¶ … Measurement and Concepts of Validity "As you move up the ladder of measurement, the amount of information that is gained increases. At the lowest level, you have only categorization" (Measurement, n.d.: 21). The lowest level of measurement is the nominal scale which "simply places people, events, perceptions, etc. into categories based on some common trait" (Garger 2010). For example, a group of people deemed to be overweight in a medical study would be a nominal category. With every successive level of measurement "you add knowledge about the order of the categories included" (Measurement, n.d.: 21). Thus, with an ordinal scale, data is ranked from lowest to highest which makes the scale more information-rich than the nominal scale (Garger 2010). To use the above-cited example, this might include rankings of persons according to their weight in kilos. The next level above the ordinal scale, the interval scale classifies, orders, and also "define[s] how much categories differ one from another" (Measurement, n.d.: 21). For example, the amount of difference between each overweight person in the group would be defined. Finally, a "ratio scale requires all of these characteristics as well as a non-arbitrary, or true, zero value" (Measurement, n.d.:...
Measurements and Instruments for a Quantitative Research Plan The topic for this paper is: To what extent do African-American men who live in an urban setting and exhibit aggressive behavior due to early development factors associated with depression receive a diagnosis at local medical facilities of conduct disorder as opposed to depression? In this paper, we will discuss the method most appropriate to cover this topic and provide support for its
This may occur when populations show wide variations in their responses to particular hypotheses, which are in violation of the expected response. Construct validity may be compromised when alternative correspondences are achieved between a construct and an unexpected concept found within the actual environment being studied. In other words, when the construct does not correspond with the original hypothesis, its validity would be compromised. In cloud computing and determining inside threats,
However, when the researcher is interested in giving a highlight of how the response patterns vary across the subgroups, then the scores can be treated as discrete choices thus allowing them to be ordinal values Miller & Salkind, 2002. In this case the intervals between the positions on the scale are monotonic but not well defined to make them numerically uniform increments thus making the likert scale have ordinal properties
However, due to the lack of a pre-test procedure, it is impossible to assess whether the treatment had any effect in the sample at all. In the one group pretest posttest study the variable under study is measured among the sample prior to the treatment, to get the baseline figures, and then measured again among the same sample after the treatment to be compared with the baseline figures. Nevertheless,
Doctor of Social Work (DSW) Doctoral Research Project ChecklistDate: ?????Student�s Name: ????? Student ID (for office use only) -- ?????School:Program of Study: Social WorkChairperson ?????Committee Member ?????University Research Reviewer ?????The following checklist provides a tool to develop DSW Doctoral Projects in social work contexts. The doctoral project involves multiple steps, including identification of the local problem and development of the practice-focused question(s) to address it, and a review of the
" Harassment, including sexual and other types as well, is also a common type of formal complaint that must be taken very seriously by contemporary businesses. More extensive employee training can help better inform employees of appropriate work behavior, so that there are less incidences of harassment between employees unknowingly. Better trained employees makes for a more efficient work environment with less complications. Therefore, the research showed that "many organizations within it
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