When school first started this year, we had a non-custodial parent pick up her child from the school campus without permission. Although the child was living with the father, the mother had left the family and was living in another state. There was no custody agreement, so technically she had every right to take her own child.
I was not on duty that morning, but those teachers present were taken off guard. They took appropriate action by notifying the principal who, in turn, called the local police and sheriff's office. The father was contacted by cell phone, but the police were unable to reach the mother and child until they were out of the state.

The staff had talked about this type of incident taking place, but was not prepared for its eventuality. However, the positive side was that the principal conducted more intense training about what to do if this…...

Australian Constitution
The Creation of Federal Laws in Australia

The Commonwealth of Australia was created with the 1901 unification of six recently independent British colonies. All were solidified under the authorship of a Constitution that same year which predicated the form of government and the legal orientation of the new nation. (AG, p. 1) In doing so, it also vested the power to create federal laws in Australian Parliament and, in one sense, gave it exclusive authority to do so. And in this sense, one might render the interpretation that "one advantage Australia has is that it has a written constitution which gives nearly all the power to make laws for Australia to the Commonwealth Parliament." However, a more complete understanding of the structure of Australian law suggests that this is a great understatement and one which does not make full accounting for the roles played either by the states that are…...

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Works Cited:

Australian Government (AG). (2011). Our Government. Australia.gov.au.

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT). (2011). Legal System. DFAT.gov.au.

Government of South Australia (GSA). (2011). Understanding Legislation. South Australian Legislation.

Parliamentary Education Office (PEO). (2010). A Multi-Tiered System: Governing Australia. PEO.gov.au.

Logistics Management
Because the Constitution provides Congress with the authorization to govern interstate commerce, most of the important transportation laws are at the federal level, in particular for a retailer seeking to move goods from port through their logistics system to their retail outlets (HG.org, 2016). There are two major modes of transportation for moving retail goods in this way -- railroad and highways. The latter is governed by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration.

Among of the codes that governs the movement of goods is Part 395, Hours of Service of Drivers. This law is relevant to many retailers, in light of particular incidents where drivers have worked extended hours, and in the process of doing so reduced their competency, leading to accidents and death. Studies of sleep deprivation in long-haul truck drivers found that many drivers in the business average less than five hours of a sleep per night, and…...

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References

DoT (2016). Hours of service of drivers. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. Retrieved April 15, 2016 from  https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/regulations/title49/part/395 

HG.org (2016). Transportation law. HG.com. Retrieved April 15, 2016 from https://www.hg.org/transportation-law.html

Levin, A. & Plungis, J. (2015). Tracy Morgan crash blamed on truck driver fatigue, NTSB says. Bloomberg. Retrieved April 15, 2016 from  http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-08-11/ntsb-says-wal-mart-driver-awake-for-28-hours-before-morgan-crash 

Mitler, M., Miller, J, Lipsitz, J., Walsh, J., & Wylie, C. (1997). The sleep of long-haul drivers. New England Journal of Medicine. Vol. 337 (11) 755-761.

Human Resources: Employment Laws and Employee Rewards
Law dictates some basic elements of business relationships and wages are no exception. Employers must adhere to certain minimum requirements, particularly if they wish to do business with the federal government. These laws both help and hinder a company's ability to attract, motivate and keep employees.

How Laws Affect ages (Specific private sector examples)

Laws govern some parameters of some basic elements in the employer-employee relationship and one of those basic elements is compensation. Perhaps the most obvious example is the minimum wage of at least $7.25 and the overtime pay of 1 1/2 times the employee's normal hourly rate for every hour above 40 hours per week (except for exempt employees), both mandated by the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) (Business & Legal Resources, 2014). Furthermore, some states require an even higher minimum wage be paid (Business & Legal Resources, 2014). Huge corporations like McDonald's,…...

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Works Cited

Business & Legal Resources. (2014). Equal Pay Act (EPA). Retrieved June 14, 2014 from topics.hrhero.com Web site:  http://topics.hrhero.com/equal-pay-act-epa/ 

Business & Legal Resources. (2014). Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). Retrieved June 14, 2014 from topics.hrhero.com Web site:  http://topics.hrhero.com/fair-labor-standards-act-flsa/ 

Business & Legal Resources. (2014). Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act. Retrieved June 14, 2014 from topics.hrhero.com Web site:  http://topics.hrhero.com/lilly-ledbetter-fair-pay-act/ 

