Abuse Essays Examples

Abuse of Older Adults Abuse

Even with under reporting, approximately 5% of elder women are likely abused to the point where they seek medical attention at least annually. These women are often well-known in their communities, so when they come into the emergency room with some story of malady, they know everyone will want to about what happened. In some cases, the trend is becoming more supportive, though. As educational programs transend economic barriers; more rural women are believed to have access to community services that are less than judgemental. They may have to travel to the next community, but there are still services that will, at the very least, intercede and find them a safer environment. This research concludes, based on qualitative and literature analysis, that it is even more difficult for rural women to get into the system. The women who go to their local clinics or Regional Medical Centers are seriously enough hurt that medical attention was required, nnot donated. and, because of their pyschologically vulnerable state, they are also more at risk for HIV infection middle aged urban women (Sormanti & Shibusawa, 2008).

Most of the studies under review point out that there are a number of disconnects in rural areas…… [Read More]

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Abuse and Neglect in Nursing

GAO report showed that one in every five nursing homes across the country was found deficient in terms of its care practices. It was also discovered that some of the abuse incidents had been serious enough to put the resident's life in jeopardy. In many cases, abuse was not even reported though it should have been "classified as actual harm or worse. These included such problems as serious avoidable pressure sores, severe weight loss, and multiple falls resulting in broken bones and other injuries" (p. 31). The report also explained what is meant by sufficient staff. According to CMS guidelines, "determination of sufficient staff is to be made based on the staff's ability to provide needed care to residents. The staff must be able to provide residents with sufficient care so they may reach their highest practicable physical, mental, and . . . well being." (Corzine, p. 32)

Hawes (2002) found that despite many complaints against the staff in nursing homes, it was found that some of the people employed in such facilities blamed the residents for provoking them and hence thought this justified their abusive behavior. "…many staff viewed resident behaviors as purposive, intentional. Thus, a resident who resisted…… [Read More]

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Abuse and Harassment in Sports

Abuses of Power Relative to Elite Athletes

It is often the case that elite athletes are subjected to rigors and standards that are far beyond what is expected of the majority of the general public. There are many issues that are common among elite athletes that are known to affect either their bodies or their minds. For instance, some athletes are subjected to such high levels of discipline from either coaches or parents that the experience can be considered emotional harassment or even abuse. Coaches and parents can also use and abuse an elite athletes' bodies in many different ways. There is often a fine line between an eating disorder and attempts to maintain a body in a state of being able to achieve peak performance. Females athletes often attempt to suppress weight gain while it is more common for males to attempt to gain weight by increasing muscle weight and density. Similarly, narrow thresholds exist between training and overtraining elite athletes. However, even more extreme examples of abuse can be found in this population such as the case with sexual harassment or abuse. This study will conduct a literature review that focuses on the various forms of abuses of…… [Read More]

Abuse and Fraud Medicare Agreement

The safe harbors do not cover every area of permissible behavior, and an arrangement may not qualify as a safe harbor, but still not subject someone to the risk of prosecution.

In fact, the courts have interpreted the Federal Anti-Kickback Law relatively narrowly. The court in Feldstein v. Nash Community Health Servs., 51 F. Supp.2d 673 (E.D.N.C. 1999), implied that the government has to show that a defendant knowingly intended to violate the anti-kickback law. However, the court did not go so far as to permit ignorance of the law to form a defense to the charge; on the contrary, the court expected the health-care providers to know the content of fraud alerts issued by the regulatory agency. The Feldstein court was building on earlier similar decisions in Hanlester Network v. Shalala, 51 F.3d 1390 (9th Cir. 1995) and United States v. Bay State Ambulance & Hosp. Rental Serv. Inc., 874 F.2d 20 (1st Cir. 1989).

The Office of Inspector General (OIG) of the U.S. Department of Health is in charge of enforcing the Federal Anti-Kickback Law. The OIG has developed regulations to help ensure compliance with the Law, but is also aware that many contemplated arrangements may not fall…… [Read More]

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Abuse and Fraud a Joint

Furthermore, we cannot forge a safe harbor under 42 C.F.R. §1001.952(p), because Sundown Community Hospital is not a physician's group (Altshuler, Creekpaum, & Fang, 2008). Finally, the proposed arrangement does not fall within the safe harbor provided for investments in group practice because the hospital would not meet the criteria of: equity interests held by licensed professionals; equity interests being in the entire practice; unified business with unified decision making and pooling of financial interests; and revenues from ancillary services coming only from in-office ancillary services (Altshuler, Creekpaum, & Fang, 2008). Consequently, the proposed arrangement would fall outside of the safe harbor provisions of the Medicaid Anti-Kickback Statutes; however, the proposed arrangement may fall within the exceptions to the Stark Statute.

Reviewing the Stark Statute, no physician may refer Medicare or Medicaid patients to an entity (here, the hospital) to which he/she has a financial relationship unless the transaction falls under one of the exceptions (Altshuler, Creekpaum, & Fang, 2008). The proposed joint venture does not meet any of the exceptions to the Stark Statute that might allow Medicaid/Medicare referrals, such as: ownership/investment interests and compensation arrangements; ownership only or investment interests only; compensation arrangements only. Furthermore, since the Stark…… [Read More]

Abuse of the Elderly by Family Members

Physical Abuse of Older People by Their Families

When grandpa and grandma are getting on in years and they are living with their children, the data from reliable sources shows that in far too many cases, physical abuse is visited upon the elderly family members by their own children or grandchildren. This is a travesty but moreover it is a felony to physically abuse older people, and family members guilty of those attacks need to be advised that no matter how angry or un-happy they may be by an elderly family member's behaviors, violence is unacceptable.

The fact that Americans are growing older and that many of them are being physically abused -- in numerous cases by their own families -- is a great cause for concern. This paper references scholarly sources that point out the frequency of physical abuses that the elderly are subjected to, and the reasons why they are physically abused.

The first premise of this paper: a report on the frequency, seriousness, perpetrators of and definition of the kinds of physical violence that visited upon elderly people by their own families.

