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Hypnosis in Investigation
Before discussing hypnosis in investigation, it is important to understand what the term hypnosis means. American Psychological Association (1994) defines hypnosis as "an interaction between one person, the 'hypnotist', and another person or people, the 'subject' or 'subjects'." In the process the subjects' perceptions, feelings, thinking, and behavior are influenced by the hypnotist, this is done by asking the subject to concentrate on ideas and images that may induce the intended effects. The hypnotist will use 'suggestions' to bring out these effects, the difference between these 'suggestions' and instructions used daily is that the success is measured by a state involuntariness or effortlessness by the subject.
Hypnosis has been applied in various fields including crime investigations, in which case it is referred to as forensic hypnosis. The main aim of forensic hypnosis is to bring into memory of a witness events or details of things that they may have forgotten or repressed. It is the nature of human beings to forget less important details of things in our environment, even important things are sometimes forgotten especially when they tend to disturb or traumatize the person. However, the general belief is that almost everything a person sees, hears, and experiences are hidden somewhere behind the mind, these can be retrieved...
The very first intention of hypnosis is to increase correct memory, however, this has been associated with very significant rise in incorrect memory, and that is to say the accuracy of recall declines (Lynn and Sherman, 2000). One way of evoking memory is by availing visual memories from the past and heightening the ability fantasize, when the subject is in such a state there is a tendency of accepting events suggested by the hypnotist even if they never occurred. This is especially possible when the reality is persistently distorted. The decline in accuracy may not be detected easily since it is accompanied by finer details. Whenever a person is giving vague details about an event then his memory will be doubted, however, when the details are fine then people tend to believe the information is accurate. Apparently hypnotized individuals can recall events with perfect detail and verisimilitude, the uncertain thing is that this detailed recall can be a result of confabulation, simply referred to as memory distortion. In short, hypnosis makes individuals not to differentiate between what they think happened and what actually happened. This problem can be reduced by making…
REFERENCES
American Psychological Association, Division of Psychological Hypnosis. (1994). Definition and description of hypnosis. Contemporary Hypnosis, 11, 143.
Anderton, C.H. (1986). The forensic use of hypnosis. In F.A. De Piano & H.C. Salzberg (Eds.),
Clinical applications of hypnosis (pp. 197-223). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Lynn, S.J. & Sherman, S.J. (2000). The clinical importance of sociocognitive models of hypnosis: Response set theory and Milton Erickson's strategic interventions. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 42, 294 -- 315.
It is caused be the chemical imbalances in the brain and for such illnesses conventional medicines should only be used rather than Hypnosis. The symptoms for schizophrenia include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized behavior and speech (Jeff Gazley). Hypnosis with people diagnosed with schizophrenia can cause severe disruptions and would do more harm than any good. THE RESEARCH The effectiveness of Hypnosis was explored in the case of the reduction of pain in
Hypnosis in Memory Retrieval In recent years there has been a myriad of books and articles written concerning the use of hypnosis and memory retrieval. Aside from the clinical application of hypnosis in treating a variety of psychiatric disorders, hypnosis has received much news coverage concerning its use in awakening early memories of sexual abuse, and even past life therapy. Moreover, there are numerous books and CDs available teaching self-hypnosis as
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature Chapter Introduction This chapter provides a review of the literature concerning hypnosis, Eastern Meditation, Chi Kung, and Nei Kung and how these methods are used to treat various ailments and improve physical and mental functioning. A summary of the review concludes the chapter. Hypnosis In his study, "Cognitive Hypnotherapy in the Management of Pain," Dowd (2001) reports that, "Several theories have been proposed to account for the effect of
United States. (R.T.C., p. 1217). The third judicial approach focuses on a defendant's constitutional rights. "Some courts have held that a pretrial hypnosis session may be so suggestive that a criminal defendant's due process rights are violated if testimony influenced by the session is admitted. These courts scrutinize hypnotic procedures under the standard for pretrial identifications developed by the United States Supreme Court in Stovall v. Denno." (R.T.C., p.
There are also physiological data indicating that people really do experience hypnotic suggestions. Recent brain-imagining studies show that when hallucinations or pain inhibition is suggested, brain activity can be observed that is consistent with the suggested experiences (Kirsh, 2001)." Alternate consciousness states also provide humans with the ability to numb themselves to pain and stress. Whether it is the use of drugs, drinking in excess or learning to meditate each morning,
During the 1960's and 1970's, violent contact with the police, resulting in force occurred during anti-war, labor and civil rights demonstrations, during a politically tumultuous time. It is safe to conclude that excessive force was used during these clashes. Deaths and injuries were the results of political clashes at the Republican Convention in Chicago, during campus riots held at several universities, during political demonstrations held in public places and in