They show that mood swings in depressed children alternate with days of a pervasive down mood. These moods involve sadness, loneliness, unhappiness, hypersensitivity, overreactivity, and negative attitudes. All of this is combined with irritability caused by sadness, self-deprecation ("I am worthless, stupid, and ugly"), feelings of being persecuted by others, an aggressive orientation toward authority, argumentativeness, and suicidal thoughts. Present as well is the trend of self-isolation or withdrawal from friends and a loss of social interest. Depressed children predict that activities at school will be boring, and thus tend to watch peers rather than participate (Friedberg & McClure, 2002). This decreased involvement in pleasure perpetuates their isolation. hen related to school performance, this means lowered desire to complete schoolwork, turning in incomplete work, trouble concentrating, resistance to participation, and changed peer-groups.
hile there are biological explanations for childhood depression that emphasize genetic factors and neurochemical determinants, this paper wants…...

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Works Cited

Achenbach, T.M., & Rescorla, L.A. (2006). Multicultural understanding of child and adolescent psychopathology: Implications for mental health assessment. New York: Guilford.

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Ed., Text Rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

Birmaher, B., Brent, B., & Benson, R.S. (1998). Summary of the practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with Depressive Disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 1234-1238.

Birmaher, B., Ryan, N.D., Williamson, D.E., Brent, D.A., Kaufman, J., Dahl, R.E., Perel, J., & Nelson, B. (1996). Childhood and adolescent depression: A review of the past 10 years. Part I. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1427-1439.

Mental Disorder
Suicide- Mental Disorder

Beginning with a historical analysis of suicide, the psychopathology of suicide is analyzed. Empirical findings are also presented to address probable causes of suicide. This paper addresses the psychopathology of suicide starting with its historical backdrop. It additionally contemplates the probable reasons leading to this pathology founded on latest empirical results. Control of suicidal behaviors and ideation are addressed, along with prevention and treatment strategies. Finally, the religious and cultural purviews with respect to suicide are considered based upon current research in the field.

Globally, suicide is one of the major causes of death. As many as 36,000 commit suicide in the United States annually and estimates suggest that 1 million individuals commit suicide in the rest of the world. While the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) does not classify suicide as a mental disorder (DSM-IV-T), practitioners recognize the correlation between psychological dysfunction and suicide,…...

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References

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Barnes, DH (2010). The truth about suicide. Retrieved from  https://www.overdrive.com/media/322303/the-truth-about-suicide 

Comer, R.J. (2013). Abnormal Psychology. New York, NY: Worth Publishers

Colucci, E. (2006). The cultural facet of suicidal behaviour: Its importance and neglect. Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 5(3). Retrieved from  

mental disorder disease known as "Schizophrenia', further exploration of the disease will be made based on the observation of the movie "I never promised you a rose garden" Comparison of Schizophrenia in the movies to Schizophrenia in real life will be made in the paper. "I Never Promised You A ose Garden" is the movie chosen to discuss these questions, which are as under:
How the character is portrayed to schizophrenia in real life?

Whether the actions in the movie are correct with reality or if Schizophrenia is different than the movie?

DESCIPTION OF THE DISEASE 'SCHIZOPHENIA':

Schizophrenia is a psychiatric diagnosis denoting a persistent, often chronic, mental illness variously affecting behavior, thinking, and emotion. The term schizophrenia comes from the Greek words ? (schizo, split or divide) and (frenos, mind) and is best translated "shattered mind." Psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin was first to make the distinction between what he called dementia praecox and…...

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REFERENCE:

As retrieved from Schizophrenia & Psychosis

  April 16,2004http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SchizophreniaOn 

Juvenile Delinquent and Mental Disorders
Analyze Empirical

Maltreated youth and delinquent behaviors

Maltreatment, Family and Childhood

Peers and Adolescence

Aging into Early Adulthood

Crime risk and out-of-home care youth

Juvenile Delinquent and Mental Disorders

The transition of youth from adolescence to adulthood is usually a difficult and painful period. This is an even more difficult time for the youth who are removed from the home of biological parents to be placed into out-of-home care. For them, they not only had the experience of maltreatment, hurt or neglected, but also are facing the uncertainties associated with being removed from the original family. Under this situation, their behavior development may be troublesome, as they may desire returning to the original home or conflict with foster parents and siblings. As a result, such children may join a delinquency group for support. If the experience of out-of-home care affects youth behavior negatively and can promote delinquency, then out-of-home care is at least…...

