Age Discrimination Essays (Examples)

Another form of discrimination that is most evident in this scenario is age discrimination. Age discrimination has had a long history of being under litigated precisely because it is hard to monitor and to positively identify. However, it is a significant problem within the arena of business ethics because age plays a large role in the image of a resort. Managers believe that having young employees instills a sense of modernity to their establishment and therefore recruitment usually occurs for the young rather than the old. This discrimination could be occurring within the baderman island resorts precisely because it is pictured as a destination of relaxation and modernity. Golfing ranges and spas can ill afford to give the image of traditional and old-aged. However, ensuring that age is not a factor within the resort is one of the primary manager ethical concerns. In this case the quota system may not…

Age and Age Discrimination on an Organization

We hear so much about race, gender and sexual orientation discrimination on the job. And this is with good reason. America, unfortunately, has a long and torrid history of racial and gender discrimination, and the last 20 years have added sexual orientation discrimination to the list, especially given stories of gays being banished from the military.

African-Americans, in particular, were long barred from certain jobs, and even when they were fully integrated into the workforce during the 1980s, they faced the very low glass ceiling, as do women. oth African-Americans (and minorities in general) and women face challenges on the job in getting promotions and raises that white male Americans do not even dream of.

Today, the newest frontier in discrimination on the job is age discrimination. In reality, though, age discrimination has been around forever; it is only now getting some attention…

Bibliography

AFLCIO. 2004. Discrimination: Age.  http://www.aflcio.org/yourjobeconomy/rights/rightsatwork/disc_age.cfm 

EEOC. 2001.  http://www.eeoc.gov /employers/smallbusinesses.html

Employment Practices Solutions: 2004. Westinghouse and Northrop settled 2 age discrimination lawsuits for $14 million.

Gallagher, John. 2005. Class action suits likely to increase as companies cut older workers. Columbus Ledger-Enquirer, Jan. 15, 2005.

Workplace discrimination leads to a mismatch between qualified workers and their jobs, and it carries significant economic consequences in the American workplace.

Okechukwu, Souza, Davis and Castro (2014) define workplace discrimination as unfair rules and conditions that impair the ability of group members. It is motivated by inferiority and mistreatment of the disadvantaged group over the dominant group. It is based on races and even occurs among disadvantaged groups themselves. For example, some ethnic groups are favored than immigrant workers. Discrimination does exist with respect to age, gender, and disabilities as well. Though Americans prohibit societal and historical influences among the workers through the Disabilities Act, it does persist. Workplace discrimination is unequal treatment of employees whereas workplace harassment involves negative actions toward a worker with respect to race/ethnicity, gender, etc. Sexual harassment includes sexist behavior, sexual hostility, unwanted sexual attention, and sexual coercion in which one's gender or sex…

Discrimination

Employment Discrimination esearch Project

Employment Discrimination in the United States

What I already knew/What I wanted to know

The Federal Employment Opportunity (EEO) laws were established, during the civil rights movement, to protect employees from discrimination. According to Title VII of the Civil ights Act, employment discrimination because of race, color, religion, gender, and national origin is illegal. The Equal Pay Act protects workers against sex bias and salary discrimination. In addition, there are laws which protect people with disabilities, and employees over 40 years old from discrimination; such as, The Age Discrimination in Employment Act, the ehabilitation Act, and the Americans with Disabilities Act. Discrimination against people on the basis of their genetic information is also illegal. The Civil ights Act of 1991 allows employees who are intentionally discriminated against to receive monetary damages (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2009).

In my opinion, the government has made significant…

References

(Biskupic J. 2011330)Biskupic, J. (2011, 3/30) retrieved April 22, 2011, from  http://www.usatoday.com/money/workplace/2011-03-29-supreme-court-wal-mart_N.htm 

(Donohue P. Marzulli J. 2010929)Donohue, P., & Marzulli, J. (2010, September 29). Retrieved April 22, 2011, from  http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/2010/09/29/2010-09-29_transit_workers_headgear_suit_gets_judges_nod.html 

(Fieler A 20091103 Baltimore Jewish Times) Fieler, A. (2009, November 3). Baltimore Jewish Times. Retrieved April 22, 2011, from  http://www.jewishtimes.com/index.php/jewishtimes/news/jt/local_news/brothers_allege_workplace_anti-semitism/15407 

(Hardin M. 2010 EEOC sues Brown Palace Hotel) Hardin, M. (2010). EEOC sues Brown Palace Hotel. Retrieved April 25, 2011, from  http://www.bizjournals.com/denver/stories/2010/07/19/daily39.html

Age and Learning a New Language

hat is the ideal age for a person to be able to learn a new language? hat are the dynamics (besides age) that contribute to SLA? This paper delves into those subjects using scholarly articles as resources.

The Literature on Learning a New Language and Age

"…Early beginners, through their longer exposure to L2, reach the necessary competence levels in their two languages sooner to allow transfer in both directions…" (Djigunovic, 2010).

hy are very young students especially gifted to pick up new languages quickly? The scholarship shows that younger learners "…have no awkwardness or inhibitions with the new language" and don't get too upset when they make mistakes (Cenoz, 2003, p. 77). As to whether or not younger learners "…soak up new languages" simply because the soak up information like a sponge soaks up water, Cenoz has his doubts. Indeed studies show younger…

Works Cited

Cenoz, Jasone. (2003). "The Effect of Age on Foreign Language Acquisition in Formal

Contexts. In Age and the Acquisition of English As a Foreign Language, M. Mayo, and M.

Lecumberri, Eds. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.

Cummins, Jim, and Davison, Chris. (2007). International Handbook of English Language

Reports indicated by the Pew Hispanic Center show that the Hispanic immigrants are twice as likely to lack health care as the black Americans and three times as likely compared to the whites non-Hispanic (Pew Hispanic Center). Illegal immigrants are even worse since they are probably subjected to accepting lower paid jobs that are not providing health care and since their financial situation does not allow them to have a health insurance. Surprisingly, even those who are born in the U.S. (from Hispanic origin) and also have a health care insurance are declaring that they are not using a particular health care provider because they seldom need medical assistance.

Recent report show that the rate of unemployment is almost twice as high among the Hispanic immigrants compared to the rest of the population unemployment rate. On the other hand, it is also more visible, compared to the immigrants coming from…

The political arena in the U.S. has plaid the illegal immigrants' issues card and during the last elections, the Latinos are reported to have voted in favor of the democrat party in a proportion of 2:1 (Ludden, 2008). If those measures president Obama promised to take in trying to improve overall life conditions for the illegal immigrants and changing their status into legal emigrants are going to be taken and how soon, it is still a matter to be debated over. The elected president, Barack Obama will have to face the present economic situation in the U.S. with a firm hand, aware that the majority who voted for him has high expectations and its complete trust. Among those who voted for the democrats are the Hispanics.

