¶ … hybrid entity? How is this entity treated for tax purposes? Per 1.TM.XIV.D.2.b.1.a.i, an entity is a hybrid if it is a separate taxable entity in one country and fiscally transparent (i.e. not taxable) in the other, then the residency status for tax purposes is determined by the persons on whom that country's domestic laws impose any applicable taxes. (119 U.S. Model Treat, Art, 4.1)

GForce is an entity that, under U.S. domestic law, is a corporation, but it is regarded as a fiscally transparent partnership under the law of Frisca, a foreign country. Both the U.S. And Frisca just concluded an income tax treaty. How would the income received by Gforce be treated by both countries?

Per the answer above, it would be based on the residency of the people involved, based on the relevant tax laws for that country. In short, the laws applicable to the country of RESIDENCE is what determines who gets tax and why. If no residency exists under the tax law, then no/less tax is owed.

3. LazerCo., is a U.S. limited liability company (LLC) that is treated as partnership in the U.S. But is treated as a corporation in Foronia, a foreign country with which the U.S. has entered into an income tax treaty. LazerCo, receives dividends from a domestic corporation in U.S. How is the dividends treated in U.S. And in Foronia?

They would be taxable in the United States but not on Foronia…simply because the corporation from which the dividends emanate is a United States corporation and no taxes would be collectible by Foronia unless a person with residency in Foronia was in receipt of income for that corporation. It is only if the income leaves the shores of Foronia (from an income standpoint) does it because at all taxable in Foronia. Essentially, the income is not taxable in Foronia unless it's earned IN Foronia...

What is the Saving Clause?
In short, a savings clause is a clause whereby a person owes tax to their home country even if they are somewhere other than their home country when it's earned. It is the burden of the residency country to provide an offset if double-taxation exists. The home country can act as if there is no tax treaty under the 1996 U.S. Model Treaty. In other words, the country can go ahead and tax and make the taxpayer prove to the proper country that there is double-taxation. The country that would NOT offer the tax relief has no burden to wait for the taxpayer to get things squared away with the tax relief country.

5. Treaty shopping is a gold mine for taxpayer. Briefly explain. How does U.S. deal with treaty shopping?

Per the source provided, the United States acts to limit the benefits realized by the contrived arrangement to surreptitiously avoid paying income taxes. The United States forces a taxpayer to meet all conditions of the 1996 U.S. Model Treaty to get the full benefits even if they otherwise qualify as residents of a country where the United States has a treaty. The gimmick is that people from non-treaty countries will purposely establish a residence in a country that does so as to avoid double taxation, which the United States views dimly.

6. Demonstrate your understanding of the shareholder and base erosion test.

Per the tax treaties and tax planning document, this is a two part test. In general, the United States is OK with people that get the benefit of a tax treaty so long as they are legitimate residents of a tax treaty country. To test this, there is a two part test. The shareholder part is that 50% of the shares of a company have to be residents of a country with a tax treaty. If more than 50% is NOT…