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References

Beaver, K.M. (2009). An Introduction to the Brain. In K.M. Beaver, Biosocial Criminology: A Primer (pp. 135-139). Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company.

Borum, R. (2000). Assessing Violence Risk among Youth. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, pp. 1263-1288.

Broidy, L.M., Tremblay, R.E., Brame, B., Fergusson, D., Horwood, J.L., Laird, R., et al. (2003). Developmental Trajectories of Childhood Disruptive Behaviors and Adolescent Delinquency: A Six-Site, Cross-National Study. Developmental Psychology, 39, pp. 222-245.

Courtney, M.E., Piliavin, I., Grogan-Kaylor, A., & Nesmith, A. (2001, November / December). Foster Youth Transitions to Adulthood: A Longitudinal View of Youth Leaving Care. Child Welfare, 80(6), pp. 685-717.

Changing the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder is crucial for psychiatry. The importance of such manual, assists psychiatrist classify mental disorder and in diagnosis of such disorders. The manual provides a standard classification and common language in the diagnosis of mental disorders. The manual provides a classification of mental disorders and provides results when used by researchers, as well as clinicians. The manual also assist in bringing the gap between psychiatrist and drug regulation agencies, insurance, pharmaceutical companies, legal entities, and policy makers. This manual assists all practicing psychiatrist practice within their area of authority, interacting with all other stakeholders in the mental disorder management field (American Psychiatric Association, 2000).

The diagnostic manual for mental disorders, on the other hand, collects statistical data from various hospitals. The manual also has had information from the United States Army. In relation to mental…...

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References

American Psychiatric Association (Ed.). (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR®. American Psychiatric Pub.

Tandon, R., & Carpenter, W.T. (2012). DSM-5 status of psychotic disorders: 1 year prepublication. Schizophrenia bulletin, 38(3), 369-370.

First, M.B. (2005). Clinical utility: a prerequisite for the adoption of a dimensional approach in DSM. Journal of abnormal psychology, 114(4), 560.

Frances, A.J., & Widiger, T. (2012). Psychiatric diagnosis: lessons from the DSM-IV past and cautions for the DSM-5 future. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 8, 109-130.

Living with Mental Disorders People who have mental disorders always have a hard time in the community since they are not easily accepted. In most cases, people always consider them violent because they have a difficult social life. After exploring BringChange2Mind.org, I have learned that mental disorders such as bipolar, schizophrenia, and PSTD cause stress and depression to individuals or even attracts discrimination and unfair treatment by the society. Sadly, it attracts other social issues such as poverty, homelessness, or struggle to find jobs due to their condition. Moreover, they find it hard to communicate with others because they lack moral support. Therefore, the circumstances make their life unbearable, which predisposes them to drug abuse and other risky behaviors.
BringChange2Mind.org shows that there have been many cases of people with mental disorders trying to commit suicide because they are unhappy with their lives. It confirms that their social lives become destabilized (Boyd,…...

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References

Boyd, J. E., Adler, E. P., Otilingam, P. G., & Peters, T. (2014). Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) scale: a multinational review. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55(1), 221-231.

Casaletto, K. B., Kwan, S., Montoya, J. L., Obermeit, L. C., Gouaux, B., Poquette, A., & HNRP Group. (2016). Predictors of psychotropic medication adherence among HIV+ individuals living with bipolar disorder. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 51(1), 69-83.