Many Hispanic men have lost their jobs, during the last year, especially in the construction field, but the Hispanic women facing the same situation them (Pew Hispanic Center). On the other hand, the general situation of the immigrants working in fields like construction is considered worse than last year. The Hispanic population is suffering the consequences of an economy in recession along with anybody else living and working in this country. The fact that they outnumber all the other immigrants is making thir problematic worse.

The complex situation of the illegal Latino immigrants risking their lives to come to the U.S. through the U.S. - Mexico border is asking for complex and thought through measures. The Hispanic population in the U.S. who is working in the low-skilled labor is facing problems like bad working conditions, underpayment and discrimination because of the lack of education and the precarious status people living under such conditions face. Education is a key factor and the future programs will have to focus more in this side on their problems. Health is another key factor that has to come up in further discussions regarding the improvement of the living standards for those Hispanics who are living and working here. The economy is officially in recession, but the demand for cheap working force has not decreased.

Discrimination and Affirmative Action

DISCIMINATION

The current study investigates gender discrimination and the relationship between organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Women report through survey questions on how they view gender discrimination against women today, their level of commitment to an organization, and their level of agreement on how satisfied they are in their jobs. The purpose of this study is discussing certain issues that pertain particularly to women, because majority of women's find barriers when moving towards the top.

According to the Federal Glass Ceiling Commission, the definition of glass ceiling refers to "the artificial barriers present in the workplace to the advancement of women and minorities." egardless of achievements, the glass ceiling is an "unseen" barrier that keeps minorities and women from rising to the top of the corporate ladder. The glass ceiling still persists in today's society even though the equity gap between men and women in managerial…

References

Connerley M.L. & P.B. Pedersen (2005), Leadership in a diverse and multicultural environment: developing awareness, knowledge, and skills, Thousand Oaks, Ca: Sage. Pp. 101-115

Edgar F. & Geare A. (2004), "Employee demographics in human resource management research," Research and practice in human research management, 12(1), 61-91.

Faderman, Lillian, 2005, Surpassing the Love of Men: Romantic Friendship and Love Between Women from the Renaissance to the Present. London: The Women's Press, pp. 167-168

Finnis, John, (2004), "Law, Morality, and 'Sexual Orientation'" Notre Dame Law Review 69: 1049-1076.

Discrimination and Affirmative Action

Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) enforced by the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) prohibits private and state and local government employers with 15 or more employees from discriminating against individuals on the basis of disability. Title I of the ADA also generally requires covered employers to make reasonable accommodations -- changes in the workplace or in the way things are usually done that provide individuals with disabilities equal employment opportunities." (U.S. Equal Opportunity Commission, 2008) In order to meet the ADA's definition of disability the individual must have a "physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities; (2) has a record of such an impairment; or (3) is regarded as having such an impairment. This definition of disability may differ from the definition used in other laws. For example, the term "disabled veteran" means an individual…

Bibliography

Chapter 4-1, Equal Employment Opportunity Program (Sept. 12, 2003) U.S. Department of Justice. retrieved from: http://www.justice.gov/jmd/ps/chpt4-1.html

Dunn, CP (1997) The Normative Defense for Affirmative Action. Journal of Management Inquiry. Retrieved from:  http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/dunnweb/pubs.aa.html 

ETERANS WITH SERVICE-CONNECTED DISABILITIES AND THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT (ADA): A GUIDE FOR EMPLOYERS (2008) U.S. Equal Opportunity Commission. Retrieved from: http://archive.eeoc.gov/facts/veterans-disabilities-employers.ht

NSPECTOR GENERAL INSTRUCTION 1440.1 (2005) SUBJECT: Equal Employment Opportunity Program. Department of Defense. Retrieved from:  http://www.dodig.mil/fo/Foia/ERR/IGDINST%201440.1%20IG%20Signed%2011-09-05.pdf

Indeed, the most serious health issue related to domestic violence of course is mortality, and the California omen's Law Center (CLC) conducted a survey of 100 murders of women by their male intimate partners. The results are very germane for those interested in health-related gender fairness through the law in California.

CLC found that in 59% of the surveyed cases of women homicide victims the murder was not the first abusive episode; and a "history of threats to the victims' life" by the killer was available in 47% of the cases. Because seeking a "restraining order" and/or domestic violence services increases a victim's safety in many cases, 68% of abused murder victims "...never obtained, or attempted to obtain, a protective order against their abusive partner" (CLC, 2003). Just 20% of those women killed by intimate partners had an active restraining order against their abuser at the time they were murdered.…

Works Cited

Austin, Emily. "Teen Dating Violence and School Response." California Commission on the Status of Women. Retrieved 10 Dec. 2008 at  http://www.CWLC.org .

Bellasalma, Patricia. "Taking a Close Look at Prop. 4, Californians Will Vote No as they Have Two Times When Similar Measures Were on the Ballot." California Progress Report. Retrieved 10 Dec. 2008, at http://www.californiaprogressreport.com.(2008).

Buckland, Katie. "Lawsuit Charges Hormone Cream Manufacturers with Deceptive Marketing." California Women's Law Center. Retrieved 10 Dec. 2008 at

Hall by publishing the truth in any letter of recommendation (Dershowitz,

2002).

In reality, Dean Moore's refusal was not the result of any prejudicial or otherwise impermissible basis. Nevertheless, the dean's strongest possible position would be to offer to write the requested letter but to inform Ms. Hall that any such letter would necessarily, as a matter of social responsibility and sound public policy, have to include a description of the circumstances of Ms. Hall's departure from NBSU in conjunction with an objective and fair description of her actual academic performance and technical competence. Even if her refusal to provide any letter is justified, defending a discrimination lawsuit is expensive and potentially damaging to the institution. On the other hand, there is no such thing as a legal claim arising from someone's refusal to lie and any suit brought by Ms. Hall based on the dean's insistence on full disclosure…

References

Dershowitz, a. (2002). Shouting Fire: Civil Liberties in a Turbulent Age. New York:

Simon & Schuster.

Halbert, T, Ingulli, E. (2007). Law & Ethics in the Business Environment. Cincinnati,

OH: West.

It would appear that whites are willing to accept such a commitment only in the cases in which the white woman is coming from an inferior class. (Turner, 1990)

Most people today agree that the act of marriage should only depend on the two individuals that perform it, not considering their race, nationality or any other factor which can falsely influence a decision.

Jane Dabel, "A Superior Colored Man. And a Scotch Woman": Interracial Marriages in New York City, 1850-1870," International Social Science eview 80.3-4 (2005), Questia, 3 Dec. 2008 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5012453403.

