The change following the American revolution was not only a political one, but it brought along a series of changes like a domino in all aspects of life. "In many areas, the evolution witnessed the overthrow of the old order politically, socially, economically, and religiously" (Morton, 2003, pg. 3).
Paine's pamphlet appealed to the people's common sense. The fact that its author spoke the language of the masses and knew their spirit as he knew himself, accompanied by his intelligence and keen sense of observation gave him the opportunity to write a work that gave the final push to those who were still in doubt about starting a revolution that seemed partly a civil war.

eferences

Berger H., Spoerer M. (2001). Economic Crises and the European evolutions of 1848. The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 61, No. 2 (Jun., 2001), pp. 293-326

Morton, J.C. (2003). The American evolution. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Paine, T.…...

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References

Berger H., Spoerer M. (2001). Economic Crises and the European Revolutions of 1848. The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 61, No. 2 (Jun., 2001), pp. 293-326

Morton, J.C. (2003). The American Revolution. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Paine, T. (2005). Common Sense. Digireads Vincent, B. (2005). The Transatlantic Republican: Thomas Paine and the Age of Revolutions. Rodopi. 2005

Thomas Paine. Brief Biography. Retrieved: Oct. 24, 2008. Available at  http://www.ushistory.org/PAINE/

Irrationalists and the Enlightenment
Thomas Carlyle and his friend Mazzini were a couple of the "irrationalists" who opposed the Enlightenment developments and believed men needed a "new religion" (Stromberg 50) in order to guide them towards future progress. The Napoleonic ars had upset the order that the Age of Enlightenment had cultivated -- essentially a Protestant takeover throughout Europe in which the Protestant ethos sat at the heart. The backlash against this Puritanism, however, was the Romantic Era, which pushed the opposite direction from the "science" of the Enlightened Protestants. It elevated passion, intuition, spirit, nationalism, history, the arts, the past, nostalgia, poetry, the humanities, etc. As Stromberg notes, the "irrationalists" and their followers "made art the chief avenue to truth" (Stromberg 148). Like Shakespeare's Hamlet, they believed that art held the mirror up to nature and told man who and what he really was. The men of Enlightenment science…...

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Works Cited

Perry, Marvin. Sources of the Western Tradition, Volume II, 9th Edition. MA:

Wadsworth, 2014.

Stromberg, Roland. European Intellectual History Since 1789. NY: Prentice Hall, 1994.

Leonhard Euler: Mathematics PioneerApril 15, 1707 September 18, 1783Leonhard Euler was born on April 15, 1707, in Basel, Switzerland. He died on September 18, 1783, in St. Petersburg, Russia. He lived through a period of Europe known as the Age of Enlightenmenta time when Europeans were turning away from the Age of Faith that had characterized the Middle Ages and embracing an Age of Reason. During this time, it was popular to look at the world in a naturalistic, rationalistic way. Nonetheless, Euler\\\'s early life was steeped in religious influences. His father was a Calvinist preacher, and his mother herself descended from a line of pastors. In fact, the family initially envisioned a religious path for young Euler. However, his innate mathematical abilities soon became apparent, and his course in life took a turn the more resembled the scientific bent of the times rather than the Puritanical religious bent…...

Benjamin ranklin termed himself a pragmatic deist. He believes "there is one Supreme must perfect being," however that this being is distant, and that it is not necessary to build a personal relationship with such a supreme God. He concluded that it was useful and correct to believe that a faith in God should inform our daily actions. However, he did not believe in sectarian dogma, burning spirituality or deep soul searching as a part of religion (Lopez, 87). ranklin's religious views are important in the shaping of his Enlightenment philosophy. His approach to religion drew from reason and careful reflection, he did not believe in the "frivolity" of emotional thought and connectivity, but instead focused on the pragmatic understanding of the divine. His conclusion after careful reason formulates a "Supreme Being that can be manifest in various ways, depending on the needs of different worshipers" (Lopez, 88). In contrast…...

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Fiering, Norman. 1981. Jonathan Edwards's Moral Thought and Its British Context. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.

