523). The voices that schizophrenics hear might indeed persuade them to commit criminal and even violent acts, and the delusions of persecution might also lead to such behaviors when schizophrenics encounter individuals that they believe to be "enemies" within their framework of delusion (Hirsch & Weinberger 2003, pp. 25-7).
In addition to these rather extreme symptoms of schizophrenia, other milder signs often accompany the disorder and can appear as precursors to the full blown development of the disorder. An emotional "flatness" or lack of response to normal emotional stimuli is a typical aspect of schizophrenia in many of its stages, which contrasts sharply to the depths of fear, rage, and paranoia that schizophrenics can exhibit at the extremes of their delusions (Hirsch & Weinberger 2003, pp. 26-30). This is mirrored by a semi-catatonic physical state, where body movements become lessened, there is again reduced physical response to external stimuli, and….

People with high self-esteem do not behave in an antisocial manner. They are not overly dramatic and they also do not feel like the world revolves around them. The low self-esteem manifests itself in the various characteristics displayed by people with these personality disorders and surprisingly, manner of the characteristics are the same.
We all have our own interpretation of what is considered normal behavior. For the most part, most people agree on the type of behavior that people should display. Everyone has their own quirks and idiosyncrasies and some people may not be familiar with the three personality disorders discussed here, yet they know when a person's behavior is different than what society considers normal. None of the three personality types is normal. They may seem like three separate personality types, and they are. Some traits are similar in all three, but they are acted out differently among the….

" Psychotherapy, for instance, would include treatment through talking. Furthermore, this would be divided by type of psychotherapy employed. ypes include cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy, and psycho-education.
he second type of treatment approaches, medications would also include several medications varying in intensity and purpose. For instance, antidepressant medication would be prescribed for those suffering from depression associated with personality disorders. Mood-stabilizing medications would even out an individual's moods. Anti-anxiety medications would help with insomnia and antipsychotic medications would help with "losing touch" symptoms. Again, just as the type of psychotherapy varies, so do the medications needed, which vary by individual and by symptom.

he last resort in the case of treating personality disorders would be hospitalization or residential treatment, which would include a 24-hour inpatient care facility, which would help an individual dealing with a severe case of personality disorder, as well as which would come into play….

Therefore, it is likely that "men who are highly comorbid for antisocial PD and alcohol and drug use disorders are more likely to die young or be incarcerated than women and thus less likely to be represented in general population surveys." (Grant et al., 2006, p. 128). However, because incarcerated or dead men do not present for treatment, these findings are still of use to the practitioner.
Conclusion

Both articles do a good job of explaining the relationship between personality disorders and substance disorders. The authors all did a good job of explaining the prior literature and why it suggests such a relationship. Furthermore, they did a good job of explaining why knowledge about comorbidities is important to those seeking to treat people with either substance disorders or personality disorders.

The articles were both written in an easy-to-read manner, which could be understood by anyone with at least a high-school education, even….

Personality Theories: Personality Disorders and Their Diagnoses
Personality theorists often differ on how the term personality should be used. In fact, Gordon Allport, one of the first psychologists to focus on personality, had more than fifty different definitions for the term. According to Engler (2014), Allport's basic idea was that personality is the true nature of an individual that influences the way they behave and think. Carl ogers, another influential psychologist, believed that personality is the organized and persistent individual perceptions that determine their experiences. Sigmund Freud, popularly referred to as the father of psychoanalysis, argued that personality is often concealed and it is not conscious or easily known. In light of all these conflicting definitions, one thing is evident: there are a variety of personality theories which attempt to define what personality is and how it influences the lives of people. The American Psychological Association, APA (2015) defines personality as….

The author further asserts that high heels often serve as fetishes because of the manner in which they accentuate the shape of a woman's body.
There also exists a typology of fetishes which are either physical attributes or objects (Langevin). The author explains that "One may be partial to redheads for example and find them more erotic than persons with other colors of hair. The degree of arousal differs between individuals from mild to strong and for some men it is strong and the stimulus is essential. Thus one may like redheads but he can react to other females or males as well. However if one could only react to redheads, this would be a necessary fetish (Langevin)."

Masochism

The terms masochism and sadism are often used synonymously to explain the condition by which an individual's sexual gratification is correlated with domination, physical pain, humiliation and enslavement (Langevin). The masochist is actually….

Substance abuse, which is also called addiction or using the substance more than needed, trying then to quit but having physical or psychological problems that were worsened by the drug, and having problems at work or with loved ones (Kring, et.al. 2007, 297). Tolerance is when a person needs higher doses of the drug to feel the effects or the lack of effect on the person when the drug is taken in its usual dosage (Kring, et.al. 2007). Withdrawal symptoms or negative physical and psychological effects occur when a person decides to lessen the intake of the drug or quit the drug altogether (Kring, et.al. 2007). Such symptoms include alcohol withdrawal delirium (Kring, et.al. 2007).
Eating Disorders. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that is most prevalent in young women (Halmi, 1983). This disorder usually begins in the adolescent stage when a girl's body begins to change (Halmi, 1983). Anorectics….