The National Center on Elder Abuse (NCEA) -- a division of the U.S. Administration on…… [Read More]

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Abuse and Pregnant Women

Violence against pregnant women is a commonplace phenomenon and this research paper will explain the background of violence against pregnant women. Women undergo different forms of violence for instance, beating, threats, raping and unwilling prostitution. Some years back, it wasn't a big issue as approach towards women was a tad bit different back then. Men were treated as the dominant sex due to their physical strength. So is the case with education and men. It is common for men to get educated while women remain undereducated. With the passage of time, this created a genuine gap for women in the society as they were being undermined. Now violence against women, in general, is red flagged especially in Asia where women are treated very poorly. Now the circumstances for women are improving slowly and gradually in Asia but not completely (Jasinsk, 2004).

Violence against pregnant women isn't just limited to developing countries; it is commonly seen all over the world, even in western countries. UN Secretary General Kofi Annan spoke way back in 1999, that, 'violence against pregnant women is a crime which has no boundaries and spreads over boundaries, geographies, cultures and entails wealth. It is a shameful form of…… [Read More]

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Abuse Domestic Violence Case Study

Angela's case study illuminates several aspects of domestic violence. The case shows how domestic violence progresses from what was originally a normal relationship, through stages of escalating violence. Each section shows how persons outside the family might have the opportunity to intervene or offer support. What was most interesting about this case was the different legal obligations of health care workers, educators, and colleagues. Not all people are obliged to report suspected domestic violence. It is important to understand one's role and whether or not reporting is appropriate.

Reporting is appropriate and warranted when there are obvious gunshot wounds or gunpowder burns, and also when an early childhood educator suspects domestic violence being perpetrated on a child (Minnesota Statutes, 2015). Each segment of the case study shows how complex the issue is, and how each person has a different role to play and different levels of responsibility. The main things to keep in mind include being supportive of Angela, encouraging her to empower herself and to not feel like anything is her fault, and help steer her in the direction of information and support.

The people who are most in the position of being able to help Angela also have…… [Read More]

Abuse of the Under-Privileged by

In fact, one study suggested that if a fruit or vegetable could not be harvested mechanically, it would not be grown in the United States after 1975 (Braceros: History, Compensation).

Workers in the Bracero Program faced a great amount of worker exploitation in the form of low pay and lost wages, both from the United States government as well as their own home government in Mexico. Currently, the governments of both participating countries are working to compensate the families of the bracero workers for the lost wages garnished during that time. However, despite the U.S. government's efforts to right its wrongs in past situations, the fact remains that exploitation of immigrant and undocumented workers in the United States is still a problem that is faced today. Today, undocumented and immigrant workers face a new set of challenges. For example, in a survey, 25% of workers whose employers found out that they were undocumented were not fired until they complained about worksite conditions (Mehta, Theodore, and Hincapie). Furthermore, another 21% of workers said their employers used their unauthorized status to fire them in retaliation for trying to organize a union (Mehta, Theodore, and Hincapie). Other workers reported that their employers didn't…… [Read More]

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Domestic Abuse

Domestic Abuse: Information and Evidence-Based Practice

Domestic abuse is an issue that has plagued society since nearly the beginning of mankind. Even ancient societies and civilizations have dealt with and depicted those who engage in this behavior. There are few things that work for every person who gets involved in domestic abuse, even though there are many different treatment options. Some people respond to drug treatment when they are medicated for an underlying issue that might be triggering their anger. Others respond to medical interventions such as therapy or anger management courses. Still other individuals only respond to law enforcement and punishment - and even then there is no guarantee that person will not reoffend. Discussed here is domestic abuse from the standpoint of evidence-based practice. What researchers and therapists have said (and are still saying) about people who are domestic abusers is important to analyze, so that new and better treatments can be offered to these individuals and their families. Understanding the reasons behind the violence and the history of what has been done to help offenders in the past can provide insight toward what should be done in the future so that the incidents of domestic abuse that…… [Read More]

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Diversity and or How Child Abuse in Handled in New York Compared to Other Countries

Diversity and Child Abuse Prevention

Diversity and How Child Abuse in Handled in New York Compared to Other Countries

There is developing debate regarding the suitable combination of programs and polices needed to react to concerns of child abuse and neglect. Child neglect and abuse hold significant effects for prospective health and mental health of a child. As a result, it is imperative to comprehend connections among different forms of maltreatment, family and child factors and connect with the systems for children welfare. The child abuse prevention programs and polices adopted in the New York State are generic and appears to be meant for the majority in the society. The programs are not cultural specific and hence, cannot benefit the minority group in the society. For instance, the Asian immigrants present an increased rate of child abuse. However, according to the Asian culture, worldviews, values and perspectives, suffering is an inevitable element of life. In this view, Asian-American cannot therefore, benefit from a universal child abuse protection programs and policies used in the state. The minority and the poor communities in the society disproportionally experience the effects of ineffective child abuse prevention programs. More children get corporeal and poignant injuries…… [Read More]

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Child Abuse Although it Is Extremely Important

Child Abuse

"Although it is extremely important when interviewing children about alleged abuse to determine whether the abuse was single or repeated… we have little information about how children judge the frequency of events… [and] overall children were very accurate at judging the frequency of a single event, but much less so for repeated events." (Sharman, et al., 2011).

Department of Health & Human Services (HHS) reports that in the year 2010 there were approximately 3.3 million referrals of "suspected abuse pertaining to six million children" in the United States (Samuels, 2011). The HHS data reflects that many children are being abused through neglect, through physical abuse (including sexual abuse), or through medical or educational neglect, and other forms of abuse. This paper delves into the problems associated with child abuse, the actions that professionals should take, the way to tell abuse has been done, and the overall impact on society when children are abused at a young age.

Why is this topic important to contemporary families?

This topic is important because reports of abuse to children are widespread throughout the world. Bringing attention to this problem is necessary. For example, a study in Malaysia, while not very surprising, points…… [Read More]

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Substance Abuse Treatment Analysis of David Ruffin

Substance Abuse Treatment Analysis of David Ruffin

Most people today probably recognize his signing voice from his hits such as "My Girl," but few may remember David Ruffin of The Temptations music group from the latter half of the 20th century. Like many of his contemporaries, Ruffin fell victim to the ravages of drug abuse during the height of his career, leaving his millions of fans with a musical void in their lives. To gain some further insights into his untimely death from an overdose of cocaine, this paper provides a review of the relevant peer-reviewed and scholarly literature to develop a background and an overview of Ruffin, his use of drugs, and an appropriate screening instrument that could be used to evaluate a similar client's stage of dependence, change or recovery. An application of this diagnostic tool to Ruffin's unique circumstances is followed by a discussion concerning possible placement options and treatment modalities for clients with Ruffin's diagnosis, and the rationale in support of their choice based upon a personal conceptualization and etiology of addiction. Finally, a summary of the research and important findings are presented in the conclusion.

