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Airbus and Boeing Porters 5 Forces
The airframe manufacturing industry is a highly competitive environment that has come to be dominated by two firms: Boeing and Airbus. Airbus is a European joint venture between EADS and BAE Systems headquartered in Toulouse, France and originally founded in 1970 (Mayer, 2007). Boeing, on the other hand, is an American firm founded in 1916 in Seattle, Washington, and now headquartered in Chicago, Illinois (Mayer, 2007). As airframe manufacturing firms, Airbus and Boeing hold 86% of the total market share, thus creating a duopoly. Through an analysis of Porter's Five Forces of the two firms, as a duopoly and as individual firms, one can better understand how influential these firms are to each other and to other firms within the industry.
The first of five forces to be analyzed is the threat of new entrants. Within the airframe manufacturing industry, the threat of new…
References
Chapter 12: Industry Analysis. (n.d.). Accessed
http://www.wou.edu/~leadlej/Spring%202011/BA%20630/Chapter%2012.pdf
Huber, M. (2009, August 1). The major airplane manufacturers at a glance. Business Jet
Traveler. Accessed 3 July 2013, http://bjtonline.com/business-jet-news/major-airplane-manufacturers-glance
Airbus vs. Boeing
Since strategic management is concerned with the decisions that companies make in order to remain viable, profitable, and competitive, a decision about who to invest in must focus on which company is better equipped to adapt, innovate, and execute in both the short-term and long-term. An investment decision based on strategic management concerns is different than an investment decision based on Internal Rates or Return, Net Present Value, or Average Accounting Returns. Whereas the latter criteria are concerned with numerical assessments of a company's profitability, the former criteria are far more concerned with qualitative concerns such as competitive advantage, relationship with businesses in the supply chain pipe line, ability to lobby regulatory agencies effectively, executive leadership, employee retention rates, and many other qualitative measures. This is not to say that financial and economic measures do not play a role in strategic decision making, they are simply not…
Airbus Corporate Strategy
Staffing Organizations
Coffee business is much in demand in Washington D.C. People like to have coffee almost for all the day but there are some peak hours of business between 6:00 A.M. until 10:00 P.M. On weekdays and Monday 7:00 A.M. until 3:00 P.M. On weekends. Although people like taking coffee from coffee shops everywhere in city but the students love to have it after classes. A gourmet coffee shop business is planned to serve students outside a college campus. The business proposal section presented here discusses how the coffee shop will be staffed. The business plan is prepared to elaborate recruitment, selection and assessment strategies to the bank lending money. The business plan is based on staffing requirements of 3 store managers and 10 coffee servers. The staffing objectives will remain same however the methods may improve with time to manage costs of recruitment and selection.…
References
Bernroider, E., and Koch, S., (2001) "ERP selection process in midsize and large
Organizations," Business Process Management Journal, 7(3), 251 -- 257
Croteau, P., (2012), "Evaluating your Recruitment Efforts: Some Helpful Metrics," Retrieved
from: http://www.legacybowes.com/authors/entry/evaluating-your-recruitment-efforts-some-helpful-metrics.html
Airbus A3XX: Developing orld's Largest Commercial Jet
The report will look at Airbus intentions to develop a new large capacity aircraft called A3XX. This report will start by analyzing the entire airline industry, its trends, and dynamics. This will help to show why adoption of large commercial jets will not satisfy the needs of the airlines now and in future. According to this report, buying Airbus A3XX is not a viable option and this report will go ahead to provide reasons for it lack of viability and at the same time provide alternatives that the Airbus should have adopted instead and the lesson that should be learnt from this case analysis.
In order to compete with the global airline market, the Airbus must step up its game and be a step ahead those of its competitors. The airline industry is characterized with unpredictable fluctuations in the price of fuel, price…
Works Cited
Endres G. (2001) Illustrated Directory of Modern Commercial Aircraft: New York, MBI Publishing Co.
Esty B.C. (2004). Why Study Large Projects? New York. Wiley Esty B.C. (2009). Airbus A3XX: Developing the World's Largest Commercial Jet: Boston, Harvard School Publishing.
Cost Analysis
Boeing and Airbus Potential Joint Venture: Variable Cost Analysis
In order to use the provided information in determining optimum output and price levels as well as to determine whether or not Boeing and Airbus should engage In a joint venture on the VLCT project or would be better served by each pursuing their own individual venture, the simplest approach would simply be to graph the given equations (with the relevant additional information incorporated as necessary) an analyzing variances in slope and points of intersection. This visual analysis can be used to develop direct quantitative assessments of pricing structures and costs at various levels of output, determining the most cost-effective plan of action for Boeing and Airbus both collectively and individually.