Patricia Grimshaw, "Interracial Marriages and Colonial egimes in Victoria and Aotearoa/New Zealand," Frontiers - a Journal of Women's Studies 23.3 (2002), Questia, 3 Dec. 2008 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002526583.

enee D. Turner, "Interracial Couples in the South; Attitudes Are Changing on Once-Illegal Marriages of Blacks to Whites," Ebony June 1990, Questia, 3 Dec. 2008 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000122240.

obert P. McNamara, Maria Tempenis, and Beth…

Robert P. McNamara, Maria Tempenis, and Beth Walton, Crossing the Line Interracial Couples in the South (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999) 1, Questia, 3 Dec. 2008  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=15354562 .

Ursula M. Brown, the Interracial Experience: Growing Up Black/White Racially Mixed in the United States (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001) 1, Questia, 3 Dec. 2008  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101026457 .

Interracial Couples." About.com. 3 December, 2008. http://racerelations.about.com/od/racerelationships/a/interracialcoup.htm

Positive Discrimination -- Do We Need it?

For centuries, the global community has strived to eliminate discrimination against minority groups. For centuries, women had been emotionally and/or physically abused; they were prohibited from voting and working. Today, they are allowed to work outside the household, but they are still paid less than their male counterparts. Additionally, the responsibility of raising the children and completing the household chores remains heavily preponderant among the female categories.

The women represent one of the most obvious categories of people discriminated against; but they only represent a mere fraction of the overall population subjected to discrimination. And the grounds for the discrimination are multiple, to include anything and everything from gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, political and religious appurtenance, age or disability.

The modern day society is making intense efforts to ensure that discrimination is eliminated -- or at least decreased to the minimum level…

References:

Barnes, C., Disabled people in Britain and discrimination: a case for anti-discrimination legislation, (1991)

Bentham, J., Jeremy Bentham to his fellow-citizens of France, on houses of Peers and Senates, (1830)

Carr, E.A., Attitudes toward and knowledge of affirmative action in higher education, (2007)

Edwards, J., Batley, R., The politics of positive discrimination: an evaluation of the Urban Programme, 1967-77, (1980)

Workplace discrimination can be understood as an inappropriate, unjustifiable treatment towards a person or a set of people at the workplace. Such undesirable treatment is based more often on people's race, ethnicity, age, marital status, sex or other describing characteristics (Australian Human Rights Commission, n.d). Workplace discrimination can give the impression of a repudiation of particular civil liberties, neglectful treatment, deliberate undervaluing of an employee's character or work outcomes and attainments. Workplace discrimination is not only done by the employee but by the fellow employees or peers and other superiors as well. Workplace discrimination, although often not as blatant as in previous periods, continues to proliferate across organizations and on a global level. Fittingly regarded as modern discrimination, discriminatory behavior in the present day is time and again categorized by elusive and clandestine behaviors that can edge below regulations and organizational guidelines (Marchiondo et al., 2015).
Types of Discrimination in…

Goodyear which effectively denied employees the right to sue for wage discrimination after the passing of 180 days that "Justice Ruth ader Ginsberg was so incensed she read her scathing dissent aloud from the bench. She defended Lilly Ledbetter's right to sue her employer, Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Inc. For pay discrimination on the basis of sex, giving a not-so-gentle reminder of the realities of the American workplace." (Steiger, 2007) Specifically written by Justice Ginsburg is that as follows:

worker knows immediately if she is denied a promotion or transfer, if she is fired or refused employment. And promotions, transfers, hirings, and firings are generally public events, known to co-workers. When an employer makes a decision of such open and definitive character, an employee can immediately seek out an explanation and evaluate it for pretext. Compensation disparities, in contrast, are often hidden from sight." (Steiger, 2007)

Steiger reports that…

Bibliography

Abrams, Jim (2009) House Approves Bill to Fight Wage Discrimination. Yahoo News. 9 Jan 2009. Online available at  http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090109/ap_on_go_co/pay_equity 

Barko, N. (2000. June 19). The Other Gender Gap. (Online) Available  http://www.prospect.org/archives/V11-15/barko-n.html .

Bland, T.S. (1999, July). Equal Pay Enforcement Heats Up. HR Magazine, p. 138-145.

Bland, T.S., Nail, T.N., Knox, D.P. (2000, May). OFCCP, White House push comparable worth. HR News, p. 22-24.

To be eligible for FMLA an employee must have a condition that makes him or her unable to perform their essential job function" (Vikesland, 2006). Previously-existing amendments to the Civil ights Act prohibited discrimination against women based upon pregnancy and the Equal Pay Act (EPA) of 1963 mandated equal pay for women and men doing the same work (EEOC, 2011, Official Website).

Protected groups can allege they have been the victims of discrimination based upon charges of disparate treatment and disparate impact. Disparate treatment means that the worker was denied opportunities or advancement based upon his or her membership in a protected category because of the explicit intention of the employer, such as a sexist employer that openly discriminates against women. Disparate impact cases, in contrast, refer to discriminatory policies that have a disparate impact upon a particular group of employees (Payne 2009: 60). For example, an employer might require…

Resources

EEOC. (2011). Official Website. Retrieved June 10, 2011 at  http://www.eeoc.gov /laws/statutes/index.cfm' target='_blank' REL='NOFOLLOW'>

EEOC Discrimination Claim

Discrimination Complaints: A Case Study

John believes that he has been discriminated against by his employer, a private company. The nature of the alleged discrimination could be related to John's race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age if 40 or older, disability, or genetic information (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission [EEOC], 2010, p. 1; EEOC, n.d.). The Constitutional authority for filing a discrimination claim against an employer comes from a number of different acts, including the Civil ights Act, Age Discrimination in Employment Act, Equal Pay Act, and the ehabilitation Act. The federal agency responsible for regulating and mediating such claims is the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Protection against employer retaliation for filing a discrimination claim is also provided under these laws and regulations.

Pre-Complaint Procedures

The procedure for filing a discrimination complaint with the EEOC requires that the employee notify the employer of the grievance (EEOC, 2010,…

References

Arizona Judicial Branch. (2010). Guide to AZ Courts: General jurisdiction courts. Accessed June 5, 2011 at  http://www.azcourts.gov/guidetoazcourts/GeneralJurisdictionCourts.aspx 

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2010). Regulations: Part 1614 -- Federal sector equal employment opportunity FRFS. Retrieved June 5, 2011 from  http://www.eeoc.gov /federal/directives/upload/1614-final.pdf

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (n.d.). Filing a charge of discrimination. Accessed June 5, 2011 at  http://www1.eeoc.gov//employees/charge.cfm?renderforprint=1 

United States Courts. (n.d.). Civil Cases. Accessed June 5, 2011 at  http://www.uscourts.gov/FederalCourts/UnderstandingtheFederalCourts/HowCourtsWork/CivilCases.aspx

To do so, John needs to seek a Notice of ight-to-Sue from the EEOC. This document serves as proof that John filed a complaint with the EEOC, as required by the underlying statutes, and serves as his means of entry into the court system (See generally, EEOC, Filing a lawsuit, 2010).

