Personal Character and Virtue in Ancient Rome

The Roman Constitution

1. The Three Key Elements of the Roman Government According to Polybius

Polybius describes the Roman government as comprising three key elements: the Consuls (executive), the Senate (deliberative), and the People (legislative). This tripartite system is successful because of its balance and checks and balances, so that no single element gains overwhelming power.

First is the Consuls. They basically represent the executive branch, with the authority to implement laws and command the army. Polybius discusses their role in providing swift, decisive leadership, particularly in times of war (Polybius 6.11–12).

Then there is the Senate. This body acts as the deliberative branch, responsible for foreign policy, financial matters, and providing counsel. The Senate's wisdom and experience is such that it can be used for the sake of making sure that Roman society and government have stability and continuity (Polybius 6.13–14).

Then there is the People or the Comitia. They represent the legislative branch. They consist of the assemblies of the people who have the power to elect officials and pass laws. This element is there so that the citizenry has a say in the governance, which helps to legitimize the system (Polybius 6.15–18).

Polybius argues that this arrangement is successful because it combines the virtues of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy, thereby preventing the excesses of each system. However, tensions exist due to the inherent competition for power and influence among these branches, leading to a dynamic balance that requires constant negotiation and compromise (Polybius 6.18).

2. Specific Features of Roman Society Supporting the Constitution

Polybius and Livy outline several societal features that underpin the Roman constitution's effectiveness and Rome's distinctiveness.

One example is conduct in war. Romans are portrayed as disciplined, valorous, and strategic, with a strong emphasis on military training and civic duty. The citizen-soldier ideal supports Rome's expansion and defense (Polybius 6.52–56).

Another example is that of culture and rhetoric. A focus on education, oratory, and public life cultivates a populace engaged in civic matters and eloquent in expressing public concerns. The emphasis on rhetoric aids in the functioning of the legislative assemblies and courts (Livy, AUC 5.19–23).

Then there is the example of religion of the Romans. In Rome, religious observance is intertwined with public and private life, which helps to create a sense of community and obedience to laws. Augurs and omens have clear parts in decision-making, which illustrates the Romans’ belief in divine favor and guidance (Polybius 6.56).

Finally, there is the example of personal character and character education. Virtues such as gravitas, pietas, and auctoritas are highly valued, promoting a society that respects authority, familial and societal duties, and the state's welfare over individual gains (Polybius 6.52–56; Livy, AUC 5.19–23).