Specific components of this method of analysis will include plotting both the demand curve estimated by Boeing along with the company's estimated total variable cost (TVC) curve on…
Boeing vs. Airbus
This paper focuses on Boeing and Airbus. Firstly, the paper discusses the background of both companies and assesses their current performance via SWOT analysis. Secondly, the paper reviews and evaluates the current problem facing both Boeing and Airbus. Thirdly, the paper evaluates alternative policy actions taken by both Boring and Airbus. Lastly, the paper provides recommendations for action.
Case background and situation analysis:
About Airbus
The European Aerospace Company (EADS) has manufactured SAS Airbus at Toulouse in France. The start of well-known Co. Airbus put forward the association of aerospace manufacturers. A co-ordination was formed of Aerospace companies and European defence in 2001 which was partly owned by BAE Systems (20%) and EADS (80%) and was completely owned by EADs in 2006 13th October (Spadafore, 2008).
57,000 were employed in Airbus which has a network of 16 sites in for EU nations: France, Germany, UK and Spain.…
References
Boeing. (2013). Boeing Facts. Retrieved February 10, 2013, from Boeing Home: www.boeing.com
Mathis, M. (2006). Uncivil aviation: How the ongoing trade dispute between Boeing and Airbus has undermined GATT and may continue to usher in an era of international agreement obsolescene under the world trade organisation. Oklahoma: University of Tulsa.
Rajalashmi, T. et al. (2013). Case Study Analysis: Commercial Airline Industry Airbus & Boeing. Alliance University.
Spadafore, A. (2008). Excess baggage: Weighing the contribution of political and corporate interests in the WTO cases over commercial aircraft subsidies. Miami: Miami University.
Boeing and Airbus
The airline industry is very large and complex but provides important services to the world economy which helps sustain development and provide connections to people across the globe. The purpose of this essay is to examine two corporations, Boeing and Airbus, and compare and contrast their competitive strategy within the airline industry. After discussing these approaches, this essay will suggest some alternative strategies that may be beneficial to both of these organizations.
Boeing
According to its website, Boeing "is the world's leading aerospace company and the largest manufacturer of commercial jetliners and military aircraft combined. Additionally, Boeing designs and manufactures rotorcraft, electronic and defense systems, missiles, satellites, launch vehicles and advanced information and communication systems. " Boeing plays a significant role in the security of our national interests as well. Boeing is a major service provider to NASA and is the prime contractor for the International Space…
References
Airbus. Corporate Home Page. Viewed 26 July 2013. Retrieved from
In conjunction with the PMO organizational structure, there are contract management process workflows that ensure airlines meet the specifications of customers. This is comparable to the engineer-to-order set of processes at Airbus yet more quickly executed to customers' specific requirements (Berman, 2004). This product development process concentrates on the PMO also coordinating next -- generation product strategies as well, with Boeing choosing energy efficiency over larger, more expensive yet more profitable planes to build.
Strategies compared: Airbus and Boeing
From the highly collaborative approach of Airbus to the project-driven strategies of Boeing, each is ideally suited for any given product strategy. Airbus ironically has created product development strategies that align perfectly with the needs of lower-cost, more energy-efficient commercial jets, yet is stressing their product development process with the behemoth A380. Contrary to their product development strategy is Boeing, which is orientated and based on a centralized PMO strategy, Airbus…
References
Shannon W. Anderson, Karen Sedatole. (1998). Designing quality into products: The use of accounting data in new product development. Accounting Horizons, 12(3), 213-233. Retrieved September 23, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 34653543).
Phyllis Berman (2004, February). Beating Boeing. Forbes, 173(3), 129. Retrieved September 21, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 576816811).
Business: The super-jumbo of all gambles; Airbus vs. Boeing. (2005, January). The Economist, 374(8410), 55-56. Retrieved September 21, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 782135091).
Stanley Holmes (2007, January). The Secret Weapon at Boeing. Business Week,(4016), 34. Retrieved September 24, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 1189394571).
The EU, as a coherent political entity, is a rising political power on the world stage. It is expected to provide a much-needed geopolitical counterweight to the United States and China. However, it can only do this if it can establish an aircraft industry and military industrial base large enough to command the attention of the U.S.