Even though the laws governing employment discrimination are federal laws, John can file his lawsuit in state court or federal court, assuming that state or local laws also prohibit such discrimination. Frequently, at that stage, John's employer is going to seek removal of the case to the federal system, because federal judges are considered more likely to grant summary judgment in favor of employer-defendants than state-court judges are. Employers are able to receive removal because federal courts have jurisdiction over questions of federal law. Therefore, John's lawsuit might proceed in the federal or state court system.

If John's lawsuit…

References

United States Courts. (2010). Federal Courts structure. Retrieved from http://www.uscourts.

gov/FederalCourts/UnderstandingtheFederalCourts/FederalCourtsStructure.aspx

United States Courts. (2010). Jurisdiction of the Federal Courts. Retrieved from  http://www.uscourts.gov/FederalCourts/UnderstandingtheFederalCourts/Jurisdiction.aspx 

U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2010). Filing a charge of discrimination.

Given the context and the fact that being a convicted criminal and a sex offender could conceivably make the risk of any type of abuse (whether or not of a sexual nature) foreseeable, that defense is unlikely to succeed. However, generally, the knowledge of one Board member who does not disclose that knowledge to the Board will not be imputed to the rest of the Board. In any case, that issue is unlikely to matter because of the school's liability in negligence even without knowledge.

Question # 3

As previously discussed, the school is likely to be found liable to Anna for Title VII discrimination by virtue of her age because it allowed Forester to create a hostile work environment by failing to discipline either Forester or DuFrane, the other male teacher who made the hostile statement. The school will argue that even under those facts, the severity and extent…

healthcare services, many people could encounter some form of discrimination on the basis of their race, gender, or even sexual orientation. Discrimination in healthcare may seem like it is not something that is a major issue. However, it absolutely does come up in many situations, states and environments. hether based on gender, religion, race or sexuality, discrimination happens at overt or implied levels all of the time. In other situations, there are huge disparities in healthcare outcomes from one group to another and many experts say that this can only come from systemic or sporadic instance of racism from the healthcare sphere, from society in general or a combination of the two. hile most people get very good care, there are situations where the healthcare and/or government sectors fall short. It is important to note that although people are not always aware of this; there are various laws that seek…

Works Cited

Cornell Law School. (n.d.). 11 U.S. Code Section 507 - Priorities. Retrieved from www.law.cornell.edu:  https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/11/507 

Cornell Law School. (n.d.). 18 U.S. Code Section 152 - Concealment of assets; false oaths and claims; bribery. Retrieved from www.law.cornell.edu:  https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/152 

lawschoolcasebriefs.net. (2002). Access Now, Inc. v. Southwest Airlines Co. Retrieved from www.lawschoolcasebriefs.net:  http://www.lawschoolcasebriefs.net/2013/12/access-now-inc-v-southwest-airlines-co.html 

State of California. (n.d.). California Corporations Code. Retrieved from www.leginfo.ca.gov: http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/.html/corp_table_of_contents.html

These figures dwarfed what other big businesses paid for discriminatory practices. These businesses included Texaco, Inc.; Shoney's, Inc., Winn-Dixie, Stores, Inc.; and CSX Transportation, Inc. Critics saw Coca-Cola's settlement as signaling a major breakthrough among big businesses as coming to terms with diversity in the workplace (King). ecause the company has been a leader in many areas, these critics regarded it as setting an example of greater openness to promotions across races of employees (King).

Settlement terms included $23.7 million as back pay; $58.7 million as compensatory damages; and $10 million as promotional achievement award fund distributed to the complainants. A remaining $20 million went to attorney's fees and $36 million to the implementation of internal program reforms. Coca-Cola would also create an external, seven-member task force to insure that the terms were complied with and to oversee the company's diversity efforts (King).

According to Social Networks. - Connections in…

Bibliography

Bland, T. (1999). Equal pay enforcement heats up. 4 pages. HR Magazine: Society for Human

Resources Management

Bronstad, a. (2001). EEOC alleges Beverley Hilton discrimination. 2 pages. Los Angeles

Business Journal: CBJ, LP

Equal Employment Act

Federal laws have been passed in order to provide protection for American citizens from discrimination in a number of different instances. This paper will review the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978, and the Employee Polygraph Protection Act. This paper will also present legal cases in which all three of these laws have become involved in litigation, and will also include an example of a Human Relations policy for each, which reflects that there has been compliance in specific workplaces.

The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA)

This law, enacted in 1967, was designed to protect people over the age of 40 from being discriminated against based on their age. In short, it is against the law to discriminate against an individual due to his or her age, according to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). This…

Works Cited

AgeRights.com. (2000). Reeves v. Sanders Plumbing Products, Inc. Retrieved May 30, 2014,

from  http://www.agerights.com .

Bouboushian, R. (2013). Pregnancy Bias May Have Led to Firing From Target. Courthouse News Service. Retrieved May 30, 2014, from  http://www.courthousenews.com .

Iredale, E.G., and Yoo, J. (2012). M.G., F.M., L.A., J.M., L.G., F.B., M.N., R.G., L.S., and E.R., individuals, v. Metropolitan Interpreters and Translators, Inc. Retrieved May 30,

Social discrimination is a form of bigotry in which social decency toward or against an individual or group is based on social impression of their outlook, beliefs, or behavior. It can be a concerted behavior directed towards a group in affirmative action or negative behavior directed against a particular group as in race and tribal discrimination. The latter is the most typical meaning, i.e. negative discrimination (Social discrimination - Psychology Wiki -- Wikia). Social discrimination in areas such as race or religion is illegalized in most Western cultures, whilst discriminating people on the basis of virtue is normally acceptable. In case biased discrimination happens, it is normally identified as discrimination toward an individual person or a group, rather than discrimination between people or groups, which is openly the discernment of qualities and recognition of the differences.

Social Discrimination Still Seen Today

Fifty years hence, following Dr. Martin Luther King Junior's…

References

EEOC Home Page. (n.d.). Federal Laws Prohibiting Job Discrimination: Questions and Answers. Retrieved July 7, 2016, from  http://www.eeoc.gov /facts/qanda.html' target='_blank' REL='NOFOLLOW'>

sexual discrimination in the work place based on a case study and then suggest solutions for such a scenario. The case on which the whole report will be based is a suit filed by the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission on behalf of Marla Sexson, a former admissions dean of Newman University. The charge against the college administration is that the university did not promote her when her female supervisor resigned because the Newman president, Aidan Dunleavy, wanted to change her with a man. When Sexson lodged complain against the unfair treatment meted out to her, University retaliated with bad behavior by changing her duties and job title. This demotion from her earlier position totally disheartened Sexson and finally she had to resign. According to the news reports there have been attempts to resolve the issue without a lawsuit but such efforts did not come to fruition. A lawsuit is…

Bibliography

Cohn, S. (2000). Race and Gender Discrimination at Work. Westview Press

Colella, A., Dipboye, R. (2005). Discrimination at Work: The Psychological and Organizational Bases. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates

Dwyer, K. (2005). Taking Action Against Discrimination. New York Times October 02.. Retrieved on October 5, 2005 from:

 http://www.nytimes.com /2005/10/02/jobs/02dwyer.html

decision -- federal or state court -- where an employer was found NOT GUILTY of violating one of our chief laws (EEO, ADA, EPA, ADEA, etc. - -).