POGO.org. (2014). Federal contractor misconduct databse. Retrieved June 14, 2014 from www.contractormisconduct.org Web site:  http://www.contractormisconduct.org/index.cfm/1,73,221,html?ContractorID=13&ranking=2

Citizen Convicted in Iraq and held by MNF-I
By filing a petition for a Writ of Habeas Corpus in U.S. federal court, the detainee is challenging the government's right to detain her, forcing the government to produce her and produce the reasons she is being detained. The issues for the petitioner under the Military Commissions Act of 2006 might be whether her detention violates the U.S. Constitution or an outright challenge to the conviction. The issues for the government will include whether the court has jurisdiction to decide the habeas corpus petition because this citizen was convicted in a foreign country by one of the foreign country's courts and whether a U.S. court has the right to review the foreign court's decision. Since the crime is simple kidnapping, national safety/security is not an issue. The U.S. Constitution protects the right of habeas corpus except when public safety requires its suspension…...

Federal Tort Claims Act
Traditionally, the federal government was immune from lawsuits by its citizens under a doctrine known as sovereign immunity. Theoretically, this immunity was justified because people would necessarily have disagreements with the government and resorting to the court system to help resolve those disputes could have resulted in a tremendous waste of time and energy. However, the situation left people with no solution when they were harmed by a person acting for the government, even if the action had nothing or little to do with the government's sovereignty. For example, under strict sovereign immunity, a person is unable to recover harms for routine torts such as slip-and-falls. Perhaps even more worrisome was the fact that, under strict sovereign immunity, people were unable to recover for intentional harms and torts inflicted by the government or government agencies, even when those harms violated federal laws. The Federal Tort Claims Act…...

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References

Chang, A. (2010, March 27). High court rules U.S. government can be sued over actions of prison guards. Retrieved April 4, 2013 from the National Public Radio website:  http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/03/27/175494286/high-court-rules-u-s-government-can-be-sued-over-actions-of-prison-guards 

Federal Tort Claims Act, 28 U.S.C.S § 2680 (2006).

Fuller, D. (2011). Intentional torts and other exceptions to the Federal Tort Claims Act.

University of St. Thomas Law Journal, 8(3), 375-397.

Federal and State Legislation
Domestic Violence Legislation at the Federal and State Level

Domestic violence is considered any violent act taken against someone involved in an intimate or family relationship (Eulich, 2013). It is a serious problem with countless victims each year. In 1994, Congress passed the United States Crime Bill which gave power to the federal government to help combat domestic violence, in particular violence against women and children. Specifically, the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) was created to address this problem which is considered to not only hurt victims, but also damage families, children and society as a whole (Eulich, 2013). The Act mandates that such crimes may be prosecuted by the Department of Justice and that the Gun Control Act (that existed as part of the federal Crime Bill) be extended to include issues related to domestic violence crimes. This VAWA gives the federal government a platform for prosecuting…...

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Reference

Eulich, W. (2013, February 13). In U.S., big strides in reducing domestic violence. Christian Science Monitor. p. N.PAG.

Federal Mandatory Minimum Drug Sentences and Their Impact on Recidivism
There is much controversy regarding mandatory sentencing and its impact on the American society throughout recent times. In many ways, prisons are used as a means to control crime, to protect society from it, with criminals being deterred from continuing to commit illegalities as a direct result of the time they spend behind bars. Mandatory minimums were generally introduced with the purpose of preventing future recidivism. The authorities considered that the uncomfortable nature of prison life and the social status associated with being in prison were enough to persuade criminals to refrain from ever expressing interest in illegalities once they were set free. Other schools of thought appear to think just the opposite as some believe that prison time actually has a negative impact on convicts, while others believe that criminals experience little to no change consequent to staying in prison.

Mandatory…...

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Works cited:

Book:

Goldberg, Raymond, "Drugs Across the Spectrum, 7th ed.," (Cengage Learning, 5 Oct 2012)

Kitwana, Bakari, "The Hip-Hop Generation: Young Blacks and the Crisis in African-American Culture," (Basic Civitas Books, 2008)

Lyman, Michael D., "Drugs in Society: Causes, Concepts, and Control," (Newnes, 25 Sep 2013)

Federal eserve Bank
Financial services as an industry has progressed to become one of the widely transforming sectors of the global economy, having significant changes in information transference and processing, innovation in terms of commodities and processes, and rapid competition among the financial institutions -- among themselves and also among their several customers. The industry and its part in the transformations in the economy show that the supervising and regulatory structure also needs to be reevaluated periodically. The aim of bank regulation is mostly the same -- to attain maximum static and dynamic efficiency levels in the midst of a politically and economically permissible framework which is stable and equal. However the profits are always associated with a cost by means of stability and equity. A more stable and equal financial system usually need sacrifices with regard to efficiency. (Saunders, p. 3)

A properly functioning, effective banking system is necessary for the…...