Review and Discussion

Background and Overview of David Ruffin

The…… [Read More]

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Satanic Abuse Representations in the Media and

Satanic Abuse Representations in the Media and Social Science Literature

Throughout history, few things have been able to literally scare the bejabbers out of people as much as reports of satanic abuse in general and in their own communities in particular. Indeed, based on various reports from Europe and North American over the past four centuries, it would seem that when Satan fell from Heaven, he fell directly into many peoples' lives. Even today, isolated but sensationalized reports of satanic abuse can still create the widespread perception that these practices are commonplace and are increasing in prevalence. The hysterical reaction that can sweep through entire communities is proof positive of the continuing relevance of this phenomenon today. Irrespective of the actual reality of the satanic entity, the implications of these reactions for some people are profound and severe and may even cause some people to experience potentially life-threatening mental health issues as a result. To gain some additional insights into these reactions, this paper provides a comparison of satanic abuse representations in the popular media and social science literature, followed by a summary of the research and important findings in the conclusion.

Review and Discussion

During the past three decades…… [Read More]

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Substance Abuse Group Psychotherapy Proposal for a

Substance Abuse Group Psychotherapy Proposal for a Diverse Homeless Population

We find several problems associated with substance abuse people in our environment. Researches show that men are more likely to develop a substance abuse personality. As a result they lose jobs and homes. Uncountable homeless families depend on substance abuse men. A variety of group treatments are employed to meet the needs of such people during the recovery process. This essay is a substance abuse psychotherapy proposal for a diverse homeless population. A group of male gender, having age in between 35 to 44, can be treated employing an activity.

A Substance Abuse Group Psychotherapy Proposal for a Diverse Homeless Population

Substance abuse is a killing habit and it often begins early in the lives of men. During the teen or young adult years, men often start using drugs and alcohol. Initially it is just limited as a casual or social use but slowly it turns to abuse and addiction. There are several reasons behind substance abuse in men. It is not only harmful to the man himself but also to the people associated with him. The purpose of writing this substance abuse psychotherapy proposal is to identify the stages…… [Read More]

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Aboriginal Elder Abuse Elder Abuse Is a

Aboriginal Elder Abuse

Elder abuse is a catch-all phrase that refers to a variety of ways by which caregivers and other people in power-positions relative to the elderly can mistreat them. Elder abuse includes, but is not limited to: physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, spiritual abuse financial abuse, abandonment and neglect. Elders refer to seniors, though the definition of senior can be fluid. In the general populations, seniors are generally those age 65 and older, but because of differential life expectancies and cultural differences, some researchers refer to elders in the aboriginal community as those aged 55 and older (Dumont-Smith, 2002). Abandonment is "abuse that occurs when the person who assumes the responsibility for providing care or who has physical custody abandons his or her duties to the elder" (Dumont-Smith, 2002). Physical abuse is "the use of physical force that can result in injury, pain and/or impairment" (Dumont-Smith, 2002). Emotional abuse refers to "activities that cause anguish, pain or distress through verbal or nonverbal acts, which could include: verbal assault, social isolation, threats, humiliation, treating an elder like a child, lack of affection or denying seniors the chance to participate in decisions with respect to their own lives" (Dumont-Smith,…… [Read More]

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Substance Abuse and Homeless Youth

For some, there will be a denial and minimization of the substance habit as being inconsequential, purely recreational or extremely intermittent. This response is akin to the young adult asserting that there is no problem. For other homeless youths, their drug or alcohol habit maybe viewed as a form of survival: these drugs help these teenagers bear life on the street. In that sense the substance is attributed as beneficial for the escapism necessary to survival. "Using, even abusing substances is often viewed as a 'normal' practice by those identifying with street culture. Homeless young people report using drugs and alcohol as a coping strategy and often have more favorable attitudes toward drug use than their non-homeless peers" (Gomez et al., 2010). Thus, there could be a complete difficulty in making any assessments, since many homeless youths won't see their substance abuse as a problem at all, and won't seek treatment, viewing it instead as merely an indelible feature of life on the street.

For other youths, making accurate clinical assessments becomes even more difficult because of the varying reasons for why the youth is homeless. For some youths, the homelessness is a result of the fact that they had…… [Read More]

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Special Population & Substance Abuse Special Population

SPECIAL POPULATION & SUBSTANCE ABUSE

Special Population and Substance Abuse

Prison inmates and substance abuse

Drug courses or rehabilitation programs for drug offenders

The reoffender issue

Drawbacks of not providing rehab treatments and facilities

Cost vs. benefit analysis if rehabilitation programs and imprisonment

Drug abuse or substance abuse is a major issue in the U.S. It is the addictive and patterned use of drugs in quantities that are not approved by the health and medication regulating bodies, neither administered under the supervision of any clinician. Substance abuse covers wide categories of drugs used without the prescription of health administrators with excessive and often dangerous consumption levels. Substance abuse includes the use of performance enhancing and psychoactive drugs. The leading organizations that issue the standards and symptoms of drug and substance abuse are World Health Organization's International Statistical Classification of Diseases, American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), and ICRIS Medical organization Related Health Problems (ICD). Substance abuse is a blanket term used to describe excessive and illegal use of any drug not being allowed to the user. World Health Organization (WHO) defines substance abuse as "Substance abuse refers to the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive…… [Read More]

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Crystal Meth Addiction and Abuse Problems in Los Angeles County

Meth Addiction and Abuse Problems

Meth Crystal Addiction and Abuse Problems in Los Angeles County

Meth addiction and abuse problems are on a rise in Los Angeles County and many other places in other countries. Its use and abuse has become so common that some people have started referring to it as the new heroin. Just like any other drug, the use of this drug above its therapeutic dose has produced toxicities that have been proven to be hazardous to human health.

When people find themselves in addiction and abuse problems of Meth crystals, they then turn to the health care institutions and other rehab centers, which increase the responsibility of nurses as well as counselors. In this paper we shall look at some of the complications of addiction and abuse problems in Los Angeles County. We shall also see its impacts on the human health and health care systems. Furthermore, we shall bring into limelight the role that nursing has to play in this whole scenario and what is being done at the government and private level to make people give up this drug.