Give us the case citation, briefly summarize the case and explain why the employer was found not to have violated an employment discrimination law.

In Linda Tatom v. es-Care, Inc., No. 14-6125 (10th Cir., Jan. 24, 2015), the teacher Linda Tatom was an at-will employee of the Guthrie Job Corps Center (GJCC). After being involved in an altercation with a male trainee, she was allowed to go home for the day. Tatom refused to return to GJCC until the trainee was removed. She filled out a report but GJCC stated that her report on the incident did not indicate if the offense was a Level I or (lesser) Level II infraction and the employee was not removed (EmployerLinc, 2015).

Tatom was ultimately…

Reference

Information on minors and employment. (2015). California Department of Industrial Relations.

Retrieved from:  http://www.dir.ca.gov/dlse/dlse-cl.htm

Policies and Procedures

Health and Safety Guidelines

There are several elements to health and safety guidelines that must be adhered to. The presence of equipment, hot water, and chemicals all represent safety hazards to the workers. Furthermore, to the extent that the operation carries cash, and may be at risk for robbery, there are other safety considerations that need to be taken into account. There will be electrical equipment in this environment, a risk given that water will be everywhere on site and its spray uncontrolled. A further risk is that customers will be operating the car wash, meaning that employees do not have full control over the equipment. OSHA has published a list of the common citations specific to the car wash industry, including fall protection, hazard communication, scaffolding, respiratory protection, control of hazardous energy, machines, wiring and more (Lawless, 2012).

A lot of health and safety guidelines can…

References

Lawless, P. (2012). OSHA for carwash operators: Regulations, enforcement and citations. Professional Carwashing and Detailing. Retrieved March 30, 2016 from  http://www.carwash.com/osha-regulations-enforcement-and-citations/ 

OSHA (2009). Unguarded conveyor injures carwash worker. Occupational Health & Safety Association. Retrieved March 30, 2016 from  https://ohsonline.com/articles/2009/09/28/conveyor-injures-carwasher.aspx

Discrimination and Prejudice Affects Families

Discrimination is basically defined as the unfair or prejudicial treatment of various kinds of people or things, particularly on the basis of age, race, sex or ethnicity. In contrast, prejudice can be described as a preconceived opinion about a person or a group of people that is not based on experience or research. Discrimination and prejudice occur in various societies as various groups of people are wrong preconceived opinions and unfair treatment that is fueled by various factors. Some of the most common factors that generate discrimination and prejudice include cultural differences, religious differences, socio-economic differences, racial differences, differences in sexual orientation and preferences, and differences in nationality. As a result of its spread, discrimination and prejudice continues to have considerable impacts on families and child rearing practices, which necessitate the development of measures to address it.

How Discrimination Affects Families

Generally, the effect of…

References

Ambrosino, R., Heffernan, J., Shuttlesworth, G. & Ambrosino, R. (2011). Brooks/Cole

empowerment series: social work and social welfare: an introduction (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.

Davies, M. (2008, November). Eradicating Child Poverty: The Role of Key Policy Areas.

Retrieved November 22, 2014, from  http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/2271-poverty-exclusion-discrimination.pdf

Discrimination and Harassment

Discrimination is an act of prejudice where unfairness towards a person or group of persons is demonstrated. It is an act of unreasonably treating a person less fairly as compared to how others are treated. Discrimination can manifest itself in many instances in our lives, either within the social environment, workplace, school, and many others. In reference and respect to every person's human rights, discrimination is prohibited under human rights and constitutional laws. According to an online source, this especially includes discrimination based on the following attributes.

race, colour, sex, age, trade union activity, religion, criminal record, political opinion, marital status, impairment (including HIV status), disability (including physical and intellectual), medical record, national extraction, nationality, social origin, sexual orientation, gender identity inc. transexuality

Harassment, on the other hand, is a form of abusing or injuring a person or group of persons, either physically, mentally, or emotionally. As…

References

Discrimination and Sexual Harassment.

 http://www.apesma.asn.au/adviceonline/contents.htm 

Workplace Bias.

 http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/business/july-dec04/walmart_7-5.html

discrimination in business. Specifically it will compare and contrast my opinion of the definition of reverse discrimination, and how equal employment laws relate to the equal employment opportunity. everse discrimination is the practice of denying employment to certain races or genders in order to meet hiring quotas or hire to meet racial quotas. It attempts to hire more minorities to help them prosper and grow in business, but many people feel those hiring choices are discriminatory toward others who are not members of that particular race.

All employers confront the challenge of hiring an equal number of women and people of color, as well as white employees, from a pool of qualified applicants. One author notes this is a challenging and complex task. He notes, "Confronting the challenge of equal employment opportunity is a continuing and complex responsibility for all employers" (Gullett, 2000, p. 107). Equal employment opportunity laws were…

References

Gullett, C.R. (2000). Reverse discrimination and remedial affirmative action in employment: Dealing with the paradox of nondiscrimination. Public Personnel Management, 29(1), 107.

Sander, R.H. (2004). A systemic analysis of affirmative action in American law schools. Stanford Law Review, 57(2), 367+.

Representative X:

As healthcare legislation continues to be debated in the House and Senate, I would like to express my support for the continuation of one, significant policy that was instituted under the Affordable Care Act (ACA), namely the idea that young people under the age of 26 should be permitted to remain on their family's health insurance policies. The current generation of young people is graduating with more college debt than ever before and many new graduates are forced to take jobs that do not offer full benefits. The rise of freelance employment also means that many young persons may be forced to forgo jobs with health insurance.

Buying independent insurance is a significant cost, even though ensuring that young and healthy people are in the health insurance risk pool is necessary to keep overall healthcare costs low. Preventative early care can also reduce the need for more costly…

adults have an episode or two from their youth of which they are not extremely proud. Perhaps it involved sneaking a beer (or several beers) at a social function, or lying about one's plans for the evening to get permission to attend a questionable event. Most kids have learned the hard way on at least a few experiences -- speeding, missing curfew, or cheating on a test. Younger children are taught that taking a pack of gum from the store without paying for it is wrong, and that there are certain words on television that they shouldn't repeat in school. e accept these facts of life fairly easily; minors aren't mentally or socially equipped to know how they should behave all of the time. Children have to be taught about social mores, and teenagers test authority without considering the consequences in a way that most adults would. Lawbreaking -- whether…

Works Cited

Primary

Atkins v. Virginia, 2004, 536 U.S. 304

Case 12-285, Inter-American Court on Human Rights Rep. No 3/87 (1987)

Domingues v. State, 961 P. 2d 1279,1280, Nev. 1989

Discrimination

Unintentional Discrimination

Unintentional discrimination occurs when a company's policies uncritically reflect prejudicial stereotypes yet do not involve overt racial prejudices of its managers or executives. Does legislation to verify voter identification fall under the domain of unintentional or intentional discrimination? Explain your views.