Treatment of Personality Disorders Debate
One of the most challenging and mysterious problems in the mental health sector is personality disorders, especially with regards to developing a suitable treatment approach. The challenge or difficulty associated is evident in the fact that those suffering from antisocial personality disorders are usually misdiagnosed. The situation is the same for patients who suffer from obsessive compulsive personality disorder. Personality disorders continue to be a significant challenge in the field of mental health and the overall health sector because of its severe effects on patients and families (Conan, 2012).

While there have been several attempts to develop a suitable treatment measure for this condition, treatment of personality disorders have been increasingly controversial. The controversy and debates is attributed to the fact that the major areas of personality disorders are not specifically satisfactory though they are hallowed by long use (Tyrer & Simonsen, 2003, p.42). Moreover, there is….

Sociology
Determination of the Normative Definition of Abnormality and Deviance

Though what is normal and abnormal is socioculturally relative, a normative definition of deviant or abnormal is possible. Every culture regards specific behaviors as good or normal or right. Those behaviors vary from culture to culture, place to place, and over time, yet the standards or dichotomies of behaviors exist. Once one end of the spectrum, good or normal, are named, the behaviors antithetical those are outlined as well, meaning what is deviant or abnormal. Normative definitions of deviance and abnormality that recognize the sociocultural relativism of such terms function on two levels, according to Chapter 14. Normative definitions function on the level of what is culturally universal, meaning that there exist sets of norms per every culture. Normative definitions also function on what is culturally specific, meaning what sets of norms exist per individual culture. Deviance and abnormality need not necessarily….

Personality theories and PTSD Alternative Theoretical Positions and Applications
The idea of personality is broadly accepted as being fundamental in psychology, but its dynamics as well as the ways that it may be identified and assessed are questions in which psychologists have been in substantial disagreement. Millon had been focused on perpetually creating a systematic program to describe standard as well as abnormal personality functioning and also to determine various kinds of personality types and conditions according to deductive thinking. This varies with the rising inductive technique that identified proportions of personality functioning and realignment according to factor evaluation of the personality lexicon qualities. The present system consists of 13 personality designs or kinds according to groups generally observed in a number of communities to varying degrees. The primary personality designs established by Millon had been all variants from the Passive, Active along with Pleasure-Pain proportions. Over his years of analysis, Millon….

These people have been seen to have rigidity towards people who are struggling in life and are going through a tougher time or with people who are already emotionally weak or vulnerable in case where they might be going through a tough relationship. It has been reported that if these people are asked for advice for better parenting with a troubled teen, the advice from an overtly controlling person would be to cast the teen away, leave him in a church or be hard on him in a physical manner. In the case of marital issues, the advice would be to make sure that the wife being a weaker person should be made to submit to the much stronger husband. If a depressed individual asks such controlling person for an advice, it would be repent on sins making sure that such sins are not committed again.
These individuals are overtly….

antisocial personality disorder (APD) as displayed by serial killer Belle Gunness. The essay discusses her behaviors with reference to the DSM IV criteria and reviews theoretical perspectives on APD.
Belle Gunness, who immigrated to the U.S. In 1881, was born Brynhild Paulsdatter Strseth in November 1859 in Selbu, Norway. Following her immigration, a series of suspicious fires and deaths resulting in insurance awards ensued. Shortly after marrying Mads Sorenson in 1884, the couple's store and home mysteriously burned down, with them claiming the insurance money for both. Sorenson died soon after of heart failure on the very day that his two life insurance policies overlapped, and Belle received about $8,000 from his life insurance. Even though his family demanded an inquiry, no charges were filed, nor were the couple's two children accounted for. They were believed to have been poisoned in infancy for the insurance money as well (A+E Networks,….

The review assesses the book's strong points, and gives good information on personality disorder, but does not point out any weaknesses, which makes it seem a bit biased. In addition, the review does not include the reviewer's qualifications for writing the review, and that would have made the review stronger as well.
It is clear the reviewer understands personality disorder and agrees with the findings of the author of this book. The review is helpful if a student is looking for a definitive text on the issue of personality disorder, but the review does leave out some key points that could have made an even stronger argument for purchasing this book and learning more about personality disorder.

eferences

Baer, M. (2002). The personality disorder. Annals of the….

Avoidant Personality Disorder
As per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), a certain case of avoidant personality disorder (APD) is featured by the existent sign of social inhibition, feeling of being short of requirement, and hypersensitivity to negative valuation. (American Psychiatric Association, 1994, p.1) Even though personality disorders are not often discovered in persons below age 18, children who come within the condition of APD are recurrently portrayed as being aloof to the core, fearful in arising circumstances, and afraid of dissention and social boycott. The proportion of the signs and the inability is way behind the practice of inhibition that is prevalent in as much as 40% of the populace. Hence it is of great relevance of examining the disorder as it relates to professional counseling.

Exploration of disorder

Bearing a semblance to other personality disorders, the state of Avoidant Personality disorder turns out to be a….

Histrionic Personality Disorder
Personality is the unique way in which every individual expresses their inner experience and outer behavior. People tend to react a given way every time they experience something and in return express personality traits that come to define who people are. But personalities are not set in stone. They can change according to any given experience, environment, or circumstance that one comes to encounter (Dobbert, 74). The ability to adjust our personalities according to a situation is what people with personality disorders lack. According to the DSM-IV (1994) a Personality Disorder is defined as "an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment" (p. 629). These types of disorders are actually hard to self-recognize but can be….