The Current Status of the Airbus-Boeing WTO Dispute
In May 18, 2011, the WTO Appellate Body upheld the Panel's finding that certain EU subsidies to Airbus "caused serious prejudice to the interests of the United States."
These subsidies included financing arrangements provided by EU countries for the development of Airbus aircraft, equity infusions from EU countries to companies within the Airbus consortium, infrastructure improvements, and public land use rights. The Appellate Body found that "the effect of the subsidies was to displace exports of Boeing single-aisle and twin-aisle LCA from the European Union,…
Knight, p. 222
http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds316_e.htm
http://seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2016310102_boeing25.html ?
A lack of proper parts to build these plans would cause delays for the airline because it would not have enough planes to handle the volume of passengers who were planning on flying.
Airbus has done well with paying attention to airline companies' needs. They should continue to do this in the future, as they also look at the way things change and what kinds of things airline companies might want to see in the planes that they will be buying in the future. By doing this, Airbus will remain one step ahead of its competition. The company will continue to be successful because they show that they are interested not only in making what is popular now but in looking toward the future and working to determine what types of engines and modules and aircraft bodies may be created in future years. It is possible that their competitors are…
References
Airbus. (2005). Thai airways international initiates major Airbus fleet expansion. Press Centre. Retrieved from
Lean Synchronization at Boeing
The author of this report has been asked to focus on a particular realm and part of operations management as it relates to a particular firm. The operations management facet that shall be the focus of this report is lean synchronization and the company that shall be the focus is aircraft manufacturer Boeing. Boeing has done very well for itself in the grand scheme of things but they face competition from a good number of companies with the largest competitor being Airbus. Boeing has never rested when it comes to the adjustments and pivots it makes. Indeed, they have been in the news and/or raised the attention of government regulatory agencies like the National Labor elations Board. While Boeing is facing heavy competition and operational management challenges including from the government and overall political climate, they are making the right overall moves in terms of lean…
References
Airbus. (2015). Alabama -- Airbus, a leading aircraft manufacturer. Airbus. Retrieved 12
October 2015, from
Other strategies included increased communication and teamwork. More recently, the difficulties faced by the airline following the recession and the fear for jobs has also served to create more unity, but this has not prevented disagreements.
y comparison Airbus is a far more diverse firm, starting out in 1970 as a consortium of manufacturers from different European countries with members from France, Germany, Spain and later the UK. The culture of the organization may be argued as highly diverse, reflecting the national cultures from which the member companies originated. The internal culture had to deal with a wide range differences, including languages and general cultural practices. The firm has also had conflict, in 2011 firm faced a walk out by 11,000 German workers in protest at the requirement for productivity gains (C News, 2011). However, the European firms that made up Airbus, comes from an environment where there is generally…
Boeing is a U.S. firm, with a long history and good relationships with many U.S. airlines, where there is a nationalistic culture and close relationships with countries such as Japan. However, the culture is one that has been influenced by internal strife at many points in time, with a high union presence following the conflict model (Bryson, 2001). For example, in 2008 the company faced a strike by more than 27,000 workers following Boeings concerns regarding job security and pay when Boeing increased the level of outsourcing cost efficiency and flexibility (Gates, 2008). Bryson (2001) argues that the reason for the emergence of a collective culture characterized by conflict is the result of an employment relationship lacking communication and trust. However, Boeing over the years have sought to overcome this and create more unity, as seen with the rebuilding of the Boeing 737 manufacturing site at Renton, Washington, after it was destroyed by an earthquake (Steelcase, 2005). The redesign of the facility sought to reduce the barriers between management and employees so create a greater level of cooperation. Other strategies included increased communication and teamwork. More recently, the difficulties faced by the airline following the recession and the fear for jobs has also served to create more unity, but this has not prevented disagreements.
By comparison Airbus is a far more diverse firm, starting out in 1970 as a consortium of manufacturers from different European countries with members from France, Germany, Spain and later the UK. The culture of the organization may be argued as highly diverse, reflecting the national cultures from which the member companies originated. The internal culture had to deal with a wide range differences, including languages and general cultural practices. The firm has also had conflict, in 2011 firm faced a walk out by 11,000 German workers in protest at the requirement for productivity gains (BBC News, 2011). However, the European firms that made up Airbus, comes from an environment where there is generally a more cooperative model of collectivism with a higher level of social support (Legge, 2004; Hofstede, 2003).