Introduction

Also known as metamfetamine, meth, crystal, ice, glass, tik, methylamphetamine, N-methyl amphetamine and desoxyephedrine,…… [Read More]

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Domestic Violence Elder Abuse Policy Elder Abuse

Domestic Violence Elder Abuse Policy

Elder Abuse Policy

In the last three decades, the events of elder abuse have increased greatly which leads to the increase in the needs of victims and further develops a need for having a sound policy combating this situation. Hence, a structure is required which can help in educating public, training professional specializing in this field, increasing necessary measures required for adult protection, increasing prosecution and reduction of barriers in promulgation of this policy.

In order to devise a policy for elder abuse, it is necessary to understand the definition of it:

"a single, or repeated act, or lack of appropriate action, occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust which causes harm or distress to an older person"

As per the definition presented by police and prosecution, any crime involving the abuse of individuals exceeding the age of sixty. These cases are filed under the regime of general offenses, financial exploitation and criminal acts.

Financial exploitation is defined as the improper and unauthorized use of victims assets, be it o financial nature or physical form. Furthermore, the domestic violence is an act of violence done by any family member or the…… [Read More]

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Abused and Neglected Children an

Lastly, children that are abused and neglect tend to turn to spousal abuse and battering or intimate partner violence in adult life. The studies associate intimate partner violence with exposure to neglect, abuse, and witnessing parental violence in childhood (Widom & White, 2003). Moreover, children exposed to violence at home develop the same behaviors, by becoming more aggressive, and violence. This violence and aggression is alter turned to their peers and intimate partners in adult life.

Overall, children are abused and neglected in different forms, which have diverse negative effects in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. A child is said to be abused or neglected if there is physical evidence of abandonment, physical harm that causes injury or death, and lack of emotional and psychological support. Parents also neglect their children by exposing them to hazardous environments in the home, sexual activity, forced prostitution, or denying them basic needs like education, food, clothing, and shelter.

References

Czaja, S.J., DuMont, K.A., & Widom, C.S. (2007). Predictors of Resilience in Abused and Neglected Children Grown-Up: The Role of Individual and Neighborhood Characteristics. European PubMed Central, 31(3), 255-274.

Finzi, R., Ram, a., Dov Har-Even, Shnit, D., & Weizman, a. (2001). Attachment styles and aggression…… [Read More]

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Abuse Effects of Abuse in Children Abuse

Abuse:

Effects of abuse in children

Abuse: Effects and Impacts on Children

The purpose of this paper is to research the subject of childhood abuse in view of what is suffered both immediately and on the long-term basis in relation to the child's psychological, biological and social development.

Child abuse is all too common in today's world and is a subject that is almost daily splashed across the news. Physical abuse is by Merck Manual as being "battery'. Battery has the same meaning as physical violence to the body. Further the manual reveals that it is an element in every race and throughout every layer of societal structure leaving no one race, sex, group, or religion unscathed by its' effects. Two million children are abused in the United States each year; the numbers are likely much higher with 2000 to 5000 children dying each year as a result of abuse or neglect.

Indeed, child abuse may occur in the most unlikely of families leaving scars for the duration of the life of the individual who was abused.

I .Statistical Information:

Although every representative individual sector and subset group in society has to death with this issue sooner or later, statistical…… [Read More]

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Abused and Exploited Children Child Abuse Is

Abused and Exploited Children

Child abuse is one of the most unfortunate realities of our society. In a world marked by progress, it is sad that there are still many households where young children are being subjected to violence both physical and otherwise. Child abuse is defined as any non-accidental harm or injury to a child caused by an adult. Despite the presence of numerous child protection services and agencies, children are still regularly facing violence at home which may often lead to fatal injuries. Even though child abuse is commonly known and understood as physical abuse, this is not entirely true. Abuse can occur in other forms as well and we shall now discuss some of the more common forms in which child abuse mars our society.

Define the 4 types of abuse and give 4-5 examples of the most common signs/symptoms of that type of abuse.

TYPES OF CHILD ABUSE

PHYSICAL ABUSE

The most easily detected abuse is physical abuse where bruises or other marks on a child's body can be seen. It is the most easily reportable sign of abuse because it can be seen and various cases of physical abuse are regularly reported by people other…… [Read More]

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Abuse There Are Many Factors That Must

Abuse

There are many factors that must be considered when evaluating a possible abuse situation. The first thing that must be done is that all parties involved must be committed to taking the situation seriously, but also committed to acting without prejudice. Instances of abuse should neither be ignored nor falsely identified. "Because childhood molestation has been hidden for decades, our quick suspicions are well founded. But there can be backlash: innocent acts by parents are often falsely misconstrued as sexual abuse." (Heller) When approached by the teachers, I would ensure her that coming to speak to me was a good action to take.

In this situation, the family in question is not culturally American. It must be considered, first, that there are many cultural differences between a Chinese family and an American family. Communication and social interaction is definitely affected by this cultural difference. For example, this child is very quiet and withdrawn. In China, children are taught to be very quiet and respectful, and in comparison to the wild American children in the class, this might appear to be abnormal behavior in that setting. However, the child might be acting in a perfectly normal way for his culture.…… [Read More]

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Abuse at Home and Domestic

This can also be done to enable one attain a restraining order against their spouse while in the course of getting a divorce.

In conclusion, victims of domestic violence should be treated fairly and not discriminated against because of their gender. The system needs to make adjustment so as to be able to accommodate cases of domestic violence and abuse against men. The reason why these cases are rising is due to the cases of male victims not being taken seriously and is a form of discrimination. I believe that for domestic violence cases to be reduced there needs to be cooperation between various social institutions that will ease the processing of cases of domestic violence. The police need to be able to contact between the police and shelters for victims of domestic violence in order to make sure victims receive adequate help.

References

Dewar Research. (2008). Plight of male victims of domestic abuse. Retrieved April 16,

2010, from http://www.dewar4research.org/DOCS/PlightOfMaleVictimsSummaryMay08.pdf

Domestic Violence definition. (2002). Retrieved April 16, 2010, from http://www.crimereduction.homeoffice.gov.uk/violentcrime/dv03a.htm

Hanna, C. (1998). The paradox of hope: the crime and punishment of domestic violence.

William and Mary Law Review. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from COPYRIGHT 1999 College of William and…… [Read More]

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Abuse of Horses Boarding Horses

"

Works Cited

American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. "ASPCA Equine Program."

