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Mono
Infectious mononucleosis (mono) is caused by the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), a relative of herpes. The disease is most common in people under 30 years of age and is common worldwide. Almost all (90-100%) adults have been exposed and have antibodies, whereas young people remain susceptible (Handin, Lux & Stossel, 2003). This is why the disease manifests primarily in young people, and especially those who share rooms or live in crowded conditions like dormitories. Hygiene is a factor, too, with the rate of infection among children under the age of ten living in developing countries significantly higher than children under the age of ten in economically developed nations. Because the disease is carried on saliva, and because saliva interchange is the most common mode of transmission, mononucleosis is commonly called the "kissing disease." However, the disease can be transmitted via close contact without kissing (Evans & Kaslow, 1997). By the age of ten, 30-40% of American children will have been infected, with higher rates of infection occurring in the 15-24 age bracket. In addition to saliva, blood transfusions may transmit the virus (Evans & Kaslow, 1997).
Mononucleiosis is a broad spectrum illness with a wide variety of symptoms and potential complications. Among the more serious complications include lymphoma families...
Serious complications remain relatively rare, with the majority of sufferers experiencing fever, swollen glands, rashes, achiness, sore throat, and a characteristic feature, extreme fatigue. Sour throat usually manifests early and later subsides, but overall, symptoms can last for up to a month, and rarely lasts for less than two weeks. There are no pharmacological treatment interventions to address generalized symptoms. Only severe symptoms like airway passage obstruction may require substances like corticosteroids. Antibiotics do not have any efficacy on the treatment of mono. Because the symptoms of mononucleosis resemble those of a variety of problems, diagnosis is often made in conjunction with the current prevalence rate in the community and the use of blood testing.
Although mononucleosis is a DNA virus, there is no evidence yet that it is more prevalent among certain blood types (Evans & Kaslow, 1997). Interestingly, research shows that certain psychological and sociological features may be associated with increased risk of symptom manifestation. Those risk factors include overachievement and perfectionism (Evans & Kaslow, 1997). However, such investigations into ancillary risk factors have not…
References
Evans, A.S. & Kaslow, R.A. (1997). Viral Infectionsof Humans. New York: Plenum.
Gibbons, M.A., Peters, S.E. & Seaton, R.A. (2005). Severe pneumonitis complicating Epstein-Barr virus infection. Respiratory Medicine Extra 1(4): 104-106.
Handin, R.I., Lux, S.E. & Stossel, T.P. (2003). Blood. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
Prospective Clinical Study of Epstein-Barr Virus and Host Interactions During Acute Infectious Mononucleosis Article Review Balfour et al. (2005) carried out the study with an aim of discovering how Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) replication is controlled. Using such information would offer them insights as to why some immunocompromised patients develop fatal or severe disease when they fail to contain EBV infection. According to Balfour et al. (2005), it is not easy
At present, the symptoms presented by the student are consistent with infectious mononucleosis (IM) caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). This includes symptoms that appear to mimic those of the flu. In addition to a sore throat, the patient complains of aching joints and fatigue. It should be noted that an elevated temperature and swollen lymph nodes were revealed following an initial examination by the FNP. The lab results were, however,
Epstein-Barr Virus – EBV (Mononucleosis) A contagious disease, infectious mononucleosis is mostly caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – CDC, 2018). It is, however, important to note that in most cases, an infection with EBV does not necessarily progress to mononucleosis. Essentially, EBV infections are commonplace and may not present any symptoms, particularly during the childhood early adulthood phases. However, as CDC (2018) points out,
fever and palpable cervical nodes indicates an infection. Jennifer appears to have bacterial tonsillitis. However, in order to confirm, a throat culture must be taken. Although mononucleosis is uncommon in toddlers, it is a possible diagnosis and typically comes from contact in daycares (Yokoyama et al., 2013). To confirm the mononucleosis diagnosis, serology is needed. While the clinical manifestation points to possible mononucleosis diagnosis, younger children do not have
Meningitis Select one bacterial, one fungal, and one viral pathogen capable of producing meningitis in humans. Bacterial: Neisseria meningitidis Fungal: Cryptococcus neoformans Viral: Epstein-Barr virus Describe the general characteristics and structure of each pathogen. Neisseria meningitidis: parasitic, aerobic, Gram-negative, non-endospore forming, nonmotile, coccal bacterium (Devoe 1982,-page 162). Cryptococcus neoformans: grows as a yeast, unicellular, replicates by budding, makes hyphae during mating, eventually creates basidospores (Heitman 2011). Epstein-Barr virus: mature particle has diameter of 120 nm to 180 nm;
Pressure on the superior vena cava may produce SVC syndrome, a swelling of the head and arms. SVC syndrome involving the brain can be fatal and must be treated immediately. But enlarged lymphatic tissue in the chest cavity generally tends to displace -- rather than press upon or encase -- adjacent structures. Therefore, compromised breathing and SVC syndrome are relatively uncommon signs of lymphoma. (Hodgkin's Disease, 1998-2008) Effects on Bone