Sign Up Now
Get instant access to over 1 million+ study documents
OR
Already registered? click here to login
By creating your account, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and student honor code.
Pain in Non-Human Animal to Humans
Whether or not nonhuman animals can experience pain happens to be a rather interesting topic in the realms of neurology, philosophy, medicine, as well as animal biology and behavioral ecology. However, it would be prudent to note that as Ferdowsian and Merskin indicate, unlike human suffering, the wide range of acute, recurrent, and chronic stressors and trauma on nonhuman animals is rarely evaluated (448). In this text, Ill concern myself with pain in birds. Special references will be made to poultry.
From the onset, it should be noted that most studies in this realm appear to be mostly focused on the evidence of pain in birds from a physiological and behavioral perspective. Parallels could, however, be drawn between pain in birds and pain in mammals. This is more so the case in relation to both having a sensory system that is well developed and has the capability to keep track of noxious stimuli. Indeed, according to Machin, pain in birds, as with mammalian species, is associated with peripheral detection and transmission of noxious stimuli, and the central processing of noxious information into perceived pain (237). As Gentle observes, many chicken body parts have been shown to have nociceptors i.e. following the identification as well as physiological characterization of the said receptors (252). In essence, noxious stimulation is responded to by...…inability to perch, etc.), posture or demeanor changes, etc. (Malik and Valentine 14). Guarding behavior has also been observed, with Malik and Valentine pointing out that an injured bird is likely to guard the area of the body in pain (14).
In the end, it should be noted that research into pain in non-human animal could be deemed relevant on a number of fronts. For instance, as Prunier et al. indicate, the productive potential of poultry could be negatively impacted by pain (998). More specifically, in the words of the authors, when pronounced and/or long lasting, the pain-induced behavioral and physiological changes can decrease production performance (Prunier et al. 998). There is also the moral implication of this particular area of…
Works Cited
Ferdowsian, Hope, and Debra Merskin. “Parallels in Sources of Trauma, Pain, Distress, and Suffering in Humans and Nonhuman Animals.” Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, vol. 13, no. 4, 2011, pp. 448-468.
Gentle, Michael. “Pain issues in poultry.” Applied Animal Behavior Science, vol. 135, no. 3, 2011, pp. 252-258.
Machin, Karen. “Avian Analgesia.” Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, vol. 14, no. 4, 2005, pp. 236-242.
Bird-Headed Bas Relief Balefully staring out from a fragmentary bas-relief panel of mottled grey-brown stone, the bird- or reptile- headed creature dominates this viewer's attention: it is an Assyrian religious carving of some sort, entitled "Bird-Headed Deity," dated to 885 BCE and found in Calah, Iraq. The mottling of the stone is inherent in its quality: to a certain extent, the artist seems to have placed the figure so that the
The hummingbird actually helps pollinate flowers. (National Geographic) Birds live almost everywhere in the world. From the penguins at the South Pole to the Canadian Geese in the far north to the tiny finches and parrots of the jungle to the large and cumbersome Dodo birds in the Pacific, birds have adapted to whatever environment they are found in. Most birds live in an environments that have mild winters and
Symptoms of the bird flu in humans vary depending on the exact subtype which that individual has been infected with. Most people contract the avian influenza from coming into contact with infected birds, "During an outbreak of avian influenza among poultry, there is a possible risk who have contact with infected birds or surfaces that have been contaminated with secretions or excretions from infected birds," (CDC 2007). The etiological
Pain Management in Post-Operative Patients Pain suffered patients undergoing surgery. The severity pain vary patient. It nurse caring patient postoperative phase manages patient's pain. Questions arise pain assessment, nurses estimation mismanagement patient pain, modes administration medical orders pain management suitable. Pain Management in Post-Operative Patients Effective pain control in post-operative patients is essential in ensuring patient's quick recovery, earlier mobilization and lower cost and higher patient satisfaction. The immune system of patients who
Moreover, fully three-quarters of the surveyed nurses reported that the lack of adequate assessment of cancer pain was a significant barrier to effective pain management, and almost as many (72%) reported a lack of clinician knowledge as representing yet another significant barrier to effective pain management (Vorthern and Ward 1992). Given the complexity of the pain experience, helping caregivers provide appropriate levels of pain management is particularly challenging. Many
Pain Management Oregon State Board Treatment Method for Pain Management Treatment Method for Pain Management Treatment Method for Pain Management Education Requirement by Oregon State Board of Nursing (OSBN) The Oregon State Board of Nursing (OSBN) is responsible for checking and monitoring the education requirements of the registered nurses. There is a standard pain management requirement for every licensed health care provider in the state of Oregon regarding pain management. It has been made mandatory to