Buxbaum, M.H., Critical Essays on Benjamin Franklin (1987)

Lopez, Claude-Anne, and Herbert, E.W., the Private Franklin (1975)

Path to the Enlightenment
What with the ideological turmoil occurring prior to most of 18th century Western Europe, the Age of Enlightenment was but an inevitable outcome. eligious and political thoughts littered Europe by the spades, and with the foreign revolutions and tensions that led up to questioning both divine right and religious authority. The eformation, along with the discordant feelings toward the monarchy, became important turning points in history. Instead of blind faith, the Enlightened man turned to reason and science and believed in the utopian harmonic ideal. But exactly how did this Enlightenment come about?

Enlightenment was a movement that "strove scientifically to uncover religious truths rising above individual sectarian disputes" (Zhivov). Also simultaneously known as the "Age of eason," the Enlightenment culminated in a set of values that sought to question the traditions, customs, and moral beliefs of the cultural environment. While the schools of thought differ from country…...

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Resources

Brnardi?, Teodora Shek. "Exchange and commerce: intercultural communication in the age of Enlightenment." European Review of History 16.1 (2009): 79-99. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 9 Mar. 2011.

Brnardi?, Teodora Shek. "The Enlightenment in Eastern Europe: Between Regional Typology and Particular Micro-history." European Review of History 13.3 (2006): 411-435. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 9 Mar. 2011.

Gordon, Aleksandr V. "The Russian Enlightenment: The Meaning of National Archetypes of Power." Russian Studies in History 48.3 (2009): 30-49. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 9 Mar. 2011.

Rao, Anna Maria. "Enlightenment and reform: an overview of culture and politics in Enlightenment Italy." Journal of Modern Italian Studies 10.2 (2005): 142-167. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 9 Mar. 2011.

Europe witnessed a flowering period in the 18th century that historians call the Age of Enlightenment. A period filled with experimentation as well as intellectual curiosity, people relied on the power of human reason in order to understand society and nature. One specific manifestation of the Enlightenment was a steadfast faith in the stable progression of civilization via scientific development. Because of this religious judgment went to the wayside. Instead, people wanted improvement through freedom, equality, and tolerance. French writers/thinkers expressed these sentiments and notions through their work. These philosophers devoted their passion to useful thought and not speculation. Towards the latter half of the 18th century (1782), such thinking took the form of a highly scandalous story, Dangerous Liaisons.
ritten by Pierre Ambroise Choderlos de Laclos, a member of minor nobility and a French intelligence officer within the army, Dangerous Liaisons describes French nobility and the search for sex and…...

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Works Cited

Burns, William E. The Enlightenment. ABC-CLIO, 2015. Print.

Duchovnay, Gerald. Film Voices. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2004. Print.

McAlpin, Mary. Sexuality And Cultural Degeneration In Enlightenment France. Routledge, 2016. Print.

A significant amount of the early cross-sectional studies with the DI examined the developmental indexes of age and education (Rest, et al., 1999). Based on this prior research resulting in 5,714 participants, Rest (1979) reported that the typical DI score increases every time the level of education increases. In fact the author concluded that Moral judgment was more highly correlated to education than was age. As such, with prior research as a foundation involving large samples of adults, it is logical to anticipate that DI P scores will be drastically and completely linked to education.

In their study, Rest et al. (1997) studied moral judgment by comparing a composite sample of 992 students at different education levels. hese education levels included junior high, senior high, and college students in the United States and indicated that education is positively correlated with DI scores.

Additionally Bay (2001) conducted a study involving 45 undergraduate business…...

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Taking from Maharishi Vedic Science, the Unified Field chart described above asserts that because pure consciousness, the home of all the Laws of Nature, is the most fundamental level of all material creation, including human psychology development, the integration of pure consciousness into all aspects of the individual should maintain the moral development. This phenomenon is confirmed in previous research studies on the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs. This section describes another chart, called a Richo Akshare chart, which provides further illumination of this phenomenon.

In Maharishi Vedic Science, Richo Akshare charts show how the essence of all the disciplines of modern science are located within the structure of the Richo Akshare verse of Rk Veda. Maharishi (1995) explains that the fundamental Laws of Nature comming from the self-interacting dynamics of consciousness are accountable for the whole material creation.

According to Maharishi (1997), the Richo Akshare verse explains that all knowledge exists in Transcendental Consciousness, the Unified Field of all the Laws of Nature, responsible for everything in the universe. Individuals who lack access to Transcendental Consciousness do not get support from the Laws of Nature. Those who can practice Transcendental Consciousness gain enlightenment and full supported by Nature Law.

