 2020). For example, cognitive-behavioral therapies, which integrate principles from both cognitive and behaviorist theories, have been shown to be highly effective for many mental health issues.

Furthermore, Skinner's behaviorism is deterministic, suggesting that behavior is wholly determined by the environment. This leaves little room for individual agency or free will. Critics argue that individuals are not just passive recipients of environmental influences, but active constructors of their own behavior. Nonetheless, Skinner's behaviorism theory has been foundational in psychology as its principles of reinforcement and punishment continue to be applied in practice.

Rogers's Humanism

Carl Rogers' humanistic theory, also known as person-centered theory, posits that humans have an inherent tendency towards growth and self-actualization - becoming their best and most fulfilled selves. It proposes that individuals are driven by their own subjective experience, with emphasis on personal freedom, choice, and responsibility (Rusu, 2019).

One of the key strengths of Rogers' humanistic theory is its holistic approach to understanding individuals. Rather than reducing human behavior to isolated mechanisms or processes, it considers the whole person, including their subjective experiences, emotions, and inherent drive towards growth. This approach recognizes the unique complexity of each individual and respects their autonomy and personal potential.

Rogers' theory also emphasizes the importance of the therapeutic relationship, introducing the concept of unconditional positive regard, empathy, and congruence (genuineness) as critical elements in successful therapy. This has profoundly influenced the field of psychotherapy and counseling, leading to the development of client-centered and other humanistic therapies.

However, critics of Rogers' theory argue that it can be overly optimistic. By focusing on the inherent goodness and potential of people, it may overlook or downplay the capacity for negative or destructive behavior. Some individuals, due to various life circumstances, traumatic experiences, or mental health conditions, may struggle with behaviors that are harmful to themselves or others. These behaviors may not always be addressed solely with the positive, growth-oriented approach of humanistic therapy (Rusu, 2019).

Moreover, the theory's emphasis on subjective experience and personal interpretation can make it difficult to objectively measure or study, limiting its empirical support compared to other theories. This can also make it challenging to apply in certain contexts, such as with individuals who have severe mental health disorders or cognitive impairments that limit their self-awareness or ability to engage in self-directed growth (Rusu, 2019). Still, Rogers' humanistic theory has made significant contributions to psychology and psychotherapy, offering a compassionate, person-centered approach that respects and values individual autonomy and potential.

Application of Skinner's Behaviorism

Applying Skinner's theory to Mike's case, it can be hypothesized that his early behaviors were shaped by reinforcement and punishment. For example, his drug use might have been inadvertently reinforced by the acceptance given it by the school and his parents (as both played a part in getting him to use Adderal. Plus, selling or trading his Adderall might have been positively reinforced by the rewards he received (money, drugs, or social acceptance). On top of that, his drug addiction could be seen as a maladaptive learned behavior reinforced by the immediate relief from distress. Mike's current challenge of adjusting to life outside prison can be seen as a result of his past conditioning.

In terms of future behavior, Skinner's theory suggests that Mike's actions will largely depend on the reinforcements and punishments he experiences. If he finds positive reinforcements in a clean life (such as job satisfaction and improved relationships), it is likely that he will have what he needs to maintain sobriety. However, if he feels that being clean and sober is like a punishment, he may revert.

Application of Rogers's Humanism

From a humanistic perspective, Mike's behaviors can be seen as attempts to meet his inherent need for self-actualization, which were disrupted by external circumstances (hyperactivity, injury, drug addiction). His high achievement in school and sports suggests that there is indeed a strong internal drive to learn and succeed. This is to his credit and should be played to his favor.

As for his current situation, Rogers' theory would suggest that Mike's fear of failure and perfectionism may be hindering his self-actualization. Moving forward, the humanistic approach would predict that if Mike can connect with his intrinsic motivation for personal growth and find acceptance of his past, he would likely make positive changes in his life. He should understand that perfection is not necessarily the goal; rather, growth and movement in the right direction, step by step, day by day should be the focus and the ideal to pursue.

Intervention Analysis

A behaviorist intervention might involve contingency management, rewarding Mike for abstaining from drugs and maintaining positive behaviors (like job-seeking). This could help establish new, healthier behavioral patterns. Positive reinforcements from family or from his support system would also be of use here. The challenge, though, is that he does not have a strong support system in place as his family is not in close contact with him.

On the other hand, a humanistic intervention might involve person-centered therapy. This could help Mike explore his feelings of fear and perfectionism, and foster self-acceptance, which is crucial for his recovery. If he becomes too down on himself because of imperfections, he may fall back into drug use. Thus, it would be important for him to be accepting of imperfections while working to get moving and stay moving in the right direction, pursuing realistic goals that align with his ideal self.