Retrieved April 6, 2007, at http://www.aspca.org.

Australian Broadcasting Corporation. "Neglected horsed die, more in danger." Retrieved April 6, 2007 at http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200704/s1887025.htm.

Crawfurd, John. "On the Relation of the Domesticated Animals to Civilization." Transactions

Of the Ethnological Society of London Vol. 2 (1863): 387-468.

Flynn, Clifton P. "Why Family Professionals Can No Longer Ignore Violence toward Animals."

Family Relations 49.1 (2000): 87-95.

Hortness, Darci. "Neglected Horses Rescued by DoubleHP." Argus Leader Media. Retrieved April 7, 2007, at http://www.argusleader.com.

United States Equine Rescue League, Inc. "Abuse & Neglect." Retrieved April 7, 2007, at http://www.ncerl.com/abuse/abuse.html.… [Read More]

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Abused Women

abuse of women has grown to near epidemic levels. Some professionals think this may be because women are finally reporting the abuse that has always been. Abuse can start out as actions as seemingly harmless as name-calling or pushing, but over time may turn into something far more dangerous. There are many emotional dynamics at play in an abusive relationship. These emotions propel the abused toward staying in a relationship that she knows is unhealthy. In her heart, however, the abused feels it almost impossible to break free. Over time she forgets about her wants and needs, and learns only to react to the abuser's feelings and emotions. Her very survival may depend on how well she reacts to the demands of her abuser. Abused women often learn at a very early age how to feel normal and adjust to an abusive environment. They stay with their abuser because it is what they have always known, and their self-esteem has been torn down by years of abuse. If one does leave an abusive relationship, she often leaves not out of love and nurturing of herself, but out of care and concern for another - such as a child.

What are…… [Read More]

Abuses in Every System Whether it Be

abuses in every system, whether it be capitalism, communism or socialism and such abuses are primarily due to one specific motivating factor; greed. Greed is not just a few individuals who woke up one morning and decided to move their businesses to other countries because they could make more money, this is actually a societal problem of immense proportions. One recent study determined that "issues are generated in response to the dynamics of the social system and unfold within the larger structural and historical contexts where the character of the individual takes shape" (Hansen, Movahedi, 2010, p. 367). In other words the individual's greed is influenced by society, and not vice versa. The study also asserted that "the most popular explanation of the (recent) contemporary financial crisis with its disastrous social and economic consequences is personal greed" (p.367). Whether it is society's greed or the individual's greed makes no difference, the results seem to be catastrophic no matter what. However, the book states that "many of today's organizations are demonstrating what is known as corporate social responsibility -- not only attempting to meet prevailing legal and ethical standards but also exceeding them by embracing values that promote the greater welfare…… [Read More]

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Abusing Opiates Cost Associated With

Because numerous clinics decline to offer sleeping medication to the individual withdrawing from opiates, many addicts discharge themselves early from the treatment process (Carver). In regard to treatment, Carver notes:

Detoxification technology is being transformed in an increasing number of countries by the introduction of rapid opiate detoxification (ROD) techniques. Instead of discontinuing opiates abruptly or over a few days and allowing withdrawal symptoms to develop (a technique which adds the stress of anticipation to the actual pains of withdrawal), an alternative technique is to precipitate acute withdrawal over a space of three to four hours by administering opiate antagonists. These drive all opiates off the opiate receptors but also start the process of normalising the receptors so that the worst symptoms of withdrawal are over in two to three days rather than the two to three weeks which is typical in conventional programmes for most patients (Brewer 1997). Naltrexone is the usual opiate antagonist used. As well as being more efficient and humane, these techniques are also more cost-effective than conventional methods. (Lahej et al. 2000; Carreno et al. 2002, as cited in Carver, 2004, p. 102)

Starting Over Grace Rountree, 18-years old, Paul S. Martinez (2007) reports in…… [Read More]

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Drug Abused Pregnant With Fetus

Substance Abuse Upon a Fetus

Women's Issues

The Effects of Substance Abuse upon a Fetus

The Effects of Substance Abuse upon a Fetus

The ideas and consensus regarding what is appropriate behavior for pregnant women has changed in the world over the course of modern history, and specifically over the course of the past few decades. It is commonly held in modern countries around the world that substance abuse of any kind of drug is harmful and to be avoided during pregnancy. The fetus within the womb and the mother are connected in innumerable ways during pregnancy. This is why it is often said that what happens to the mother during pregnancy, also happens to the fetus. If the mother experiences stress during pregnancy, the fetus experiences stress, too. If the mother is high on cocaine throughout pregnancy, the fetus will ingest cocaine as well, in several ways, but primarily through the umbilical cord. There is little use in denying that abusing drugs during pregnancy will affect the fetus. At this stage in life, the fetus will be affected detrimentally. It is true that illicit substances can hurt the body with little and long-term use, but the affects of drug…… [Read More]

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From Concealing to Confronting Sex Abuse

Concealing to Confronting Sex Abuse

It is one thing to consider child sexual abuse from the perspective of the criminal offender. Sexual abuse almost certainly qualifies as an anti-social behavior that is transmitted from generation to generation. Although this issue was not discussed in any of the articles, there is simply far too much evidence that child sexual abusers are very likely to have, themselves, been abused as children to ignore the idea that this behavior is transmitted from generation to generation, abuser to victim. In fact, child sexual offenders seem to have a modified version of the subculture of violence, but the subculture is actually one of sexual violence towards children. In this isolated culture, the sexual victimization of children is normalized. That explains the prevalence of child pornography and groups like NAMBLA. In fact, the offender may minimize the damage that he experienced at the hands of his own abuser and will often engage in rationalizations of that behavior by choosing like-minded acquaintances, viewing child pornography, choosing partners who "consent" though unable to do so because of their ages, and other ways of transforming a sexual assault to a consensual sexual activity in their minds. Moreover, for many…… [Read More]

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Heroin Abuse and Addiction a Drug Can

Heroin Abuse and Addiction

A drug can be any substance, which can modify the functions of every living organism that consumes it. In medical terms, drugs provide instant but temporary relief from several unhealthy symptoms. Drugs such as Heroin produce many unwanted side effects. They are extremely toxic and can lead to a very unhealthy dependency that has behavioral and physiological roots, both. Heroin has lasting health consequences; it can also lead to death. The purpose of this essay is to provide a literature review of causes and consequences of heroin abuse and addiction. Our culture surrounds abuse of the heroin substance that leads to diseases and other problems indirectly.