National Alliance on Mental Illness (n.d). Mental Health by the Numbers. Retrieved 23 Nov. 2017 from

https://www.nami.org/learn-more/mental-health-by-the-numbers

Therapies for Mental Disorder
Mental disorders represent a wide range of clinical conditions ranging from simple attention deficit, mood irregularities, stress and anxiety conditions to more complex psychotic disorders like schizophrenia, autism, delirium, dementia etc. that considerably affect the cognitive ability. While some of these problems are organic in nature, indicating an underlying structural deformity of the brain or other biological basis, others are categorized as functional disorders that are not attributed to any physiological anomalies. Though there is no clear agreement on classification of the different mental disorders, depending on the severity of the conditions these disorders are basically classified as either neurotic or the Psychotic (severe) disorders. The treatment methods for these conditions are also varied including psychological therapies (cognitive therapy, behavioral modification therapy), insight therapy, biomedical treatment and even psychosurgical interventions. Let us have a brief overview of some of these different treatment approaches.

Types of Psychotherapies

Cognitive Therapy

Cognitive therapy…...

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Bibliography

1) Philip G. Zimbardo, Ann L. Weber & Robert L. Johnson, " Psychology: Core Concepts," Fourth Edition

2) Treatment Advocacy Center, "Do Antipsychotic Drugs Change Brain Structure?," Accessed on 21st November 2004, http://www.psychlaws.org/BriefingPapers/BP1.htm

3) Raymond Lloyd Richmond, PhD, " Systematic Desensitization,"

Accessed on 21st November 2004,

This is because as patients admit that they have a mental disorder and their behavioral malfunction is associated with a serious condition, it gives rise to intense feelings of depression and complete frustration. Patients may lose hope and thus may decide to end their lives. Thus risk of suicide increase as awareness of disorder increases in patients.
It has also been found that while suicide risk may increase as patients become aware of their condition; the awareness still plays a significant role in treating the patients. Most schizophrenia patients are likely to respond more positively to medical intervention if they understand their condition. There is a general willingness to cooperate and to feel better even though risk of suicide remains high.

Cannabis Use and Schizophrenia

It is believed that cannabis use is connected with onset of schizophrenia or worsening of its symptoms. A condition known as cannabic psychosis has been discovered in…...

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REFERENCES

Linzsen DH, Dingemans PM, Lenior ME. Cannabis abuse and the course of recentonset schizophrenic disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:273-279.

Horan WP, Blanchard JJ, Clark LA. Affective Traits in Schizophrenia and Schizotypy. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2008 34(5):856-874;

Siever LJ, M.D., Davis KL, M.D. The Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia Disorders: Perspectives From the Spectrum. Am J. Psychiatry 161:398-413, March 2004

Kring AM and Moran EK. Emotional Response Deficits in Schizophrenia: Insights From Affective Science. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2008 34(5):819-834;

Faith and reasoned thought can give an anxious person some much-needed perspective. For instance one therapist suggests that patients who are experiencing anxiety actually "allow themselves to feel the storm [of anxiety within] whip up, then let it pass, concentrating on not doing anything," rather than retreating to the hectic, hurrying busyness that is often the instinctive treatment for anxious feelings. (Carey, 2004) "This Zen-like self-observation, called mindfulness, is an exercise not in avoidance but in feeling and enduring emotional pain. It dramatizes one principle of the therapy: that what patients do can be independent of how they feel. Emotion does not have to rule behavior." Or to put it more bluntly, as the psychiatrist told one of his patients, "you can feel [anxious] like a mental patient, but that doesn't mean you have to act like one." Accept the feeling, don't feel anxious about feeling anxious, about feeling…...

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Works Cited

Carey, Bernard. (15 Jul 2005) "With Toughness and Caring, a Novel Therapy Helps Tortured Souls." The New York Times. Retrieved 17 Mar 2005 at http://query.nytimes.com/gst/health/article-page.html?pagewanted=1&res=9B03E4DD1E3BF930A25754C0A9629C8B63

Mental Illness from a Counselor's Perspective
Alcohol Dependency in Women

Symptoms of Alcohol Dependency

Alcohol dependency or alcoholism is suspected when persons appear to be preoccupied by the consumption of alcoholic beverages (Johnson, 2003). The three prototypical markers of alcohol dependency are a loss of control over the consumption of alcohol, preoccupation with alcohol consumption, and the use of alcohol despite adverse affects on the person's quality of life. For example, Elaine Gustafson was disturbed by her inability to have just a few drinks. According to her, when she went out with friends they would have two to three drinks and she would invariably consume over a dozen drinks until she was drunk.