The voter verification effects that are currently being proposed, predominately in Conservative lead states, are both unintentional and intentional discrimination. They are unintentional in their best case given that legislators have reasonable assumptions to make the passage of these verification requirements mandatory for all potential voters. Some analysts believe that voter fraud is a real threat to the political system. Although there have only been a handful of voter fraud cases ever prosecuted in the United States, there might be a seemingly legitimate argument to support voter identification initiatives. For example, J. Christian Adams, an election lawyer in Alexandria, Va., and advocate for voter-ID laws who…

Works Cited

Bialik, C. (2012, September 1). Counting Voter Fraud. Retrieved from The Wall Street Journal:  http://blogs.wsj.com/numbersguy/counting-voter-fraud-1165/ 

Demby, G. (2012, August 16). Pennsylvania Voter ID Law: Mike Turzai Repeats Debunked Myth About Election Fraud. Retrieved from Huffington Post:  http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/16/pennsylvania-voter-id-law_n_1790844.html 

Plunder, J. (2012, August 19). Ohio Republicans finally admit limited hours intended to suppress black voters. Retrieved from Plunderbund:  http://www.plunderbund.com/2012/08/19/ohio-republicans-finally-admit-limited-hours-intended-to-suppress-black-voters/

History Of Discrimination From Legislation to the Present Day

There are various form of discrimination that have been in existence over the decades, racism is just one of the oldest and most prevailing kind of discrimination. acism is the belief that a race of people is inferior to another. Various practices in the U.S. are seen to be motivated by racism and these include the slave trade where humans are treated as property that is disposable, without any rights and privileges. It was mainly practiced in southern U.S. until the civil war when it was outlawed by the 13th amendment. Job discrimination is also widespread and involves exclusion of people from jobs due to their race which was outlawed on a national level in 1964.segregaton in public places, schools, sports and other places was also in existence but was outlawed in 1964. Denial of voting rights like literacy tests, poll…

References

NSW Business Chamber.(2012). Vicarious Liability. Retrieved February 12, 2014 from  http://www.workplaceinfo.com.au/resources/employment-topics-a-z/vicarious-liability 

Naomi, A, L.(2009).Motivational strategies and their impact on productivity. Retrieved February 12,2014 from http://dspace.knust.edu.gh:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/4257/1/Aryeetey%20Loretta%20Naomi.pdf

Fair work Ombudsman.(2012).Types of Discrimination. Retrieved February 12, 2014 from  http://www.fairwork.gov.au/employment/discrimination/pages/types-of-discrimination.aspx

Disparity and Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System

Discrimination in the justice system is the dissimilarity based on the difference in treatment given to people regardless of their qualifications or behavior. The criminal justice system has different forms of discrimination including pure justice, contextual discrimination, institutionalized discrimination, and systematic discrimination. Every stage of the criminal justice system experiences systematic discrimination. Further, this form of discrimination occurs without variation in all corners of the world. This implies that systematic discrimination happens when a certain gender, ethnic, age or race group encounters discrimination in different parts of the world. Critics are of the opinion systematic discrimination does not exist while other believes that it exists when groups of people encounter consistent discrimination in the criminal justice system (obinson & Williams, 2009).

Institutionalized discrimination is associated with disparities in the results and not in the policies. Institutionalized discrimination is based on the aspect…

References

Mustard, B. (2009). Racial, ethnic, and gender disparities in sentencing: Evidence from the U.S.

Federal Courts. New York: Springer.

Robinson, M. & Williams, M. (2009). The myth of a fair criminal justice system. South Carolina:

Edward Elgar Publishing.

Presence of minority groups at a workplace

At work places, individuals are being discriminated on the basis of being a minority. Structural theory states clearly there is always a consequence for being the minority. This theory is in relation to three known token dynamics which include; it leads to contrast effect that leads to social isolation, it has the element of visibility that results to performance pressure and it also results to stereotyping or role encapsulation (Bell, 2007). Discrimination may be as a result of the individual (from the minority group) being scrutinized to find out whether he/she is capable to excel in whatever he/she is doing. From this theory, an individual whom the public does not associate his/her presence with a certain kind of work is more doubted than a person whom they have faith that he/she can handle the work. For example, a woman with mechanic skills can…

References

Alon, S., & Haberfeld, Y. (2007). Labor force attachment and the evolving wage gap between White, Black, and Hispanic young women. Work and Occupations, 34, 369-398.

Byron, R.A. (2010). Discrimination, Complexity, and the Public/Private Sector Question. Work and Occupations, 37(4), 435-475. doi: 10.1177/0730888410380152

Bell, M.P. (2007). Diversity in organizations. Arlington: South-Western Cenage Learning.

Couch, K.A., & Fairlie, R. (2010). Last hired, first fired? Black-White unemployment and the business cycle. Demography, 47, 227-247.

ace Discrimination Justice

Discrimination

ACE DISCIMINATION CIMINAL JUSTICE

ace and Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System

acial inequality has long been an issue in the American society. Despite making substantial progress in creating a more racially equal society, there are still many issues involving race and discrimination that can be found today. The criminal justice system was designed to treat all individuals equally under the law. However, covert racism and discrimination still plague the system and many minorities are adversely impacted and are not treated equally under the law. While most judges and public officials profess a strong dedication to remaining racially impartial, the evidence suggests otherwise. This literature review will focus on various points that indicate that there is a substantial amount of inequality to found within the criminal justice system in our modern society.

Background

acial differences in the criminal justice system have been important topics since the…

References

Crutchfield, R., Fernandes, A., & Martinez, J. (2010). Racil and Ethnic Disparity and Criminal Justice: How Much is Too Much? The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 903-932.

Green, E. (1991). Judicial Attitudes in Sentencing - A Study of the Factors Underlying the Sentencing Practice of the Criminal Court of Philidelphia. National Criminal Justice Reference Service, 157.

Gross, S. (1997). Crime, Politics, and Race. Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, 405-416.

Staples, R. (2009). White Power, Black Crime, and Racial Politics. The Black Scholar, 31-41.

Such a work environment that is characterized by high levels of reverse discrimination becomes a hostile one. This has negative effects on the performance and efficiency of the employees that work in such an environment. This leads to reduced productivity of the company in case. Therefore, the company must develop and implement strategies that focus on improving the activity of its employees in order to increase the productivity of the company and maintain its competitive advantage and strong position in comparison with its competitors.