A Literature review on Heroin Abuse and Addiction

Excessive use of painkillers and other relief providing substances lead to addiction. There is a fine line between substance abuse and substance addiction. Addiction can be any inherited disease and it makes an individual ill at a particular genetic level. The abuse of any substance leads to the substance addiction. Addictive drugs and alcohol are the painkillers as they kill an emotional or physical pain, chemically. The perception of reality of an individual's mind is altered by these substances. A person gets…… [Read More]

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Child Abuse in Literature

Child Abuse in Literature

Child Maltreatment

Child maltreatment entails all types of neglect and abuse of a child below eighteen years by caregivers, parents or any other person (Crosson-Tower, 2006). Child abuse encompasses all forms of physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, neglect or child exploitation that causes potential or actual harm to a child's well-being, dignity and development (Smith & Fong, 2004). According to Scannapieco & Connell-Carrick (2005), child maltreatment is a stern problem capable of causing harmful effects on a child victim. Scannapieco & Connell-Carrick (2005) confirmed that many children experience severe beatings, sexual abuse, neglect and even killed by a parent or other people taking guardianship of children. In the modern world, the media highlight numerous stories of children suffering severely in the hands of their caregivers and parents (Howe, 2005). Evidently, parents place their children in closets without giving them food; others drown in the bathtubs, beaten while others get tied to a pole. Although such atrocities are few in the contemporary world, many children continue to suffer silently in the hands of their caregivers (DePanfilis, 2006). There are systems used to protect children from all forms of maltreatment, help families develop healthier parenting besides punishing…… [Read More]

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Psychoactive Substance Use and Abuse a Psychoactive

Psychoactive Substance Use and Abuse

A psychoactive substance refers to any chemical which both impacts the central nervous system and the way the brain functions. Psychoactive substances refer to stimulants (cocaine, methamphetamine, dextroamphetamine), sedatives and analgesics (alcohol, heroin), hallucinogens (PCP, psychoactive mushrooms). As stated in the DSM-IIIR "psychoactive substance abuse is given the definition of being "a maladaptive pattern of use indicated by continued use despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent social, occupational, psychological or physical problem that is caused by the use [or by] recurrent use in situations in which it is physically hazardous" (Nordegren, 2002, p.11).

Social Effects

The social impact of psychoactive substance use and abuse on widespread scale is enormously detrimental to society. "In a 2005 report issued by the Department of Health and Human Services indicated that alcohol was associated with 100,000 preventable deaths each year and that it cost taxpayers nearly $185 billion annually" (Lundy & Janes, 2009 p.483). This fact is exceedingly revelatory as it encompasses both use and abuse -- recreational drinkers and abusive ones as well. This fact demonstrates that even with the most socially acceptable psychoactive substance, there's a formidably negative impact on society, both for physical and…… [Read More]

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Fraud and Abuse Case Healthcare Fraud and

Fraud and Abuse Case

Healthcare fraud and abuse continues to threaten the country, costing the facility billions of dollars per year. Brodeur, (2007) stated that fraud is something difficult to understand because it is a contagious issue. Healthcare fraud and abuse according to Brosman & Roper (2007) is the most profitable thing one can take part in if he/she is a crook, it avoid all channels and legal procedures, in nutshell, have no hurdles.

Commonly types of healthcare fraud and abuse cases are revealed where one bill for services not offered, up coding which refers to hiking bills with intention to get higher reimbursement increment. Unbundling which entails submission of separate bills for single component of an activity for example billing independently for categories of laboratory tests done together with the aim of getting high reimbursement. These fraud activities are against compliance laws and regulations and it is unethical and immoral behavior.

Recently I received a call on my hotline regarding a potential fraud and abuse that was taking place in an hospital facility, the compliant poured his grievances saying that one of their doctors was billing for services that had not been provided, he went on to stress that…… [Read More]

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Treating Adolescents With Substance Abuse Disorders

Adolescent Substance Abuse

Substance abuse, commonly referred to as drug abuse and alcohol abuse, has recently gained popularity amid the youth of America. This has been confirmed by SAMHSA (2003) whose survey indicated that around 2.2 million teenagers were convicted of being involved in substance abuse in 2003. Teenage is called the golden period of a person's life as this is full of excitement and energy. People are willing to experience all the good and bad things in life, and for some natural reason, bad things tend to be more attractive. Therefore, the inclination of youth towards excessive usage of drugs and alcohol is not surprising. However, the teenage period does not last long. If people continue the same activity as adults, this can ruin a person's social, academic life, putting a stop to his professional career. This makes it a critical problem that should be resolved as a priority.

The disease is not fatal. A specific treatment has been designed for teenagers that take into account their development, psychological and social requirements. The success of this treatment is dependent on the person's willingness to get rid of the calamity. Along with this, it also depends on the nature of…… [Read More]

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Substance Abuse and Dependency Discuss

' If a person does not disclose their drinking behavior if they seek outside help, they may be misdiagnosed as having an anxiety disorder. Mixing alcohol and medications for anxiety disorders can have lethal consequences, as well as prolonging a process of addiction." (Losinno, p. 1)

This denotes that especially in the face of trauma, those who are predisposed to dissonant responses and unhealthy coping mechanisms will struggle at a higher level to be liberated of chemical dependency. With respect to treatment, outreach to specific risk groups such as those who are proven to be vulnerable to PTSD should be seen as a primary intervention strategy. Military veterans, families that have suffered the loss of a loved one, victims of system abuse and victims of traumatic injuries are all targeted candidates for this type of intervention.

3. Discuss genetic impact of chemical dependency? What is the likelihood of some individuals becoming addicted to alcohol/drugs?

As the discussion here above denotes, alcohol and chemical abuse are often socially-constructed tendencies, especially amongst younger abusers. However, with this high level of permeation, there is some question as to why only a fraction of abusers develop a dependency. One possible suggest is that some…… [Read More]

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Balance Between Emergency Powers Abuse of Law

Balance between Emergency Powers, Abuse of Law by the State and Civil Liberties of People within and Beyond the U.S.