Essay Topic Examples 1. Impact of Enlightenment hilosophers on the Ideals of the French Revolution:
    This essay could explore how Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu inspired the principles and reforms of the French Revolution. Discuss the philosophy of the social contract, the critique of absolute monarchy, and the advocacy for individual rights and how these ideas manifested in the revolutionary agenda.

2. The hilosophical Underpinnings of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen:
    An essay examining the direct influence of Enlightenment thought on the formation of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. Analyze key articles of the Declaration and the Enlightenment principles of liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression that underpin them.

3. Enlightenment Economics and the French Revolution:
    This topic could analyze the role of economic theories emanating from the Enlightenment, especially those of Adam Smith, on the financial aspects of the…...

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Primary Sources

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. Emile, or On Education. Translated by Allan Bloom, Basic Books, 1979.

Voltaire. Philosophical Letters. Translated by Ernest Dilworth, Dover Publications, 2011.

Sieyès, Emmanuel. What is the Third Estate? Translated by M. Blondel, Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 2003.

Diderot, Denis, editor. Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers. University of Chicago: ARTFL Encyclopédie Project (Spring 2018 Edition), Robert Morrissey (ed),  

Robespierre, Maximilien. On the Principles of Political Morality. February 5, 1794, Speech to the National Convention. In Selected Writings and Speeches of Robespierre, edited by Maximilien Robespierre, translated by Stewart Edwards, New World Paperbacks, Grove Press, 1965.

http://encyclopedie.uchicago.edu/ .

17th century and our contemporary world began with an early, optimistic outlook of hope and promise of a better future, exemplified by movements like the Enlightenment, the Scientific and Industrial Revolutions, culminating in the Information Age, environmental awareness and globalisation. It is during this period that a paradigm shift from faith (religion) to reason as the principal source of legitimacy and authority occurred (Badger). The shift occurred against the backdrop of ideals such as science, tolerance, liberty, democracy, secularism, free will and humanism. However, the period is also scared with false starts and failures, violent schisms, world wars, imperialism, terrorism, irrational nationalism, extreme religious war, information overload, pollution and the threat of nuclear annihilation that indicate failure of the rational model promised by the Enlightenment. On the premise of this dichotomy of hope and failure, this essay critically demonstrates the failure of the Enlightenment project, especially from a social and…...

Gulliver's Travels" by Jonathan Swift, and "Frankenstein: Or the Modern Prometheus" by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelly. Specifically, it will discuss family ties -- Gulliver's neglect of his family compared to Victor's neglect of his. During the Enlightenment, many issues of life and society were considered important to the very necessity and enjoyment of life. Both authors create characters that are far from normal and neglect their families in chaotic and unbelievable worlds. They abandon their families for their own selfish pleasures and wants. The authors view family as important to society, and so, they create characters that are opposite to point to their beliefs about man, society, and what is natural in relationships.
Both of these works use family ties, and the lack of them, to perpetuate their own distinct views on the Enlightenment movement, an intellectual movement prevalent in the 18th century, when both of these writers were working and…...

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References

Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. Frankenstein Or, the Modern Prometheus. New York: Collier Books, 1961.

Swift, Jonathan. Turner, Paul, ed. Gulliver's Travels. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Williams, Kathleen. Jonathan Swift and the Age of Compromise. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 1958.

Constitutional RightsIntroductionThe Constitution of the United States is an enduring document that has been the subject of much analysis and interpretation. The document establishes the framework for the federal government and guarantees certain rights and privileges to citizens. These protections have been interpreted in a variety of ways over the years, and there is still much debate about their meaning and application. One way to analyze the Constitution is through the lens of higher law philosophy. This approach emphasizes the importance of natural law and unalienable rights. It holds that the Constitution should be interpreted in light of these principles, rather than simply as a set of rules or regulations. Another common way to analyze the Constitution is through the lens of contemporary legal views. This approach focuses on the current understanding of constitutional law and strives to apply it to 21st century challenges. oth of these approaches have merit,…...

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BibliographyBrauch, Jeffrey A. \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"Preserving True Human Dignity in Human Rights Law.\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\" Capital University Law Review, Forthcoming (2022), 115-149.Halverson, Jared M. \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"The Art of Ridicule in the Age of Reason: The Anti-Biblical Rhetoric of Thomas Paine.\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\" PhD diss., Vanderbilt University, 2022.Loughlin, Martin. Against Constitutionalism. Harvard University Press, 2022.Paine, Thomas. The Collected Works of Thomas Paine. DigiCat, 2022.Vermeule, Adrian. Common good constitutionalism. John Wiley & Sons, 2022.

