Politics As was expected, the Republicans took the House and Senate in the 2014 mid-term elections, shifting the balance of power in the United States government. The election was viewed by many as a referendum on President Obama's policies. The President said it (Martosko, 2014), conservative talking heads said it (Krauthammer, 2014), and voters in exit polls said as much, too (Raedle, 2014). This argument makes for fine political rhetoric, this ignores the fact that Obama ran for re-election in 2012. The ACA had been passed but nobody had seen its benefits yet, only heard the fearmongering. The economy was going nowhere fast in 2012, versus two strong quarters in 2014, and the unemployment rate has been declining for four straight years. If there was a time when a referendum on Obama's policies was going to cost him, it would have been in 2012, not the 2014 midterms. Unless of course it was a way to punish the President without having to actually elect a Republican to the White House.

So what was the cause of the results in the 2014 midterms? Was it a referendum on Obama's policies, or is that just smoke? The broad trends show Democratic strength in Presidential elections going forward, but the Electoral College is not the same thing as Congressional elections, and mid-terms are different from Presidential elections. With those realities in mind, this paper will examine some of the drivers of the recent patterns of elections.

Demographics

The first issue is with demographics, because there are different patterns in who votes in mid-terms vs. who votes in Presidential elections. Turnout is far lower, and it is lower among groups who typically vote Democrat. In 2008, 46% of voters were between 18-44, and they voted heavily in favor of Obama. In the 2014 midterms, they accounted for 32% of the electorate. This represents millions of voters who skew heavily Democratic staying home, and the result on the mid-term results was predictable. Older voters, 54% of the electorate in 2012, were 67% of the electorate in 2014 (Judis, 2014).

This is just raw numbers, and does not take into account race, wherein Democratic voters also stayed home. While Obama not only carried upwards of 90% of the African-American vote, he also mobilized African-Americans to vote. Normally, African-Americas are among the most disenfranchised of all groups in America, but they made a point to vote for Obama, and that took other Democrats along with him. Not only was there no black President on the bill, but many Democratic candidates were shying away from associations with Obama and his policies. Whatever they were thinking, it failed miserably.

Referendum?

Judis (2014) argued that many voters in the midterms -- who already skew Republican -- were taking the opportunity to proclaim their vote against his policies. Judis argues that the number of people with this sentiment was higher in 2014 than in 2010, but there is a flaw in his reasoning. In 2010, there were more Democrats with legitimate chances at winning. Gerrymandering all but took the Democrats off the ballot in most of the 2014 votes, so in many cases there was little point to Democratic voters showing up. Judis also compares this with 2006, and 1994, and in this makes a good point that among voters who show up for mid-terms, many do see the mid-term as an opportunity to cast a ballot against the sitting President.

Judis (2014) also notes that Obama's strategy of staying out of the midterm fight essentially allowed the Republicans to dictate the way that his policies would be perceived. He was seen by many as being weak, not fighting for his policies. Moreover, Obama on the sidelines meant that many African-Americans and young people did as well -- Obama's personal popularity among these groups does not rub off on other Democrats unless he makes a point to promote such associations. For the most part, these candidates ran scared from Obama's policies, which only made matters worse for them. It was a stupid policy, one obviously doomed to fail, and it failed.

The policies that were seen as a referendum were among the following. Judis (2014) cited the rollout of Obamacare; Krauthammer (2014) the shrill fearmongering about stuff like ISIS and Ebola, and the threat of terrorism (Edsall, 2014). Democratic candidates seemed to cower from the ACA as well. It may be easy to be cynical about an electorate that is so economically illiterate it actually thinks Republicans will do a better job on the budget deficit (Edsall, 2014), but rollout of a software...

That might be why educated people still voted for Democratic candidates -- you have to be pretty dim to vote against Obama because ISIS.
So demographics are a critical explanatory factor in the 2014 midterms. Old white people vote in midterms, and they have always tended to vote Republican. White middle class voters, let's pretend there's no bigots among that group. They still are mainly low-information voters whose reflexive ballots are often cast against the sitting President, as happened to each of the two before Obama. Voters who are angry are more likely to vote mid-terms than voters who are satisfied, as Judis (2014) noted. But this 2014 midterm does not evidence a broad-level trend, because the voter demographic is not representative of Presidential elections, nor is it representative of the U.S. electorate as a whole.

Macro-Level Trends

In his book Nixonland, Perlstein argues that Richard Nixon was responsible for the polarization of American politics that we see today. Nixon argued that America was essentially split between the elites and the working class, and that this overarching narrative continues today. What is interesting is that this narrative is utilized by both parties. In terms of caricature, the GOP has the "liberal elite" and "takers" as enemies that their working class must fear. Democrats have "the 1%" and racist hillbillies as their boogeymen. This plays itself out quite well for the midterm voting patterns, it seems. In 2006, the liberal elite were so angry at Bush they turned out to defeat him; in 2014 the hillbillies vented their irrational anger.

Since the 1970s, politics in America has not necessarily been driven by Nixon's dichotomy -- which would favor the middle class every time by numbers -- but by the ways in which both parties have cobbled together uneasy alliances between both privileged and less-privileged groups. The Republicans have, on balance, done well to attract the groups that vote in every election. Older voters have always trended conservative, something that has not changed, though it might now as young people during Nixon's era are older voters now. But where these alliances come together to form policy is perhaps the most interesting battleground. The Democratic Party, which is not nearly as liberal as their opponents make them out to be, nevertheless promotes policies popular with educated liberals and minorities alike. Thus, we see young voters overwhelmingly support Obama, even if many of them were thrown under the bus, so to speak, with the ACA, having to pay more for their health care plans so that the uninsured can receive coverage. The ACA works because this is a trade-off most young people are willing to make.

The Republican voters tend to be more diligent voters, and that work in their favor. For instance, there was no real doubt going into this midterm that the Republicans were going to win, and win big. Their supporters were easy to mobilize -- the older, wealthier types always vote, and the white middle class, well, low information voters being told to be angry about everything are apt to be angry, but clueless. This is why these voters give Congress a low approval rating, but vote the same people back into power in Congress anyway.

The two parties have taken the split in America that Perlstein describes as having been inherited from Nixon, and found some common ground in certain groups. In the long-run, the demographics favor the Democrats, but this is not the case in mid-terms. The role that fear plays was mentioned by Krauthammer and Edsall as causal factors in the 2014 vote. Political campaigners have long asked us, or told us, to fear others. This is the more important element of Perlstein's argument, the fear. Ultimately, it does not matter what group joins what side, just that the different groups have fear of each other. Republicans, knowing that they need some more Hispanic and African-American votes, have sought to court those groups by offering homophobic and anti-abortion rhetoric, an appeal to emotion based on religion. This tactic failed, but it shows that fear is seen as a motivator. These arguments did not create enough fear to change many minds, but there was enough respect for the power of fear as an argument that the attempt was made.

Social media and the 24-hour infotainment cycle have also exacerbated the fear factor. Today there are…