James Madison's constitutional design and theory of republican government

James Madison, known historically s the "Father of the Constitution," was an adamant supporter of its contents and ratification because of his understanding and fear that under any other system, the union would not be able to thrive or survive.

After the Revolutionary War ended, Madison was elected as a state legislator in his home state, Virginia. Originally a staunch supporter of the Articles of Confederation, while in the state house he became alarmed at the "fragility of the Articles." (Wikipedia). This fear lead him to draft the Virginia Plan for consideration at the Constitutional Convention of 1787.

Madison's system, which essentially was adopted as the national government system under the Constitution, was motivated by a desire to create unity between the States but also maintain the independence of the individual states. His system was founded on a three-branch government with a bicameral legislature. The purpose of the bicameral legislature was to both ensure the influence of all the states and of the people. In order to keep all States equal, every state, regardless of population size, would have two senators. On the other hand, to ensure the direct participation of the people, each state would have representatives based on population. Further, Madison's plan adopted a checks and balances system to prevent tyranny by any one branch. (Wills).