It may be argued the respective cultures have influenced the way the firms develop strategy for themselves and each other. Airbus started out as the follower; only formed in 1970 when Boeing was already the market leader. Part of the firms' strategy was to find a way to compete which would allow them to compete with the larger firm, this included seeking and gaining government subsidies and support. While Boeing saw this as unfair, it was argued by Airbus and the relevant governments it was temporary, to help place Airbus in a position where they gained a sufficiently string market position and reputation to allow them to
Airbus is currently implementing new logistics processes tat it expects to cut costs by 20%. Part of tis is because Airbus as been flying parts for planes to central locations to facilitate assembly. However, it is peraps more important tat tis increases inventory turnover; because like all airplane manufacturers, Airbus as a backlog: if tis backlog is eliminated or lessened by more expedient manufacturing, Airbus produces at a faster rate and is able to sell more products. Te backlog is also counter-cyclical; customers get teir orders faster wen less are buying. Te current backlog is over four years wereas cycles generally last ten or less wit prolonged recessions rare. Only a sustained recession of more tan several years can treaten Airbus'es production pipeline. Tis is unlikely as air travel as already recovered from its early-2003 low. Accoring to te exercise, a new airplane needs a total of 85 days in…
http://news.airwise.com/stories/2003/10/1066964678.html
Airbus Jet Sales Soar. CNN International. January 17, 2002. http://money.cnn.com/2002/01/17/international/airbus/
James Wallace. Airbus sales chief scoffs at rival's 7E7. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. June 18th, 2003. http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/business/127110_leahy182.html
Airbus is one of the leading producers of commercial and military aircraft in the world. The company has been successful because of the commitment it has to excellence and a global vision. The purpose of this discussion is to focus on the ways and which Airbus functions in various parts of the world given the differing cultures, political, economic and trade issues that differ from country to country. The research will also focus on the ways in which Airbus can deal more effectively with these issues as they arise.
Company information: summary, products, size, etc. Note: (no history)
Airbus is Headquartered in Toulouse, France. The company is owned by European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company (EADS). At the current time the company employs 52,500 people and has many fully owned subsidiaries throughout the world. These subsidiaries are located in the China, United States, Japan and in the Middle East. In…
Works cited
"A350 XWB Family." Retrieved from: http://www.airbus.com/aircraftfamilies/passengeraircraft/a350xwbfamily/
"A330/A340 Family." Retrieved from: http://www.airbus.com/aircraftfamilies/passengeraircraft/a340family/
"A320 Family." Retrieved from: http://www.airbus.com/aircraftfamilies/passengeraircraft/a320family/
("A380 Family." Retrieved from: http://www.airbus.com/aircraftfamilies/passengeraircraft/a380family/
Wings:
Airbus A350 will consist of new all-combined wings that will be common to all the variations of the A350 airliner family. The newly designed wings will be the biggest wing to be ever created for a mid-size / wide-body aircraft capable of boosting the typical cruise speed and increasing the maximum operating speed. The new wings design will incorporate an innovative trailing-edge system and an improved dropped-hinge flap that allows the closure of the space between the trailing edge and flap with the spoiler.
Cockpit:
The production of Airbus A350 family of airliners will incorporate a revised configuration of the cockpit to adopt LCD screens that are different from the Airbus A380-sized display. The revised design will include two central displays and a solitary flight/navigation display for each pilot. While the two central displays will be built up on top of each other, the solitary flight/navigation display will have…
References:
"Airbus Letter." (2008, November). Airbus Media Relations. Retrieved September 17, 2010,
from http://www-org.airbus.com/store/mm_repository/press_kits/att00005531/media_object_file_Airbus_Letter_EN.pdf
Barbosa, Q. (2008, January 21). Projet de Fin d'Etude. Retrieved September 17, 2010, from http://www.g-scop.inpg.fr/~bassetts/Master/Examples/RapportPFE-Airbus-QuirinoBarbosa-210108.pdf
Hamilton, S. (2006, April 4). Redesigning the A350: Airbus' Tough Choice. Retrieved September 17, 2010, from http://www.leeham.net/filelib/ScottsColumn040406.pdf
Comparison to oeing
The general perception is that oeing is the undisputed international leader on the aerospace market and that Airbus is generally unable to properly function and its success is only based on state subsidies and sponsorships. However, in his book oeing vs. Airbus: The Inside Story of the Greatest International Competition in usiness, John Newhouse proves the opposite. He states that Airbus deserves the title of international leader as they produce similar products of sometimes superior qualities than oeing. In addition, they do this by using fewer financial resources and with the aid of fewer people than oeing. Also, to prove their superiority, he cites the years 2004 and 2005, when Airbus outnumbered oeing's sales and orders.
