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¶ … measurement?
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval/ratio
Experimental
The researchers analyzed the data as though it were at the interval/ratio level since they calculated means (the measure of central tendency that is appropriate only for interval/ratio level data) and standard deviations (the measure of dispersion for interval/ratio data) to describe their study variables.
What was the mean posttest empowerment score for the control group?
Mean = 97.12.
Compare the mean baseline and posttest depression scores of the experimental group. Was this an expected finding? Provide a rationale for your answer.
The experimental group subjects scored lower on the depression posttest (mean = 13.36 vs. The baseline score of mean = 14.00), meaning that they were less depressed after the completion of the empowerment program. This was an expected
finding, because the researchers hypothesized that the empowerment program would be beneficial to ESRD patients and result in a decrease in their depression scores. However,
the difference in the depression baseline and posttest means for the experimental group was only 0.64, which is less than what might have been expected.
4. Compare the mean baseline and posttest depression scores of the control...
Do these scores strengthen or weaken the validity of the research results? Provide a rationale for your answer.
Answer: The mean baseline and posttest depression scores of the control group were identical. Both means equaled 10.40, which indicates that there was no change in the level of depression of the control group subjects from baseline to posttest. This result strengthens the validity of the study findings, indicating that the empowerment program resulted in a decrease in the depression scores for the experimental group.
5. Which group's test scores had the least amount of variability or dispersion? Provide a rationale for your answer.
Answer: The experimental group's empowerment posttest scores had the smallest amount of dispersion or variability, as indicated by the smallest SD of 7.28.
6. Did the empowerment variable or self-care self-efficacy variable demonstrate the greatest amount of dispersion? Provide a rationale for your answer.
Answer: The experimental group's baseline self-care self-efficacy scores had the greatest dispersion as evidenced by the largest SD of 14.88.
7. The mean ( X ) is a measure of ____ ____ of a distribution while the SD is a measure of ____ of its scores.
Both X and SD are ____ statistics.
Answer: The mean ( X ) is a…
However, due to the lack of a pre-test procedure, it is impossible to assess whether the treatment had any effect in the sample at all. In the one group pretest posttest study the variable under study is measured among the sample prior to the treatment, to get the baseline figures, and then measured again among the same sample after the treatment to be compared with the baseline figures. Nevertheless,
Steps in Content Analysis: There are ten steps in content analysis including: (1) copying and reading the transcript and making notes where pertinent information is located: (2) reviewing notes and making a list of the various information types located; (3) reading the list and categorizing each item and providing a description for what information has been identified; (4) identification of whether the categories are potentially linked and then listing the
Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative data. Give an example of each. Qualitative data is information that describes and is subjective in nature. Examples of qualitative data include feelings, opinions and interpretations. Quantitative data is numerical information that is objective in nature. Examples of quantitative data includes things such as the temperature, time and percentages. Determine which of the levels of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio) is most Appropriate. (a) Social Security Numbers- NOMINAL (b) Consumer
However, when the researcher is interested in giving a highlight of how the response patterns vary across the subgroups, then the scores can be treated as discrete choices thus allowing them to be ordinal values Miller & Salkind, 2002. In this case the intervals between the positions on the scale are monotonic but not well defined to make them numerically uniform increments thus making the likert scale have ordinal properties
What were the dependent variables in this experiment? The dependent variable was the subject's choice of product, based upon package appearance. How were the dependent variables operationalized? The identical product was packaged in differently-appearing containers. Did the results support the stated hypothesis? The results did find that higher self-monitors were more influenced by package appearance while low self-monitors cared more about quality. Study What were the independent variables in this experiment? The container styles of two different perfumes
scientific observation that distinguish it from our everyday observation are that scientific observation is conducted using precisely defined observational conditions; by performing the observations systematically and objectively; and through keeping careful and accurate records. Scientific observation, as opposed to everyday observations, must take place within certain well-defined parameters, whether in naturalistic or laboratory settings. Furthermore, the scientist does not choose the parameters arbitrarily but rather relies on such methods as