Effects of Illness

The social consequences of alcoholism differ between men and women, with men typically incurring less condemnation (Johnson, 2003). A drunk male is generally seen as out having a good time, but a drunk female is often characterized as…...

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References

Alexander Street Press. (2008). Teen anxiety disorder [video]. (Available from Aquarius Health Care Media, Millis, MA).

APA (American Psychiatric Association). (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.

Armstrong, P. (2014). Recognition and treatment of social anxiety disorder. Nursing Times, 110(1-3), 27.

Johnson, B. (2003). Women with alcohol dependency: More common than you think [video]. (Available from Aquarius Health Care Media, Millis, MA).

The downside of these customs is more obvious in a modern world. ural Irish villages typically had only about a dozen households, so marriage between second cousins was common (Schepper-Hughes, 2001). Prior to the 1950s, most marriages were arranged, so the experience of romantic love and attachment was uncommon. Under the weight of both social and religious sanctions against homosexuality, gay men and women could find themselves facing a life of marriage and conformity that forced them to reject their true nature. Bachelor farmers facing a long winter sometimes spent their time working menial jobs in England, while courting and marrying an Irish woman of the same class. When these women returned with their husbands, they face a lifetime of social isolation.

Discussion

Schepper-Hughes (2001) painted a grim portrait of an Clochan and it's hard to argue with most of her conclusions; however, she seems to miss the historical significance of the…...

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Reference

Scheper-Hughes, Nancy. (2001). Saints, Scholars, and Schizophrenics. Mental Illness in Rural Ireland. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Bipolar Disorder in Children
The CBCL Bipolar Profile and Attention, Mood, and Behavior Dysregulation

Database: Academic Search Premiere

I knew I wanted to review a paper on bipolar disorder in children. I chose the database "Academic Search Premiere." I clicked "advanced search" so I could use more than one term. For my keywords, I chose "bipolar disorder" in one box and "children" in the other. I also checked the boxes that limited my results to full text articles and articles from scholarly journals. When the list of articles appeared, I was able to choose one that sounded interesting and that was published in the last five years.

Bipolar disorder is difficult to diagnose in children, especially before the onset of puberty. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder share features with bipolar disorder. These include impaired attention, talkativeness, high levels of motor activity, impulsivity, irritability, and hostility and aggression. esearch…...

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Reference

Doerfler, L.A., Connor, D.F., and Toscano, P.F., Jr. (2011). The CBCL bipolar profile and attention, mood, and behavior dysregulation. Journal of Child and Family Studies 20(5), pp. 545-553.

Peer 1 Chieyka This is a well-researched article on anorexia nervosa. You describe the disorder, look at the neurotransmitter systems involved in the disorder, and describe the care treatment used in intervention. One interesting finding is the neurotransmitter system does not process the information of feeling full, primarily because of a lack of nutrition. This is interesting as the parts of the brain impacted are the frontal lobe that connect with the basal ganglia (APA, 2013; Wilson, 2013). Cognitive behavioral therapy can be used to treat this issue, which is also interesting because this is basically a method of care that involves identifying negative triggers and then working on responses to those triggers that can help one achieve a particular goal. But what can be done if the patient is not interested in the therapy? Pharmacological intervention can be implemented, but I might suggest a supportive therapy—something like animal-assisted therapy or…...

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References

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Section II: Feeding and Eating Disorders. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.).

Barton, B & Salama, C (2008). An update on Pica: Prevalence, Contributing cause and treatment. Eating Disorders, Anxiety, Comorbidity in Psychiatry, Cultural Psychiatry. Psychiatric Times. Vol 25 (6)  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/eating-disorders/update-pica-prevalence-contributing-causes-and-treatment/page/0/3 

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Section II: Feeding and Eating Disorders. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.).