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References

Federal Reserve System. Encyclopedia Article. Accessed on 7 May, 2005http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574452/Federal_Reserve_System.html

FR 2644- Weekly Report of Selected Assets.   Accessed on 7 May, 2005http://www.chicagofed.org/banking_information/financial_institute_reports_fr2644_instructions_and_worksheets.cfm 

FR 2900 Commercial Banks -- the Federal Reserve Board.   WhichCategory=4 Accessed on 7 May, 2005http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/reportforms/ReportDetail.cfm?WhichFormId=FR_2900cb& ;

Garbade, Kenneth D. Recent Innovations in Treasury Cash Management. Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Current Issues in Economics and Finance. Vol: 10; No; 11; pp: 2-11.

PPSPA bills would have enabled federal regulation to perform this more efficiently than present regulation efforts exerted by the States and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education or ACGME. Restrictions to the ACGME self-regulation will be a problem only it they already exist. The problem is really that Congress is reluctant to pass laws to federally mandate these restrictions. Opponents to these restrictions teem the political milieu at Washington DC. Federal regulation of resident work hours should nonetheless remain in the major agenda for Congress, especially if and when ACGME regulatory efforts turn futile and ineffective (Lee).
Into Medical Debt

Adverse consequences have followed the lack of definite government regulation of federal hospitals. A new report from The Commonwealth Fund said that some patients incur unimaginable medical bills and go into long-term debts as a result of unclear federal laws and regulations (Mahon & Pryor, 2003). Whatever rules are followed…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Brown, S. (2011). Federal hospitals. American Hospital Association. Retrieved on May

29, 2011 from  http://www.aha.org/aha/member-center/constituency-sections/Federal-Systems/fed-index.html 

Lee, C.J. (2006). Federal regulation of hospital resident work hours: enforcement with real teeth. Journal of Health Care Review Policy: University of Maryland. Retrieved on May 29, 2011 from  http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.dgi?article=1001&content=student_pubs&sci_redi=1#search= "federal+hospitals+regulations"

Mahon, M. And Pryor C. (2003). Government regulations contribute to medical debt of uninsured and underinsured. The Commonwealth Fund. Retrieved on May 29, 2011

Thus, striking workers are protected from losing their jobs to "scabs," workers who cross picket lines to work without a union contract or representation. It is interesting to note that federal law does not protect union workers this closely, and neither do many other states.

Another interesting New Hampshire law is the Crime Victim Employment Leave Act, which just took effect on January 1, 2006. The law stipulates that employers must allow employees who are victims of crimes time off work to attend court proceedings and other legal or investigative proceedings. However, the employer does not need to pay the employee for this time off. Employers cannot discriminate or fire employees who ask to use this provision, and employees cannot lose their seniority while they are absent from work. This is an interesting law in that it addresses a concern for many employees that is not addressed by the federal government…...

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References

Editors. (2005). Employment law guide. Retrieved from the DOL.gov Web site: www.dol.gov/compliance/guide/index.htm10 June 2006.

New Hampshire Legislature. (1965). Citizens job protection. Retrieved from the New Hampshire State Web site: June 2006.http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XXIII/275-A/275-A-1.htm10

1997). Minimum hourly rate. Retrieved from the New Hampshire State Web site: June 2006.http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XXIII/279/279-21.htm10

federal question refers to the idea that a case involves federal issues, and thus triggers federal jurisdiction. Federal questions include cases involving the U.S. Constitution, acts of Congress and other federal laws, and treaties. Other issues may also trigger federal jurisdiction, such as when litigants are in two different states, or when a litigant has filed suit against a state.
What is diversity jurisdiction?

Diversity jurisdiction refers to federal court jurisdiction based on the fact that the opposing parties come from different states. The amount in controversy must be $75,000 or more, and there are some exceptions to diversity jurisdiction.

What is standing?

Standing means that a party is sufficiently connected to and harmed by an action to file a lawsuit challenging that action. Standing requires that the party be injured, that the injury was causally connected to the action at the subject of the suit, and that the court can provide an…...