8. oeing 787 Dreamliner vs. Airbus A380
The A380 is the largest airplane on the market, having the ability to transport 550 up to 800 travellers, depending on the model; whereas…
Bibliography
Airbus Website, 2007, http://www.airbus.com/en , last accessed on November 6, 2007
Toulouse Tourist Office Website, 2007, http://www.uk.toulouse-tourisme.com/accueil/index_en.php , last accessed on November 6, 2007
Airbus Annual Review for 2006, Annual Report and Registration Document 2006, EADS Reports, http://www.reports.eads.com/2006/en/book1/5/2.html, last accessed on November 6, 2007
Newhouse, J., Boeing vs. Airbus: The Inside Story of the Greatest International Competition in Business, Vintage, 2007
As a result, in such conditions, the flight control systems commands the engines to increase thrust without pilot intervention and with an accuracy that no pilot could achieve.
Fly-by-wire).
Human Factors Considerations
The F/a-18D Hornet that slammed into a residential neighborhood in San Diego last December came from the first family of fighter jets with full fly-by-wire technology, where a flight control computer gathers data from on-board sensors to control flaps and other control surfaces that were mechanically driven on planes decades ago. ut for all their high-tech appeal, do fly-by-wire systems distance pilots from the feel and behavior of their airplanes to the point that crashes become more likely (Milstein)?
In aviation, human factors is dedicated to better understanding how humans can most safely and efficiently be integrated with the technology. That understanding is then translated into design, training, policies, or procedures to help humans perform better (Human Factors).…
Bibliography
Aircraft flight control systems." n.d. Absoluteastronomy. 03 March 2009 http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Aircraft_flight_control_systems .
Alford, L.D., Jr. "Fly-by-wire T & E. challenge [aircraft test pilot handling compensation]." Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE February 2004: 3-7, Volume 19, Issue 2.
Bannister, Jonathan, et al. "Fly-by-Wire Report." 04 October 2006. Adelaide University School of Mechanical Engineering. 05 March 2009 http://www.mecheng.adelaide.edu.au/~marjom01/Aeronautical%20Engineering%20Projects/2006/group8.pdf .
Corporate information/history: Fly-by-wire." n.d. Airbus. 04 March 2009 http://www.airbus.com/en /corporate/people/company_evolution/history/part_6.html.
Comparison to Airbus
oeing is headquartered in Chicago and Airbus is headquartered in Toulouse. oeing was founded 54 years sooner than Airbus. It numbers over 166,000 employees, whereas Airbus only numbers 48,500. oeing's net sales for fiscal year 2002 amounted to a total of $54 billion, Airbus' were less than half ($24 billion). The American company has a total of 14,000 aircrafts on the market; Airbus' aircrafts do not exceed 3,000. oeing also holds other six units, whereas Airbus holds no additional units.
8. oeing 787 Dreamliner vs. Airbus A380
The new oeing aircraft 787 Dreamliner is the company's latest airplane and it is designed to be safer, offer travellers more comfort, consume less fuel (by 20%) and increase its luggage capacity by 40 up to 60%. The Airbus A 380 is the largest airplane on the market, being able to transport up to 800 people at one flight. However…
Bibliography
Boeing Website, http://www.boeing.com , last accessed on November 6, 2007
International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 32. St. James Press, 2000, https://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/The-Boeing-Company-Company-History.html, last accessed on November 6, 2007
The Boeing Overview, retrieved at
Moreover, the study compares the effect on human factors on different types of aircraft. The study also reveals the correlation between the anomalies and type of aircrafts.
Human factors cause of Aircraft Accidents
The results of the descriptive statistics reveal that situational awareness is the most contributing human factor to aircraft accidents with the Mean =112. Moreover, the Mean value of the communication breakdown is 80 which rank second as the human factors problem to aircraft incidents. Typically, communication breakdown occurs when the pilot or other aircraft crew is unable to communicate with terminals. Communication is very critical for effective operations of aircraft, a pilot will require to constantly making radio communication when on air to ensure the aircraft safety and the aircraft is on the right direction. Confusion as human factor ranks third with the Mean =70. The descriptive statistics table shows other important human factors that cause the…
Reference
Balk, A.D. & Bossenbroek, J.W. (2010). Aircraft Ground and Human Factors, A comparative study of the perceptions by ramp staff and management. NLR Air Transport Safety Institute.
