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" (Grant et al., 2006, p. 128). However, because incarcerated or dead men do not present for treatment, these findings are still of use to the practitioner.
Conclusion
Both articles do a good job of explaining the relationship between personality disorders and substance disorders. The authors all did a good job of explaining the prior literature and why it suggests such a relationship. Furthermore, they did a good job of explaining why knowledge about comorbidities is important to those seeking to treat people with either substance disorders or personality disorders.
The articles were both written in an easy-to-read manner, which could be understood by anyone with at least a high-school education, even if they had no background in mental health. The articles also carefully explained the study methodology, so that the reader could form an independent assessment of the scientific merits of the study. However, there were some differences in the studies, which seem like they would impact their utility
First, the study by Grant et al. suffered from a serious weakness, in that it failed to examine borderline personality disorder. Prior research demonstrates that borderline personality disorder may be more highly linked to substance disorders than any other personality disorder, therefore it would seem important to include research regarding that disorder. However, the Grant study had a huge population, which made it easier to suggest...
Moreover, the researchers were careful to point out areas of weakness. The Grant study focused on gender differences, as well, which is important; women have been consistently overlooked in medical research, though it has been clearly established that women respond differently than men to the treatment of substance abuse disorders and personality disorders.
The study by Teplin et al. suffered from its own serious weakness. The sample size was relatively small, and consisted only of people who had been referred to the study. Therefore, it is likely that patients with overt symptoms of personality disorders were not referred to the study. However, by focusing on a specific addiction, the Teplin study was able to link specific behavior to specific personality disorders. Overall, this research would be more helpful to a practitioner, who has knowledge of the type of substance being abused, because it would help direct further screening for personality disorders.
References
Grant, B.F., F.S. Stinson, D. Dawson, S.P. Chou, W.J. Ruan, & R.P. Pickering. (2006). Co- occurrence of 12-month alcohol and drug use disorder and personality disorders in the United States: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Alcohol Research and Health, 29(2), 121-130).
Teplin, D., T. O'Connell, J. Daiter, & M. Varenbut (2004). A psychometric study of the prevalence of DSM-IV personality disorders among office-based methadone maintenance patients. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 30(3), 515-524.
People with high self-esteem do not behave in an antisocial manner. They are not overly dramatic and they also do not feel like the world revolves around them. The low self-esteem manifests itself in the various characteristics displayed by people with these personality disorders and surprisingly, manner of the characteristics are the same. We all have our own interpretation of what is considered normal behavior. For the most part, most
" Psychotherapy, for instance, would include treatment through talking. Furthermore, this would be divided by type of psychotherapy employed. Types include cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy, and psycho-education. The second type of treatment approaches, medications would also include several medications varying in intensity and purpose. For instance, antidepressant medication would be prescribed for those suffering from depression associated with personality disorders. Mood-stabilizing medications would even out an individual's
The author further asserts that high heels often serve as fetishes because of the manner in which they accentuate the shape of a woman's body. There also exists a typology of fetishes which are either physical attributes or objects (Langevin). The author explains that "One may be partial to redheads for example and find them more erotic than persons with other colors of hair. The degree of arousal differs between
Substance abuse, which is also called addiction or using the substance more than needed, trying then to quit but having physical or psychological problems that were worsened by the drug, and having problems at work or with loved ones (Kring, et.al. 2007, 297). Tolerance is when a person needs higher doses of the drug to feel the effects or the lack of effect on the person when the drug
Individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder frequently lack empathy, tend to be manipulative and impulsive. Those traits positively correlate those individuals to commit violent crime such as felony assault. Even though it is said that Antisocial Personality Disorder is a genetic problem, there are many environmental factors that trigger the onset of this disorder. One of such triggers is disturbed family relations. When any sort of traumatic events take place in the
The study's most significant limitation was that it did not contain female or minority subjects. The lack of female subjects was due to the ambiguous expression of the MAOA genotype in females, but the failure to include minorities was based on the fact that prior research had focused on Caucasian samples. Future research needs to be more inclusive. Conclusion Several studies have attempted to examine the causes of antisocial personality disorder.