Wilson, J. F. (2013). Biological basis of behavior. 

http://dx.doi.org.10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

Discussion Board Topic: Neuroanatomy and PsychiatryIn this post, my classmate opted to focus on neuroanatomy and psychiatry. As has been highlighted in the write-up, mental illnesses have largely increased in the United States and the demand for treatment interventions that have fewer side effects has led to development of neuropsychopathology approaches. This is more so the case given that mental illnesses are associated with the brains functioning and physical structure. According to Quach et al. (2016) the brain is a complex network of systems which supports memory, learning, action, thought, and emotion. Therefore, neural network disorders are associated with mental disorders. Psychiatric diseases have different phenotypes which are difficult to define (Najera et al., 2017). Therefore, as highlighted by my colleague, systems biology happens to be one of the most effective approach used in neuropsychopathology for the clinical treatment of mental illnesses.A systems approach comes in handy in the diagnosis…...

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References

Najera, N. A. G., Resendis-Antonio, O. & Nicolini, H. (2017). “Gestaltomics”: Systems Biology Schemes for the Study of Neuropsychiatric Diseases. Front Physiol, 8, 286-291.

Quach, T. T., Lerch, J. K., Honnorat, J., Khanna, R. & Duchemin, A. M. (2016). Neuronal Networks in Mental Diseases and Neuropathic Pain: Beyond Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Collapsin Response Mediator Proteins. World J Psychiatry, 6(1), 18-30.

unning head: Pharmacogenetics and Epigenetics Pharmacogenetics and Epigenetics 2Pharmacogenetics and EpigeneticsIn summary, Schiele, Gottschalk & Domschke (2020) stipulates that the origin of mental disorders is very complex and controlled by several factors, including an interplay between environmental and genetic factors. The paper evaluates candidate genes derived from different biological processes to prove the effect of environmental factors on the human genome. The environment and genes are interlinked by epigenetic mechanisms like DNA and histone modifications, while microNAs are the translator. Hence, exposure to environmental factors like stress and anxiety often leads to a specific shape for epigenetic patterns leading to an alteration of the genome in a persons lifespan if they are consistently exposed to environmental factors that affect their mental health. However, epigenetic alterations are reversible through psychotherapy.Pharmacogenetics is the process used to determine the bodys response to certain medications. Pharmacogenetic testing on patients with mental health disorders exposes…...

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ReferencesMiller, J. (2021). Epigenetics Collide With Pharmacogenomics. Psychiatric Times, 38(10).Schiele, M., Gottschalk, M., & Domschke, K. (2020). The applied implications of epigenetics in anxiety, affective and stress-related disorders - A review and synthesis on psychosocial stress, psychotherapy, and prevention. Clinical Psychology Review, 77, 101830. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101830

The stages of mental disorder can vary, depending on the actual disorder itself. Many studies have suggested that problems in this area begin before birth. Problems during pregnancy and problems in fetal development can set up the first stages of a mental disorder. Early signs of mental disorders may include the person withdrawing from family and friends, showing less motivation and concentration, and becoming very moody. From that point, it can progress to changes in sleeping and eating patterns, along with odd behaviors that had not taken place before. Rambling and talking about nonsensical things, or talking about \"scary\" things....

Writing an essay about drug abuse, it is important to start by distinguishing it from drug usage. Most people use some type of drugs casually or recreationally.  Whether it is a morning caffeine fix, a glass of wine with dinner, over-the-counter painkillers when a headache strikes, or some recreational marijuana, substances are a part of everyday life.  While using drugs may be an acceptable way to relax, to ease pain, or to handle other issues, drug abuse can have profoundly negative effects on a person’s life.

Unfortunately, there is not a bright-line between drug use and drug abuse. ....

While psychology refers to the study of the mind, clinical psychology specifically refers to that branch of the discipline that focuses on using psychology to create positive change, whether in individual lives or in the community as a whole.  There is a wide variety of topics you could approach in your thesis, depending on what topic interests you the most.  

Topic Ideas

1. The diagnosis of mental disorders in children: how young is too young to diagnose and does a diagnosis turn into a self-fulfilling prophecy for young children?
2. Diagnosing the non-patient: with many in the mental health fields....

Psychotherapy, sometimes referred to as talk therapy, describes a wide variety of counseling methods that center on a person seeking resolution by discussing their problems with some type of mental health professional.  It is an interesting type of mental health intervention because it is helpful to a wide range of people and is used by people with and without mental disorders.  This differentiates it from some types of mental health interventions, which are specifically targeted to those experiencing a mental illness.

One of the main benefits of psychotherapy is that it helps people....