Boeing (2013). Commercial Jet Statistical Summary of the Airplane Accidents Worldwide Operations 1959 -- 2012. Boeing 707.
Eldredge, D. Mangold, S.J. & Dodd, R.S. (1992). A Review and Discussion of Flight Management System Incidents Reported to the Aviation Safety Reporting System. U.S. Department of Special Programs & Transportation Research Administration
Deitz, S.R. & Thomas, W.E (1991). Pilots, Personality and Performance: Human Behavior & Stress in the Skies.
g. Lufthansa); partners with Blackberry and Yahoo for in flight conveniences.
Early aggressive additions to fleet and service did, as analysts predicted, negatively impact the company.
Company will need to carefully evaluate routes, new service, new equipment, and new technology in order to maintain growth potential.
Management
Fairly stable and industry respected; replaced CEO in May 2007.
Needed a new managerial focus after 2004.
Optimistic, keep tight rein on overly aggressive expansion.
Human esources
Jet Blue University, compensates better than most airlines, rewards loyalty for service
Unsuccessful attempt at unionizing
Ensure mission is translated to consumers; empower local employees to make better decisions so clients are not left sitting on tarmac.
Market Share
Huge and rapid growth spurt in early 21st century
Became a model for other carriers; major carriers copied model and took away share
Continued energy and fiscal focus on consumers and next generation of airline ideas.
Marketing…
REFERENCES
Air Transportation Safety and System Stabilization Act, Public Law 107-42. (2001, September 22). Retrieved October 2010, from Office of Transportation - U.S. Government: http://ostpxweb.ost.dot.gov/aviation/Data/stabilizationact.pdf
Jet Blue Press Release - Names Dave Barger President and CEO. (2007, May 10). Retrieved October 2010, from JetBlue.com: http://investor.jetblue.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=131045&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=998672&highlight=))
Air Travel Report: Dip in Delays, Spike in Complaints. (2010, October 12). Retrieved October 2010, from CNN Travel: http://www.cnn.com/2010/TRAVEL/10/12/air.travel.consumer.report
Jet Blue Shareholder Information. (2010, October 12). Retrieved October 2010, from Jet Blue: http://investor.jetblue.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=131045&p=irol-irhome
PRODUCT, PRICE, PROMOTION, PLACE ) OF INGAPORE AIRLINE & #8230;focus on Product ( brand, service quality, service excellence ) .Why product ( brand, service quality, service excellence) price, promotion, place of ingapore Airlines is important ?
Product
ingapore Airlines is a full-fledged carrier service that combines a high-level product with excellent flight service. As of 2011, IA possessed 108 modern passenger planes (mostly Boeing 777 (PREWIRE, 2005) whose average age was six years and three months (ingapore Airline, 2012). IA has, accordingly, achieved the reputation of possessing one of the world youngest fleet of aircraft (PREWIRE, 2005). IA is a member of tar Alliance. he is also the first airline company to internationally operate the world's largest passenger aircraft called Airbus A380 that is comfortably equipped to cater to its passengers' needs.
IA has also diversified into aircraft handling and engineering .Meanwhile, her subsidiary, ilkAir, operates local flights with smaller…
Sources
Chan, Daniel. (2000). The Story of Singapore Airlines and the Singapore Girl. The Journal of Management Development. Bradford: Vol. 19 (6):456-473.
Mutzabaugh, Ben (14 December 2010). "U.S., European airlines no longer world's biggest, IATA says." USA Today
PRESSWIRE. (May, 6, 2005).Singapore Airlines: world's largest operator of Boeing 777M2 ( http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=849692561&sid=5&Fmt=3&clientId=63584&RQT=309&VName=PQD )
Singapore Airline. (2012).
2.0 Strategic Situation Analysis
In order to understand the nature of aircraft manufacture at Boeing, it is important to have a clear vision of how outsourcing plays into the manufacture of aircraft. Let us use the example of Boeing's Dreamliner. The following illustration explains how outsourcing plays a key role in Boeing's business strategy. These represent TIER 1 suppliers.
Figure 1.