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References

Schulze, E., and Patterson, S. (2005). Introduction to the American legal system, 8th ed. Upper

Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Any trade that crosses state lines or involves citizens from different state is considered interstate commerce. The Commerce Clause was considered an important power in the original drafting of the Constitution due to the controversies that were created in trading relationships between the states under the Articles of Confederation. As the nation has increased in size and economic activity, the application of the Commerce Clause has become increasingly more important. The landmark case of Marbury v. Madison established the power of the U.S. Supreme Court to interpret the application of the Commerce Clause.
4. What is discovery and what are the methods to obtain this information?

Discovery is the pre-trial phase in civil and criminal law where parties obtain information regarding the evidence possessed by the opposing side in the litigation. Various tools of discovery are available by the parties such as interrogatories, request for admissions, request for the production of…...

Federal CourtsThe United States judicial system is based on the federal courts structure as established in Article III of the Constitution. This system has been the subject of numerous studies and publications that seek to explain how it works. illiam A. Fletcher and James E. Pfander wrote a book, Gilbert Law Summaries on Federal Courts, which provides an outline of the federal court system in the U.S. The book provides an outline of Article III courts, the requirement of case or controversy, advisory opinions, and justiciability. In addition, Fletcher & Pfander discuss congressional power over federal court jurisdiction, the jurisdiction of district courts, Supreme Court jurisdiction, and ancillary jurisdiction. Through this outline, the authors also discuss the law applied in federal courts. This paper provides an overview of the federal court system in the United States based on the book by Fletcher and Pfander.History of the Federal Court SystemFletcher &…...

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Works CitedBendor, Ariel L. “Are There Any Limits to Justiciability? The Jurisprudential and Constitutional Controversy in Light of the Israeli and American Experience.” Indiana International & Comparative Law Review, vol. 7, no. 2, 1997, pp. 311–378., Cole , Jared P. “The Political Question Doctrine: Justiciability and the Separation of Powers.” Congressional Research Service, Congressional Research Service, 23 Dec. 2014,  https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43834.pdf . Fletcher, William A. “Congressional Power over the Jurisdiction of Federal Courts: The Meaning of the Word ‘All’ in Article III .” Duke Law Journal, vol. 59, 2010, pp. 929–954. Fletcher, William A., and James E. Pfander. Gilbert Law Summaries on Federal Courts. 5th ed., West Academic Publishing, 2014. Hessick, F. Andrew. “Cases, Controversies, and Diversity.” Northwestern University Law Review, vol. 109, no. 1, 2015, pp. 57–108. Snepp, Frank W. “The Law Applied in the Federal Courts.” Law and Contemporary Problems, vol. 13, no. 1, 1948, pp. 165–181. Thomson Reuters. “Annotation 21 - Article III.” Findlaw for Legal Professionals, Findlaw, 2022,  https://constitution.findlaw.com/article3/annotation21.html . https://doi.org/10.18060/17696.

federal government has expanded through the years to develop stronger political, social, and economic structures. Social and economic issues brought about by the social issues in years prior to the Civil War and the legislation in years after the Civil War in an attempt to resolve the issues expanded the authority of the federal government. The black race was enslaved in the South, but free in the North. The role of the federal government became stronger to influence the political, social, and economic issues in an effort to build freedom and a stronger economy.
Impressment was the legislated policy to seize food, fuel, slaves, and the other commodities for armies during the Civil War. The tax-in-kind law, passed a month later, allowed the government to impress crops from farmers at a negotiated price. (DeCredico, 2011) ecause of insufficient enforcement, prices below market value, and abuse of labor, citizens hoarded goods…...

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Bibliography

Congress, M.A. (2004). Civil Rights Act of 1875. Retrieved from Encyclopedia.com:  http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3407400042.html 

DeCredico, M. (2011, Dec 3). Confederate Impressment During the Civil War. Retrieved from Encyclopedia Virginia:  http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Confederate_Impressment_During_the_Civil_War 

Law, W.E. (2005). Fourteenth Amendment. Retrieved from Encyclopedia.com: http;//www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Fourteenth_Amendment.aspx

States, T.O. (2005). Fifteenth Amendment. Retrieved from Encyclopedia.com:  http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O184-FifteenthAmendment.html

The legalization of marijuana in certain states has had a significant impact on drug policy in the United States.

One major impact is that it has forced a reevaluation of drug laws and policies at the federal level. Marijuana remains illegal at the federal level, but the growing number of states legalizing it for medicinal and recreational use has created tension between state and federal laws. This has prompted discussions on the need for federal reform of drug laws and policies to address the inconsistencies between state and federal laws.

Additionally, the legalization of marijuana in certain states has led to....