The modern theory and practice of organizational culture encourage and support equality between employees. In order to ensure that such an environment that promotes equality is applicable, companies and their managers tends to favor the member of minority groups in the detriment of the dominant group members. As revealed above, this creates tension between employees. Those that are disfavored by such policies will interfere with the…

Reference list:

1. Hogg, M. & Vaughan, G. (2008). Social Psychology. Pearson Education Ltd. Retrieved November 8, 2010 from  http://books.google.ro/books?id=7MtEr4r2pRcC&pg=PA369&lpg=PA369&dq=reverse+discrimination+effects&source=bl&ots=4IfDXGCV9k&sig=YEAywY3O2mtgWC2sgUNS2UQCOCs&hl=ro&ei=uB7YTP7MIcv2sgakwsnaCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CDIQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=reverse%20discrimination%20effects&f=false .

2. Pincus, F. (2003). Reverse Discrimination. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. Retrieved November 8, 2010 from  http://books.google.ro/books?id=JN3N3EmaIuIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=reverse+discrimination&source=bl&ots=QIGZNR_vd5&sig=pUUonUYq_6QUqlRNAAASKy6hWFo&hl=ro&ei=WpHYTP3NHonvsgafj4iGCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CC4Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q&f=false .

3. Affirmative Action (2009). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved November 8, 2010 from  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/affirmative-action/ .

4. Unintended Negative Effects of Diversity Management (2002). Entrepreneur. Retrieved November 8, 2010 from  http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/160542376.html .

Disparity and Discrimination

The history of criminal justice and race.

The racial makeup of the criminal justice system.

The misunderstanding between discrimination and disparity.

How disparity and discrimination are addressed in the criminal justice system.

The difference between discrimination and disparity.

scholarly articles - each addressing an aspect of criminal justice.

How race and disparity are seen in the criminal justice system.

How race and discrimination are seen in the criminal justice system.

The treatment of criminals regardless of race.

An examination of the information collected from the articles.

Information regarding what the information means to the criminal justice system.

Recommendations

How to help the criminal justice system deal with race appropriately.

How discrimination can be avoided in favor of naturally-occurring disparity.

Conclusion

The future of discrimination and disparity in the criminal justice system.

What can be done to improve race relations when it comes to criminal justice.

Reference List…

Bibliography

Binswanger, I.A., Redmond, N., Steiner, J.F., & Hicks, L.S. 2011. Health disparities and the criminal justice system: An agenda for further research and action. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 1-10.

Crutchfield, R.D., Skinner, M.L., Haggerty, K.P., McGlynn, A., & Catalano, R.F. 2009. Racial disparities in early criminal justice involvement. Race and Social Problems, 1(4): 218-230.

Davis, A.J. 2008. Racial fairness in the criminal justice system: The role of the prosecutor. 39 Columbia Journal of Human Rights Law Review 202: 202-230.

Garland, B.E., Spohn, C., & Wodahl, E.J. 2008. Racial disproportionality in the American prison population: Using the Blumstein Method to address the critical race and justice issues of the 21st century. Justice Policy Journal, 5(2). 1-42. Retrieved from  http://www.cjcj.org/files/racial_disproportionality.pdf

Employment Discrimination at Wal-Mart

Foundation of the Study

This study examines the legislative and judicial climate that enables corporations like Wal-Mart to engage in practices that violate workers' rights. The popular consensus is that Wal-Mart, the largest retail store in the United States, displays an inordinate disregard for the human dignity and morale of its employees and, despite continual litigation, continues to blatantly violate the legal rights of its employees. Wal-Mart faces charges of violating The Federal Fair Labor Standards Act (2011) by asking management to adjust time sheets so that overtime will not need to be paid, and so that all employees will work under the hourly limit required by the union in order to obtain membership. Employees were insured, without their knowledge, against their death by Wal-Mart. The company was named beneficiary; following death of an employee, the entire benefit amount was retained by the corporation. Not a…

References

Business Day, Companies. (2011) The New York Times. Retrieved  http://www.nytimes.com /

2011/03/30/business/30aldi.html?ref=walmartstoresinc

Byrne, T.P. (2009). False profits: Reviving the corporation's public purpose. Discourse, 57 UCLA L. Rev. Disc. 25, UCLA School of Law, UC Berkeley, (Associate, Chadbourne & Parke, LLP). Retrieved  http://uclalawreview.org/?p=1056 

Clifford, S. (2011, March 29). Where Wal-Mart failed, Aldi succeeds. The New York Times. Retrieved

However, an individual should be able to investigate their own roots, even if the science is questionable. hen such information is released into the public domain without the individual's permission though, a lot of harm can be done. Making invasions into a person's genetic history illegal is probably the best remedy.

Genetic testing has become an important tool for medical diagnosis and treatments (Norrgard) and therefore should be available to anyone needing or requesting such services. hat is done with this information, however, is another matter. Family members may suspect they have an increased risk for an early onset or even fatal disease, but would prefer not to know if effective treatments and cures are unavailable. Should one family member decide to get tested, then this may create friction between family members concerning their wishes and personal privacy because the results would have an impact on everyone in the family.…

Works Cited

Norrgard, K. "Ethics of Genetic Testing: Medical Insurance and Genetic Discrimination." Nature Education 1.1 (2008). Web. 3 May 2013.

Abbott, a. "Genome Test Slammed for Assessing Racial Purity." Nature 486 (2012):167.

.....social injustice and inequality. First, literature related to the fundamentals of discrimination and descriptions of gender discrimination are discussed in the literature. Following a detailed discussion of what the literature says about gender discrimination, the literature review shifts toward the quantifiable effects of gender discrimination in the workplace. Effects are examined both in terms of measurable effects on organizations and individuals.

Fundamentals of Discrimination

Discrimination is unfortunately pervasive in the workplace. Described as an "inaccurate perception of differences," discrimination can be based on independent variables like race, gender, language, and other demographics (Cleveland, Vescio & Barnes-Farrell, p. 149). The differences perceived are "inaccurate," and also have a direct impact on status, access to power, and access to avenues of promotion or pay increases. Most literature frames discrimination as being "subtle and covert," well concealed from the realms of legal scrutiny, and often difficult to define precisely (Marchiondo, Ran & Cortina,…

.....social injustice and inequality. First, literature related to the fundamentals of discrimination and descriptions of gender discrimination are discussed in the literature. Following a detailed discussion of what the literature says about gender discrimination, the literature review shifts toward the quantifiable effects of gender discrimination in the workplace. Effects are examined both in terms of measurable effects on organizations and individuals.