Source http://seekingalpha.com/article/17727-boeing-s-outsourcing-for-the-787-dreamliner
From here, the parts go to the plant in Everett and are assembled by TIER 2 suppliers as follows:
Source: http://seekingalpha.com/article/17727-boeing-s-outsourcing-for-the-787-dreamliner
These two illustrations clearly help to develop an understanding of the relationship between TIER 1 and TIER 2 suppliers at Boeing.
2.1 SOT Analysis:
SOT analysis is a planning method used to evaluate a company's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. In a business analysis, all of these factors are analyzed for the company under study and their competitors. This analysis allows the researcher to see both…
Works Cited
Airbus. "Welcome to the world of Airbus." 2011. < http://www.airbus.com/company / ..
Accessed February 17, 2011.
BA. "Boeings Outsourcing for the 787 "Dreamliner",." September, 28, 2006 <
http://seekingalpha.com/article/17727-boeing-s-outsourcing-for-the-787-dreamliner >.
market capitalization of 23.011 billion, oeing is the nation's largest producer of commercial aircraft and the world's leading aerospace company. It operates in four principal segments: Commercial Airplanes, Military Aircraft and Missile Systems, Space and Communications, and oeing Capital Corporation. As the world's market for air travel fluctuates with the risk of war, so do oeing's revenues. However, as the United States moves towards a footing that may include future wars against perceived 'terrorist states,' oeing stands to gain from military aircraft and weapons production. As such, it intrigues investors as its market is a careful reflection of the front pages of the world's newspapers.
To successfully evaluate oeing's stock, we must analyze its fundamentals and the performance of comparables, as well as market performance. A projection of future revenues is necessary, along with an estimation of the cost of capital with which oeing produces. These allow us to provide…
Bibliography
Finance.yahoo.com finace.yahoo.com, March 20th, 2003 www.airbus.com
Boeing SEC 10-Q Filing, 1st Quarter 2003
Whee Google elies on seach tems to tigge the display of a given
AdWods advetisement, it can be seen how Facebook wanted to ceate the
equivalent advetising business model though the use of social netwoking
and inteactions tiggeing which ad was shown. The ethics howeve of
tacking visits and activities on affiliate sites of cuent and pevious
Facebook membes, in addition to monitoing those visitos who have neve
opted in to Facebook yet ae being monitoed based on affiliate site click-
though taffic, is toubling. The lack of tanspaency about the entie
pogamme and the use of Beacons to become the foundation of a social
netwoking equivalent of Google AdWods is also toubling. In shot, all
these factos detact fom tust that Facebook visitos and uses have of
the site and thei futhe lack of communication on the issue just adds to
the deteioating tust visitos and paticipants on the…
references due to perceived
superiority combine to create a major roadblock in Nokia's efforts to re-
enter the market. When these factors are taken into account the key
obstacles Nokia needs to overcome in order to gain entry into the North
American market are made all the more difficult to overcome.
These key obstacles Nokia has to overcome in order to successfully enter
the North American market include addressing their weakness at successfully
partnering with service providers in general and content providers
specifically; the need for speeding up new product development and
This venture will be executed on the key of obtaining the right combination. Through a strong corporate culture, the new airline will differentiate itself from other Hawaiian Airlines (Cameron, 2012).
Not just an airline but also a lifestyle: our company will differentiate itself from the traditional Hawaiian Airlines. Our customers will be identified with a lifestyle. We have employed the services of the lading interior designer to work on the interiors of our aircrafts. This designer is viewed as the most fashionable in the world (Nicas, 2013).
eferences
American Airlines (2011). Spots Highlight Ease of Travel Experience with American's
Innovative Products and Services. American Airlines. etrieved on 13th Feb 2013 from http://aa.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=3340
Das, TK & eisel, William D. (1997). Strategic marketing options in the U.S. airline industry
International Journal of Commerce & Management 7. 2: 84-98. etrieved on 13th Feb
2013 from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/212798957
Cameron, D. (2012). Airlines Shuffle Marketing Alliances.…
References
American Airlines (2011). Spots Highlight Ease of Travel Experience with American's
Innovative Products and Services. American Airlines. Retrieved on 13th Feb 2013 from http://aa.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=3340
Das, TK & Reisel, William D. (1997). Strategic marketing options in the U.S. airline industry
International Journal of Commerce & Management 7. 2: 84-98. Retrieved on 13th Feb
Low Cost Airline in Thailand
The Study on Improvement of Low Cost Airline in Thailand
Geography of Thailand
Nature of Airlines
Variables under Study
The Profitability of Low Cost Airlines in Thailand
Thai Economy
Operating esults, Selected Airlines, Financial Year 1999
The Economies of Scale Attained By Airline Industry
Human esource Practices
The future of low cost Thailand Airlines
Contrasting Qualities of State Owned and Non-State Owned Airlines
The Study on Improvement of Low Cost Airline in Thailand
Thailand is a global source for customers seeking cheap labor or material inputs. The country is rich in natural resources -- tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, and timber being a few examples. The country is a major source for agricultural products1a.