Plato and the Platypus
Philosophers in the Enlightenment era would come up with various new means to popularize ideas. Denis Diderot conceived the first encyclopedia in this period, which was an attempt to systematize all world knowledge in an accessible way. But also, in another innovation, Voltaire would offer as a refutation of the optimistic philosophy of Leibniz -- which held that "this is the best of all possible worlds" -- a new form of philosophical argument: the extended comedy (Cathcart and Klein, 17). Voltaire's short book Candide is essentially an extended refutation of Leibniz's view of God (or perhaps any view of God), but it makes its points through satirical humor. In some sense, Thomas Cathcart and Daniel Klein are following in the footsteps of Voltaire by attempting to shed light on philosophical ideas through the medium of humor in their work Plato and a Platypus alk Into A Bar.…...

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Works Cited

Cathcart, Thomas and Klein, Daniel. Plato and a Platypus Walk Into A Bar: Understanding Philosophy Through Jokes. New York: Penguin Books, 2008. Print.

Progress During the Enlightenment
The notion of progress is as evolving as the modern society we deem progressive. While some view progress in terms of science and technology, others view progress in terms of government, social equality, economic stability, spirituality and moral sensitivity. In terms of technology, our current society is more technologically advanced than ever before. We can pick up a telephone and speak to loved ones in other cities, states, and even countries; we can compose, mail, and deliver a letter within minutes via the world-wide-web; we can flip a switch and create light where there was darkness; we can turn a key and travel hundreds of miles within a few hours. Meanwhile, our governments no longer treat minorities as second-class citizens, the world wide poverty level and corresponding mortality rates have dramatically decreased, and our views of religion and spirituality are decidedly more eclectic than in times past.…...

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References

Annabel Chaffer. (2010). The Museum of London's "Cheapside Hoard" Jewelry Collection. Retrieved March 13, 2011 from http://www.annabelchaffer.co.uk/products/designer_jewellery/museum_london_cheapside_jewellery_collection_page01.htm

Economist. (2011). The Idea of Progress: Onwards and Upwards. Retrieved March 13, 2011 from  http://www.economist.com/node/15108593 

Nisbet, R. (1979). On Progress. Literature of Liberty: A Review of Contemporary Liberal Thought, 2(1).

Weiner, P. (ed). (1968). Dictionary of the History of Ideas, Studies of Pivitol Ideas. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.

Dark Age and the Archaic Age
Having watched the lectures for the prior learning unit on video, I was prepared to enjoy the video lecture presentation for this learning unit. I previously found the presentation of lectures in the video format to be very convenient because I could observe at my own pace, rewind if I missed part of the lecture, have flexibility about when I was viewing the lecture, and not be distracted by the behavior or questions of other students. I acknowledged that there were some negatives to the video-learning environment, such as missing out on the organic and natural question and answers that develop in a live classroom setting, but had decided that missing those was an acceptable trade-off given the other benefits that I was receiving from the video lecture environment. Therefore, I was surprised to find that I did not enjoy the video lectures for this…...

Media
The age of typography began with the Enlightenment and flourished in the New World, and coincided with significant social, political, and economic changes. As Postman (2005) points out in Amusing Ourselves to Death, Protestants with a predilection toward intellectualism made books and reading integral to American life. "The influence of the printed word in every arena of public discourse was insistent and powerful not merely because of the quantity of printed matter but because of its monopoly," (Postman, 2005, p. 41). In other words, print had a monopoly on information, communication, and the exchange of ideas. Print became endowed with a level of political and social significance that it does not have in the digital age, as there are now multiple modes of information exchange. When printed matter was all there was, the very ideals of democracy depended on it.

During the typographic age, content was meaningful as well as rational.…...

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References

Dewey, C. (2014). What makes some internet memes immortal. The Washington Post. 10 Nov, 2014. Retrieved online:  http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/11/10/what-makes-some-internet-memes-immortal/ 

Postman, N. (2005). Amusing Ourselves to Death. New York: Penguin.

Sternberg, J. (2013). Technology today: What would Neil Postman think? Retrieved online:  http://www.spinedu.com/technology-today-neil-postman-think/#.VGGC9_Q49oA