This paper examines the fundamental components of computer operation, focusing on data input methods, output devices, storage technologies, and the factors that influence processing speed. It distinguishes between data and information, then evaluates the most appropriate input methods for scenarios such as printed questionnaires, telephone surveys, bank checks, retail tags, and long documents. The paper also reviews suitable output methods for devices including handheld computers, color photographs, résumés, memoranda, and statistical reports. It then contrasts primary storage (RAM) with secondary storage options — including hard disks, floppy disks, CD-ROMs, and tape — and concludes by explaining how each storage type contributes to overall computer speed.
In computer terminology, data refers to something unprocessed and raw — it lacks organized clusters of meaning. Information, by contrast, is the more refined form: it is processed data that carries meaning and can be used for manipulation within computer networks and the computer itself. This paper discusses the different types of data input and output methods, reviews storage devices, and examines the factors that determine the speed of a computer.
Data is significant to the operations and architecture of a computer, both in broad terms and in the minute details required to run a machine. Data progresses into information when meaning and explanation are attached to it. The distinction between data and information is a foundational concept in computer science and information systems.
There are certain input methods best suited to specific devices and scenarios:
1. Printed Questionnaires: For printed questionnaires, devices such as Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) can be used to detect whether a particular area of the questionnaire has been selected, left unselected, or left vacant. This is especially useful for multiple-choice questions, where it can be difficult to manually tally answers filled in by respondents. OCR and OMR ensure a high degree of validity for data checked through computerized devices.
2. Telephone Surveys: For telephone-based surveys, the first requirement is identifying respondents who have access to a telephone and who meet the selection criteria. Questions can be asked and responses recorded by a recording device connected to the central telephone node at the host end. Answers are captured without significant error, though some degree of error is possible if the phone line is faulty or if the respondent declines to participate.
3. Bank Checks: Bank checks can be processed using a specialized computerized pen whose ink is designed to remain permanently on paper and cannot be rubbed off or diminished. To prevent forgery, two signatures are typically collected from the account holder. Checks can also be verified by passing them through optical machines at the cashier's desk, which confirm the check's authenticity and validate the account holder's signature.
4. Retail Tags: Retail tags are read by optical scanners at checkout counters, which decode the 14-digit information embedded on the small label attached to a retail product. This 14-digit code is the universally accepted standard for retail product tags. The process is carried out by barcode readers, which also record transactions that have taken place within a given period and verify the authenticity of the retail tag itself.
5. Long Documents: Long documents can be navigated using computerized search functions or by searching for a specific phrase, word, or quotation. For example, in Microsoft Word, pressing Control+F opens a "Find" command that allows the reader to locate a particular word within a long document — saving time and providing quick access to the specific heading or term being sought (Author Unknown, 2004).
Convenience and quality of output are important to the success of any business and the machines used to support it. The following output methods are best suited to specific devices and document types:
1. Handheld Computer: A handheld computer can output its information or images by connecting to the port of a nearby printer. Because the screen of a handheld device is small and can make it difficult to view detailed information or images clearly, printing provides a larger and more readable hard copy. The device's resolution settings can also affect the quality of the printed output.
2. Color Photograph: A color photograph is best viewed on a large flat-screen monitor, or printed using a printer if it is intended for future documentation. It is important that the printer is loaded with an original color cartridge before printing begins. Selecting a small pixel size helps ensure the clarity of the image on paper.
3. Résumé: A résumé or curriculum vitae is best output as a printed document, where the employer can easily review and assess the candidate's qualifications, strengths, and areas for development in detail.
4. Memorandum: A memorandum is a form of communication between individuals — either across different levels of management or at the same management level — used to seek approval of a draft or convey recommendations. Memos are best output either as a printed hard copy or displayed on a computer monitor.
5. Statistical and Company Annual Reports: Both statistical reports and annual company reports are best output as printed documents stored in physical files, or saved to virtual hard disks within corporate offices where they can be shared quickly and conveniently across departments (Tyson, 2004).
"RAM vs. hard disk storage compared"
"Overview of removable and optical storage media"
"How storage types affect computer performance"
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