Within the United States of America especially after the terrorists' attack of 9/11, there seems to be a delicate balance between emergency powers, abuse of law by the authorities and the citizens' liberty. There appears to be significant connection between increase of liberty and insecurity (Gearty 1). However the question here is what security means, in some instances, security could be national threats such as terror attacks or internal forces threatening the political establishments, those that advance particular ideological ends such as those witnessed in Most North African such as Libya and Arabian countries such as Yemen. Nonetheless, in instances of such threats, civil liberties suffer and it becomes a challenge reconciling it with national security. There are many aspects of liberal democracy such as freedom of expression, association and movement that are dependent upon occurrences such as gross violence that target state structures and more so those that further certain ideologies. Other than freedom of association, movement and expression, there are serious repercussions that may ensue illustrative of the challenge existing between civil liberties and national security. In most…… [Read More]

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Drug Abuse Individuals Who Use Drugs Have

Drug Abuse

Individuals who use drugs have difficulties defeating their addiction and often are pulled back into a reoccurring cycle. The euphoria a person experiences through the use of certain drugs causes the individual to continue their use in order to maintain their excited state. Eventually through continued use a person can develop a tolerance, which can cause increase use to substitute the effect.

Illegal Drugs

The most common illegal drugs on the market include marihuana, heroin, cocaine and methamphetamine. They are considered illegal due to the fact that they are acquired through illegal practices by drug dealers and sold at highly expensive rates. Due to the high cost to obtain these drugs, many addicts go to grave lengths to get their daily dose. Individuals will engage in sexual activity and even steal from family members in order to purchase these highly addicted drugs. People high on meth or heroins loose their sense of judgment and can act in a way not recognizable to their family and friends, they also tend to make irrational decisions that can haunt them forever. Increased sexual activity among addicts can lead to many sexual related diseases, such as AIDS and HIV. According to the…… [Read More]

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Economics of Alchohol Abuse Alcohol for Consumption

Economics of Alchohol Abuse

Alcohol for consumption is not a necessary food item, but for some has become a standard part of adult culture. Increasing the level of alcohol consumption, however, moves from an economic paradigm to a social issue due to the ancillary health and behavioral effects from alcohol abuse. In turn, this becomes part of economics in that it requires fiscal resources to treat societal issues caused by alcoholism: domestic abuse, crime, traffic or driving issues, etc. The economic effects of alcohol are undebatable, and are pervasive in the overt and covert areas of the economy (short- and long-term) (Fogarty, 2006).

In the economic sphere of political and social policy, alcohol, like tobacco and gambling, are considered a "sin" tax that is ostensibly designed to reduce transactions for issues society considers dangerous or undesirable. However, when it comes to alcohol, many see that this type of a sumptuary taxation policy can contribute to black markets, regressive in that it discriminates against the lower classes, and not normally value added (higher quality products are more likely to be consumed by the wealthy). Sin taxes on alcohol seem to also fail to affect consumer's behavior since alcohol consumption is largely…… [Read More]

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Burning Bed Theories Spousal Abuse Theories --

Burning Bed Theories

Spousal Abuse Theories -- Walker's Cycle Theory & Learned Helplessness Theory

'The reasons why Mickey Hughes pounded on Francine Hughes repeatedly in many instances and in many locations can be examined by looking at theories of spousal abuse. There is no one exact theory would appear to explain Mickey's violent outbursts, but there are several theories that offer reasonable explanations.

One theory found in the book Stopping Domestic Violence: How a Community Can Prevent Spousal Abuse is "Walker's cycle theory of violence." This theory posits that violence against women (a spouse or an intimate partner) occurs in three stages: Stage one, is the building of tension; stage two, is the trigger that sets off the violent incident; and stage three, is the "honeymoon phase" (Jenkins, et al., 2001, p. 47).

In Francine's case the building of tension was near constant. There are myriad passages and sections of The Burning Bed that reflect the tension she experienced. For example, when she left Mickey and went to live in her mother's house temporarily, Mickey called her mother's house repeatedly and threatened to kill himself if he couldn't have her back (to beat on some more). Finally Francine took the…… [Read More]

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Solutions for the Alcohol Abuse Problem From

solutions for the alcohol abuse problem from economists' point-of-view. The second section of the paper addresses the situation of prescription drugs and how they can affect the demand and supply of other products and services. The paper continues with a section that explains the relationship between supply modification and elasticity of demand, and between demand modifications and elasticity of supply. There is also a section that discusses increasing-costs industries. Another section of the paper address the conditions required for competitive markets to be economically efficient.

There are several solutions that economists can offer when addressing the alcohol abuse problem. In this case, the problem is regarded as a negative externalities situation of the production and consumption of alcohol. The assumption in this case is that alcohol abuse is a negative externality because of its consequences, like drunk driving and the effects on consumers' health and on relationship with other individuals. The Coase theorem is one of the solutions that can be applied in this case. This means that the parties involved in the process and affected by alcohol abuse can negotiate compensatory benefits in accordance with their power of influence on decision makers and with the importance of consequences determined…… [Read More]

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Drug Abuse Economically Alcohol Consumption Causes Injuries

Drug Abuse Economically

Alcohol consumption causes injuries, deaths and other problems in the society. In order to reduce the problem economists must understand it, and know the economic burden or effects it causes. Economists approach the problem using costs and further put it in real numbers. Economists use assumptions to simplify their work, and focus on what that really matters. They make rational decisions based on reason, and encourage them to act using that reason and not based on facts. They think at the margin while isolating variables; thus the notion that economists can be said to act rationally based on in their own interest.

Economic Approach

Different factors should be considered when looking at alcohol consumption. Economists should use statistics to know the rate of alcohol consumption, and the increasing alcohol consumption rates. Many people tend to believe alcohol myths, which are unrealistic and misleading. Believing and acting on such misleading statements will not help to solve the problem of reducing alcohol consumption. It is observed that most college students drink heavily, resultantly from alcohol advertisements that lead to increase alcohol consumption as witnessed in the last few decades. In addition, drinking by college students has increased due to…… [Read More]

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Protection Against Abuse

Protection against Abuse (deterrence)

Deterrence and the legal system

The notion of deterrence plays a significant role in the present system. In most cases, laws are put in place to ensure those who break the laws do not escape unpunished but also to discourage potential offenders from committing the offenses. This is the reason the state has opted to pass laws that ensure citizens sort their trash to enable recycling of the wastes to be much easier. The objective of the regulation is not to punish offenders, but to prevent them from disposing recyclable material inappropriately.

