This paper examines acupuncture as a case study in cultural competency within Western medicine. It traces acupuncture's 2,500-year origins in traditional Chinese medicine, explaining core concepts such as qi, yin and yang, and meridians. The paper then reviews Western scientific research into acupuncture's physiological effects, including nerve stimulation, endorphin release, and altered brain chemistry. It highlights endorsements from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the National Institutes of Health, and the World Health Organization, and concludes that integrating acupuncture into standard medical practice represents a meaningful expansion of cultural competency in healthcare delivery.
Practiced for over 2,500 years in China, where it originated, acupuncture is an important part of the holistic system of traditional Chinese medicine. Acupuncture was first introduced in Europe about 200 years ago by Jesuit priests who served as Catholic missionaries in the East. Most of its modern popularity in America and Europe followed the normalization of relations between the West and the People's Republic of China (Pfeifer, 1988). At first, acupuncture caused quite a stir among culturally biased skeptics in the Western medical community, but over time it has come to be recognized as a legitimate medical technique that should be integrated into standard medical practice for a number of conditions.
According to traditional Chinese medicine, health is achieved through the harmonious balance between the opposing forces of yin (spirit) and yang (blood). The attraction between them creates an energy known as qi (pronounced chee), and health is dependent on its proper flow. Imbalances in this natural flow of energy are thought to result in disease. Acupuncture aims to restore health by improving the flow of qi, which is thought to travel through the body via fourteen primary meridians, or channels.
To strengthen the flow of qi or remove blockages in the meridians, an acupuncturist inserts a number of tiny, sterile, flexible needles just under the skin at specific points along the channels called acupoints. Thousands of acupoints along the meridians are associated with specific internal organs or organ systems.
Western science has neither proven nor accepted the notion of qi, nor do Western medical doctors and those with a Christian worldview accept the metaphysical Chinese religious assumptions that lie at the very heart of acupuncture theory. Even so, the medical community is paying attention to evidence indicating that acupuncture leads to real physiological changes in the body. Studies have shown that inserting needles into the skin stimulates nerves in the underlying muscles. This stimulation is believed to send impulses up the spinal cord to a part of the brain known as the limbic system, as well as to the midbrain and the pituitary gland.
The signaling leads to the release of endorphins and monoamines — chemicals that block pain signals in the spinal cord and brain. Other research suggests that acupuncture alters blood flow in the brain and may prompt the release of certain brain hormones, such as serotonin, which transmit nerve impulses.
As proof of its effectiveness as a medical treatment, two United States government agencies and the World Health Organization have given their approval to acupuncture. In 1996, the Food and Drug Administration removed the needles used in acupuncture from its "experimental" instruments list. In 1997, the National Institutes of Health issued a consensus statement concluding that acupuncture:
Clearly works to treat a number of conditions, including nausea from chemotherapy, surgery, and pregnancy, and pain after surgery (including dental surgery).
"FDA, NIH, and WHO approvals for acupuncture"
"How Western practitioners have adapted acupuncture"
"Acupuncture as cultural competency in medicine"
Always verify citation format against your institution’s current style guide requirements.