Primary Secondary and Tertiary Levels of Prevention in Public Health

Evidence-Based Practice in Public Health: Population Based Health and Health Care Health Disparities

The concept of levels of prevention refers to strategies used to prevent, delay, or reduce the onset and progression of diseases in a population. The three levels – primary, secondary, and tertiary – focus on different elements of health maintenance, such as prevention of the onset of disease, early detection and management of risk factors, and reduction of morbidity and mortality due to chronic illness. This paper reviews scholarly articles on each of the three levels.

Description of a Scholarly Article Encompassing a Primary Level of Prevention

Primary level of prevention refers to actions taken before a health issue develops and is prevented. These can include health promotion, immunization, lifestyle changes and education, depending on the targeted population. The targeted population could include individuals, a community or a whole population. The intervention should be specific and measurable, and should be tailored to the needs of the targeted population. The outcome should focus on how successful the primary level of prevention was in improving the health problems, and should measure the long-term effects and impact.

A scholarly article encompassing a primary level of prevention would be one that examines an evidence-based project or research that utilizes the primary level of prevention approach. Primary level of prevention refers to actions taken before a health issue develops and is prevented. When it comes to health, it involves activities such as health promotion, immunization and education. This article would define the targeted population, the intervention and the outcome of the project/research. The targeted population could include individuals, a community or a whole population that are at risk or could benefit from the intervention. The intervention should be specific and measurable. Outcome should focus on how successful the primary level of prevention was in improving the health problems.

The article should discuss the potential benefits of implementing the primary level of prevention approach and identify any barriers that could prevent successful implementation. It should also include the cost-effectiveness of the project/research and discuss how to ensure its sustainability. Ethical considerations should be addressed as well. It should take into account the latest evidence and literature, and provide references from reliable sources. It should discuss possible challenges related to implementing a primary level of prevention project and propose potential solutions. Lastly, it should also emphasize why this type of prevention is important and beneficial for the targeted population, and how it can help them improve their health. Finally, recommendations for future research and program improvements should be provided.

One example is the study by Zheng and Roddick (2019), which reviews evidence-based studies on the effectiveness aspirin use for primary prevention, focusing on the interventions and outcomes related to health promotion activities. It provides evidence for improving health promotion initiatives and identifies challenges in the implementation of its usage. The primary prevention intervention was aspirin use; the targeted population was cardiovascular patients; and the outcome was positive.

Description of a Scholarly Article Encompassing a Secondary Level of Prevention

The definition of secondary level of prevention is an approach that focuses on identifying individuals in a population who are likely to develop particular health issues, and instituting interventions to stop those health issues from occurring. The targeted population can be defined by shared characteristics like age, gender, geography, ethnicity, lifestyle factors, occupation, or other health risk factors. The intervention may include providing access to screening services, health education, health promotion, or lifestyle interventions. The desired outcome is to reduce the morbidity and mortality rates associated with certain illnesses among the population.

A scholarly article encompassing a secondary level of prevention is one that describes an evidence-based project or research initiative which aims to reduce the rate of long-term future illnesses, disabilities, and mortality by targeting people who are at risk of developing health issues. The secondary level of prevention focuses on early identification of individuals in a population who are likely to develop particular health problems and instituting interventions to stop these health issues from occurring in the first place.

The targeted population for a secondary level of prevention can vary depending on the project. Generally, the target group could be defined by shared characteristics like age, gender, geography, ethnicity, lifestyle factors, occupation, or other health risk factors. The intervention for secondary prevention may include providing access to screening services, health education, health promotion, or lifestyle interventions. The desired outcome of a secondary level of prevention project is to reduce the morbidity and mortality rates associated with certain illnesses among the population.

An example scholarly article would be that by Wong and Sabanayagam (2020). The targeted population for this project was individuals with diabetes, particularly those with diabetic retinopathy, who are at increased risk of developing diabetic eye complications. The proposed intervention was a combination of epidemiological and artificial intelligence tools that can detect diabetic retinopathy earlier, and then provide preventative measures which may reduce the risk of vision loss from the condition. The expected outcome of the project was to reduce the global burden of diabetic retinopathy and its associated vision loss, thereby improving the quality of life for those affected by the condition.

Description of a Scholarly Article Encompassing a Tertiary Level of Prevention

Tertiary level of prevention refers to strategies that are designed to reduce the severity of existing conditions and mitigate the harm caused by a chronic illness. It typically involves the use of specialized treatments for individuals with a particular health condition and may also include supportive services such as home care, caregiver support, or specialized education. The targeted population for this type of prevention is individuals who have already been diagnosed with a chronic illness, as well as their families and other associated caregivers. The intervention used in tertiary prevention includes treatments, medications, lifestyle modifications, psychological therapies, and supportive services customized to the individual's needs. The outcome measured in this type of prevention corresponds to improvements in quality of life, increased functioning, reduced symptoms, and decreased morbidity.

A scholarly article encompassing a tertiary level of prevention is a study that seeks to identify specific risk factors and use interventions to prevent or delay the onset of chronic illness. This type of prevention seeks to reduce disease burden in the population at large. In this paper, secondary level of prevention will refer to early intervention strategies to prevent the development of more serious illnesses. The targeted population for this study is adults who are at risk of developing a chronic illness due to poverty, lifestyle, or social determinants of health. The intervention could consist of population-level or individual-level supportive services and/or environmental modifications to reduce illness risk. The outcome of this study focuses on reducing morbidity and mortality due to chronic illness in the target population.

This article should also describe the methodology used to assess the effectiveness of the intervention. For example, this could include a randomized control trial, surveys, interviews, or case studies. Methods for evaluating outcomes should also be explained, including measuring changes in physical and mental health status, mortality rates, and other indicators of success. Finally, the authors should provide an analysis of their results and discuss the implications for public health policy and practice.

The study by Pradeepa et al. (2019) is specifically about diabetes and is focused on understanding the effectiveness of telemedicine technologies for diabetes prevention and control in resource-constrained settings. The authors look at the utilization of telemedicine technologies to deliver preventive and therapeutic services to adults at risk of developing diabetes due to poverty, lifestyle, or social determinants of health. They then analyze the outcomes to measure changes in physical and mental health status, mortality rates, and other indicators of success to see if the targeted population benefitted from this intervention. The definition of tertiary level of prevention for this article is early intervention strategies to prevent the development of more serious illnesses. The targeted population for this study are adults at risk of developing a chronic illness due to poverty, lifestyle, or social determinants of health. The intervention described in this article is the use of telemedicine technologies to deliver preventive and therapeutic services to these individuals. The outcome of this study focuses on reducing morbidity and mortality due to chronic illness in the target population, measuring changes in physical and mental health status, mortality rates, and other indicators of success.

How do the Findings Relate with Healthy People 2020 Objectives & DNP Essentials

The findings from the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of prevention can be related to Healthy People 2020 Objectives and DNP Essentials in several ways. For example, the primary level of prevention focuses on preventing the onset of disease in the first place; this is consistent with the objective of Healthy People 2020 to reduce health disparities and eliminate preventable deaths. The secondary level of prevention focuses on detecting and managing disease risk factors early in order to delay or prevent the onset of more serious illnesses; this aligns with the DNP Essential of population-focused health, which emphasizes the importance of preventive care. The tertiary level of prevention, as described in this article, focuses on reducing morbidity and mortality due to chronic illness in the target population