Sorting out of waste disposal

Different households produce different wastes, and this becomes a problem to dispose the wastes especially in urban areas. In instances that piles of garbage are left unattended in residential areas and offices, they become a nuisance. This is because of their biological as well as chemical decomposition that produce noxious smells and can be a source of an infection. This forces the council to properly take care of the waste disposal. It is also the responsibility of households to ensure they sort out the wastes to ensure smooth and easy recycling. This is the reason the council has come…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice - Abuse of

Adverse circumstances and heated verbal attacks by angry citizens sometimes triggers a (natural) response on the part of police officers to respond in kind, or, at the extreme, with verbal abuse in the form of threats to use their lawful powers of arrest for intimidation purposes where, in fact, any such use of arrest powers is unlawful under the given circumstances.

Typical examples with potential to trigger verbal abuse by police would include responding to members of the public who are indeed complying with a lawful order to disperse, or to vacate a specific area, but who do so while expressing their verbal disagreement or displeasure with the officer's command. They may even choose to insult the officer personally, but provided their actions do not constitute a threat to the officer or a refusal to obey his lawful orders, and as long as their manner of expression does not constitute a violation of any specific statute, the officer may not respond in a manner that is abusive, or by purposely intimidating the subject. Verbal and psychological abuse by police of this kind may also arise in the context of their interactions with persons in their lawful custody.

Ordinarily, verbal and…… [Read More]

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Child Abuse From All Angles

The victim is often put into situations where they are physically deprived of the things they need to make appropriate decisions. For instance they may be deprived of sleep or food so that they can be more easily manipulated. Mental abuse may also involve teasing or name calling. In many cases the perpetrator is very aware of the victim's weaknesses and uses them to humiliate or subjugate the victim.

Sexual Abuse

The sexual abuse of children is increasing throughout the world and has increased drastically in recent years. Sexual abuse can include the molestation and/or rape of a child. In many cases children are sexually abused by someone that they know, rather it be a neighbor, a parent or an acquaintance. Sexual abuse can also have lasting effects on the psyche of an individual. Studies have found that children who experience sexual abuse are more likely to become promiscuous as teenagers and young adults. In addition a significant percentage of teenage mothers were sexually abused as young children. Several studies have also confirmed that as much as 80% of the female prison population in America has been sexually abused, usually at the hands of family members.

What factors contribute to…… [Read More]

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Child Abuse and Neglect in

But the result of child abuse, including difficulty in adjusting to society and difficulty in education tend to result in a higher rate of unemployment. In short, child abuse tends to produce the same conditions where child abuse is more likely to occur.

ANALYSIS

The research shows two vital things, the first being that the number of cases of child abuse are exceedingly high, and two, that the number of cases are increasing. With the amount of money being spent on child abuse prevention, the question must be asked as to why rates continue to increase. While some believe that the increase is only due to increased awareness, this does not hold true when you consider both the extreme rise in numbers and the rise in the numbers of severely injured children. If sexual abuse cases had been increasing, this could be attributed not necessarily to more incidents, but to more incidents being reported. However, it is not feasible to assume that serious injuries would have gone unreported.

One study also reports that "41 per cent of children who died between 1994 and 1996 had prior or current contact with the child welfare system." (CWLA, 1997) This figure suggests that…… [Read More]

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Sexual Abuse of Children Is

2003). In addition

Fergusson, Horwood, and Lynsky (1997) also examined the extent to which exposure to CSA was associated with increased rates of sexual risk-taking behaviors among 520 young women (aged 18) in New Zealand. Retrospective reports of CSA indicated that females who experienced sexual abuse (intercourse) were 4.4 times more likely to engage in sexual activity and be pregnant, 9.3 times more likely to have had five or more sexual partners, and 6.6 times more likely to have had sexual intercourse before age 16. The association remained significant even after controlling for other adverse childhood experiences. Further, Brown, Lourie, Zlotnick, and Cohn (2000) conducted a study of 208 adolescent patients who attended psychiatric day schools and residential programs, and found that more than half reported a history of sexual abuse (Addy et al. 2003)."

Prior research has also found that students that were sexually abused as children were times more likely than their peers to be inconsistent as it relates to using condoms during sexual activity (Addy et al. 2003). In addition sexually abused adolescents had less condom self-efficacy, a reduced understanding of HIV / AIDS, less impulse control, less frequent purchase and use of condoms, and higher rates…… [Read More]

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Psychological Abuse Child Abuse Is

The genders mentioned here are not entirely rigid, but it is far more common to see mothers exhibiting such behavior in these arenas. The same basic principles apply, however, where the parent uses derogatory or abusive language to drive children past what are perceived as their shortcomings. Pushing children to succeed is not abuse, but when it is done in a way that is unnecessarily cruel, it's psychological abuse.

Not all psychological abuse is situation specific, these two examples are simply easily recognized by most members of society. Many cases of psychological abuse occur across all situations, especially behind closed doors. It is the most common form of child abuse, not only because it occurs with both sexual and physical abuse but because it is often not perceived as harmful behavior simply because it leaves no outer bruises (Cook & Cook 2005, pp. 142).

Although half of all abuse cases occur with Caucasian children, the rates of abuse are highest among Native Americans and African-Americans (Cook & Cook 2005, pp. 142). Because psychological abuse is probably the most under-reported type of abuse (because it leaves no direct evidence, teachers and other adults who come into contact with abused children might…… [Read More]

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Child Abuse and Domestic Violence

One group will consist of those with childhood abuse experience while the other group will consist of respondents who do not have childhood abuse experience. This grouping is done to achieve the objective of assessing whether respondents with abusive histories really posses a starkly different view of the family. Both groups shall consist of male and female adults, aged 26-55 years old. For the purpose for this research, those belonging to the abused groups will be those have experienced childhood sexual and/or physical abuse.

Research Protocol

In terms of the research ethics, the respondents will be assured of their anonymity through verbal and written means. Before the start of the interview, the author will present to them a letter assuring them that all the information that they will be disclosing will solely be used for academic purposes. They will also be asked to choose a name or alias that will instead be used in citing them during the data presentation.

VI. Conclusion

The increasing rate of people experiencing domestic violence, particularly child abuse, has been particularly alarming. Hence, this proposal aims to further analyze the family dynamics that involve the reversal of the supposedly nurturing function of the family. Literature…… [Read More]

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