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Synovial joints like the knee and hip are qualified by their possessing a liquid that serves as a lubricant; that liquid is called synovia or synovial fluid. The fluid is surrounded by the synovium, which is the soft connective tissue that holds the synovial fluid. Whereas the synovium is actually permeable to water, the synovial fluid is far more viscous. Furthermore, a synovial membrane generates the synovial fluid. The name synovia comes from the words syn (like) and ovium (egg), due to its thick, stringy consistency resembling that of egg white (Laptiou, 2014). With age, the synovial fluid may become thinner, leading to insufficient lubrication and symptoms such as reduced range of motion, painful movements, stiffness, and swelling. Other classes of tissue that comprise the synovial joint system include the bone and cartilage, as well as the surrounding tensile tissues and ligaments. (Lapitou, 2014). Repair of synovial joints depends on the interaction of these various parts. So long as both the hyaline and fibrocartilage surrounds bone, the bone itself remains able to respond to various stressors including impacts. One of the most common effects of the weakening of synovial fluid is osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is known to have a genetic component (Sandell, 2012). However, trauma such as that experienced by athletes can also result in the activation of the synovium in the healing response. Whenever the equilibrium in the synovial joint is compromised, inflammation and other responses initiate the healing process. Because synovium is a reactive tissue, it is integral in the process of repairing synovial joints (Pavlovich, 2008). When damage occurs, synovial cells cause a "fibroblast-like response enhancing healing," (Pavlovich, 2008, p. 1). Moreover, healing can be facilitated by applying radiofrequency pulses to the synovium, thus enhancing meniscal repair (Pavlovich, 2008, p. 1). Verbruggen et al. (2007) found that restoring the balance of catabolic cytokine can also promote osteochondral repair. Progressive research in the application of stem cells shows how the future of synovial joint…
References
Barry, F. & Murphy, M. (2013). Mesenchymal stem cells in joint disease and repair. Nature Reviews Rheumatology 9, 584-594.
Feingold, D. (2009). Joint reconstruction. Retrieved online: http://www.davidfeingoldmd.com/joint_reconstruction.php
Laptiou, D. (2014). Normal joint structure. Retrieved online: http://www.sportsmed-forum.com/index-1/st_pag_patients-home/sm_pag_normal-joint-structure/sm_pag_normal-muskel.htm
Pavlovich, R.I. (2008). Current concepts in synovial tissue of the knee joint. Orthopedics 31(2). Retrieved online: http://www.healio.com/orthopedics/knee/journals/ortho/2008-2-31-2/%7B06da86cf-3ac6-4fe7-850f-1170c97e9403%7D/current-concepts-in-synovial-tissue-of-the-knee-joint
Anatomy Major cavities of the body and their organs: Our body is made up of solid structures and many cavities. The organs are packed in these cavities and they fill these cavities. The major cavities in our body are: the ventral cavity, which is surrounded by the rib cage and the abdominal musculature and dorsal cavity, which is surrounded by the bones of the skull and vertebral column. (Introduction / Terminology) Significance and
(Osteoarthritis: The most common form, this disease affects 20.7 million Americans (usually over age 45). Furthermore, if one takes into account that many of these disorders have been attributed to the way that the female body has been adversely manipulated in patriarchic society, then this can also be seen as a determining social factor that impacts women with osteoarthritis. Psychological factors also play a role in this condition and can reduce
Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis mostly affecting senior citizens progressively with age though trauma-induced osteoarthritis is also observed in younger people. Osteoarthritis occurs at the joints -- elbows, shoulders, knees and the digits of the hand. A projected 20 million people are in the United States are assumed to have osteoarthritis with about 50% of people over the age of 65 suffering, as evidenced by radiology studies.
Training Programme) (30%) Date/Time: Strength/flexibility exercises test Rubric (5%) The instructor (NOT student) will choose 5 strength/flexibility exercises from the student's Written Report that the student states he will use over the 3-month hypothetical training period. The Instructor will ask the student to perform the exercises in turn and name the muscle(s) being stretched or strengthened. This is NOT a physically demanding test (only 1 repetition is performed). Possible Marks Strength/flexibility exercise Conducted exercise correctly Correctly named
The function point-of-view fails to account for the presence of a femur in addition to processes from the pelvic bone. Altogether, these hind legs in this whale present for contemplation a most interesting instance of those significant parts in an animal -- rudimentary structures." [Struthers, p. 142-143] The dolphins breathe through their nose, but whales' nostrils drifted back farther and farther onto the top of the head in the fossils
NR GrandroundsA 75-year old female has pain brought by osteoarthritis in her right knee. She reports tenderness over joint line, pain with activities, and feels like giving away or locking at times. She also complains of limited activity and passive range of motion on right knee.Case StudyThis condition is characterized by the progressive loss of joint cartilage, which is detected on x-ray as a narrowing of the joint space (Workman