Fundamentals of Discrimination

Discrimination is unfortunately pervasive in the workplace. Described as an "inaccurate perception of differences," discrimination can be based on independent variables like race, gender, language, and other demographics (Cleveland, Vescio & Barnes-Farrell, p. 149). The differences perceived are "inaccurate," and also have a direct impact on status, access to power, and access to avenues of promotion or pay increases. Most literature frames discrimination as being "subtle and covert," well concealed from the realms of legal scrutiny, and often difficult to define precisely (Marchiondo, Ran & Cortina,…

During recessions, when people fear losing their jobs, workers are less apt to spend money on things like clothes and entertainment, and horde their money. If they have lost their job, they try to spend as little money as possible. Americans are also buying more big-ticket items like cars, home appliances, and homes, indicating that they are confident enough to take advantage of the currently low interest rates and feel more certain they can pay back the loans in the future. More businesses are hiring, indicating that consumer demand has increased and there is a greater need for staff to meet the business' needs. The stock market is improving, which also indicates that people are investing their money in a more high-risk fashion than before, and feel more confident about the direction of the economy.

Q3. Do you believe companies should be allowed to place cookies on your electronic devices…

References

Shpritz, Dave, Tyrone Proctor, Christopher L. Smith, & Cathy Iacobazzi. (2011). Issues in information technology: Cookies. Retrieved March 30, 2011 at  http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/its/EcommSp01/procon.htm

"(National ureau of Economic Research, 2001) Analysis of this period was conducted with data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and findings indicate that women "were able to more than overcome the effect of adverse shifts in overall wage structure (that is rising labor-market returns to skills and to employment in high-paying male sectors) on their relative wages by improving their qualifications relative to men. So, although on average women continue to have less labor-market experience than men, they have narrowed the gender difference in experience considerably. They also have upgraded their occupations relative to men's, as they moved out of clerical and service occupations and into professional and managerial jobs. Women also have benefited from a decrease in the "unexplained" pay gap. Such a shift may reflect an upgrading of women's unmeasured labor-market skills, a decline in labor market discrimination against women, or a shift in labor market…

Bibliography

Gender Pay Gap Nothing to do with Discrimination (2008) Management-Issues. 21 Oct 2008. Online available at  http://www.management-issues.com/2008/10/21/research/gender-pay-gap-nothing-to-do-with-discrimination.asp 

Blau, Francine D. And Kahn, Lawrence M. (2001) the Gender Pay Gap. National Bureau of Economic Research. Summer 2001. Online available at  http://www.nber.org/reporter/summer01/blaukahn.html 

Behind the Pay Gap Press Release (2007) AAUW. 23 Apr 2007. Online available at  http://www.aauw.org/about/newsroom//pressreleases/042307_paygap.cfm

Under the provisions of Title VII, all employers involved in interstate commerce with more than 15 employees are prohibited from discriminating against their employees on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. Title VII makes it illegal for employers and labor unions to discriminate in relation to hiring, discharging, compensating, or in providing the terms, the conditions, and privileges of employment.

Actions pursued under Title VII are involved a different course of action from those filed under §1981. §1981 actions can be filed directly in the trial court while Title VII actions must first be filed with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). This is an informal process, initially, and requires that the aggrieved party meet with an EEOC counselor. The counselor will advise the party of his or her alternatives which include traditional counseling or alternative dispute resolution. The injured party will make a determination as…

References

1964 Civil Rights Act. Pub.L. No. 88-352 (1964).

Civil Rights Act of 1886. U.S. Statutes at Large, Vol. 14:27 (1866).

Friedman, J. (2010). Employment Discrimination: Examples & Explanations. Frederick, MD: Aspen Publishers.

U.S. Const. amend. V.

Employment Discrimination:

In the past few years, employees have obtained new ammunition to file lawsuits related to job discrimination in federal courts, though they still experience numerous challenges against the rising victories. According to the findings of recent studies, workers who sue over employment discrimination tend to lose at higher rates in federal courts as compared to other kinds of plaintiffs. However, most of these employees are hopeful that the recently signed Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act will herald an improved climate for discrimination lawsuits. This is primarily because the legislation makes it easier for employees to sue over pay discrimination on the basis of race, gender, disability, or age through the extension of the legal deadline to file such cases or lawsuits.

Due to the odds against winning employment discrimination cases, some lawyers have become reluctant to even try to an extent that they have stated that they will…

Works Cited:

KOPPEL, NATHAN. "Job-Discrimination Cases Tend To Fare Poorly in Federal Court." The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company, Inc., 19 Feb. 2009. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. .

Schamotta, Justin. "Difference Between Breach of Contract & Breach of Warranty." Small Business Chron. Hearst Communications, Inc., n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. .

United Kingdom. Health and Safety Executive. Preventing Slips and Trips at Work - A Brief Guide. Health and Safety Executive, Nov. 2012. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. .

Yet women with similar or comparable education and experience or achievement still earn less than men in work organizations. A missing link or the absent ingredient, between performance and a just payoff, was identified as women's own ability to comfortably and consistently draw the attention they deserve to the contributions they made or gave. Findings of a study conducted on 322 male and female executives showed that women were less comfortable in promoting themselves than men. Many of them still believed that self-promotion by women was still unacceptable and that hard work alone would not put them in the same level as men. Women were also found to be "over-preparers" who wanted their work to be technically correct but who did not bring this sense of accuracy and care to the attention or notice of influential individuals in the organization. Goodson found that even women who understood the importance of…

Bibliography

1. Auster, Ellen R. professional Women's Mid-career Satisfaction. Sex Roles: a Journal of Research, June 2001

2. Hultin, Mia. Wages and Unequal Access to Organizational Power: an Empirical Test of Gender Discrimination. Administrative Science Quarterly: Connell University Johnson Graduate School

3. Lemons. Mary A. Contextual and Cognitive Determinants of Procedural Justice: Perceptions in Promotion Barriers for Women. Sex Roles: a Journal of Research: Plenum Publishing Corporation

4. Moya, Miguel. Close Relationships, Gender and Career Salience. Sex Roles: a Journal of Reserch: Plenum Publishing Corporation, May 2000

25. How does New Age spirituality differ from that of Eastern mysticism?

Although the New Age readily embraces Eastern mysticism, it diverges from the old Eastern traditions because the New Age is more of a "hybrid spirituality," (131). The New Age combines Eastern and estern mystical beliefs. Eastern religions are not tailored for the modern world so the New Age mutates Eastern traditions to best suit the needs of the modern lifestyle.

26. How is paganism related to the New Age movement?

Paganism is integrally related to the New Age movement. Evidence of this can be found on any New Age bookstore shelf. The New Age movement is not necessarily demonic, as many modern witches do not believe in Satan, but neo-pagans assert a belief in a Goddess. Many New Agers support pre-Christian pagan beliefs and shamanism as well.

27. How does the eastern element of New Age spirituality contrast…

Works Cited

Groothuis, Douglas R. Unmasking the New Age. Downers Grove, IL: Intervarsity Press, 1986.