Thailand also has an abundant supply of low-skilled labor with high participation rates in the workforce 86% for males and 67% for females in 1995. At the same time, the country…
References
Aharoni, Y. & Nachum, L. (Eds.). (2000). Globalization of Services: Some Implications for Theory and Practice. London: Routledge. Retrieved June 11, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102764448
Alagappa, M. (Ed.). (1998). Material and Ideational Influences. Stanford, CA: Stanford University. Retrieved June 11, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=35541491
Asia Top Companies by Sales. (2000, June). Business Asia, 8, 38. Retrieved June 11, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001764374
Beirman, D. (2003). Restoring Tourism Destinations in Crisis: A Strategic Marketing Approach / . Crows Nest, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin. Retrieved June 11, 2011, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102031189
Boeing 777X is an aircraft currently under development. The aircraft is based in part on technology that was developed for the 787 Dreamliner. The company intends this project to be the "largest and most efficient twin-engine jet in the world," and also expects it to have enhanced cabin features that will improve upon the in-flight experience. The jet is intended as a competitor for the Airbus A350, which entered service at the beginning of 2015. Boeing hopes that the 777X will be ready for production in 2017. This paper will outline the process by which Boeing determined to proceed with this project.
Problem Identification
The commercial jet business is global in nature. The market for long-haul jets is basically a duopoly, with Boeing and France-based Airbus. The market for smaller jets is dominated by Bombardier (Canada) and Embraer (Brazil). The only other player in the long-haul jet market is Moscow-based…
References
Boeing (2016). Introducing the 777X. Boeing. Retrieved March 17, 2016 from http://www.boeing.com /commercial/777x/
Gates, D. (2015). Massive, speedy robots ready to build composite wings for Boeing 777X. Seattle Times. Retrieved March 17, 2016 from http://www.seattletimes.com/business/boeing-aerospace/massive-speedy-robots-ready-to-build-composite-wings-for-boeing-777x/
Johnsson, J., Rothman, A. & Catts, T. (2013). Boeing said to near 777X order haul of up to $87 billion. Bloomberg. Retrieved March 17, 2016 from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-10-30/boeing-said-to-near-777x-order-haul-of-up-to-87-billion
Mutzabaugh, B. (2015). United now flying its Dreamliners to six continents. USA Today. Retrieved March 17, 2016 from http://www.usatoday.com/story/todayinthesky/2015/04/09/united-now-flying-its-dreamliners-to-six-continents/25529435/
Toyota's system is superior.
2) Toyota's arms-length relationship spread the risk of overcapacity with the suppliers and reduced capital expenditures. Toyota was able to maintain the same degree of production flexibility and quality control by contracting out. The major drawback of Toyota's system was a dependence on other companies for supplies. There was also the risk of a supplier going out of business. American manufacturers did not have this risk.
3) the development of Toyota's lean production system was driven by the need to be a better competitor that U.S. automakers and the desire to offer a wide range of products. Factors unique to Japan were important because the lean production system required labor-management relations, and a strong support network called keiretsu.
4) Toyota entered the NUMMI joint venture in order to gauge the feasibility of manufacturing in the U.S. market. They were able to gain experience with American labor…
egulations and requirements
The Federal Aviation Authority -- FAA passed the "Vision100 - Century of Aviation eauthorization Act," which among other regulations also allowed for the allocation of the AIP funds for the facilities like hangars and fuel farms. This is stated in the law that the secretary can pay the funds "apportioned to the airport sponsor under section 47114 (d) (3) (a) and if the Secretary determines that the sponsor has made adequate provision for financing airside needs of the airport." ("Airport Improvement Program," 2004) Therefore all planners and builders are required to submit a business plan. In the event where the promoter of the proposed airport is not requiring the genera fund, still considering these guidelines will help in determining the profitability and the types of facility and structures required. The foremost concern is to evaluate the need. The plan must show the demand envisaged for the facility.…
References
Banister, David; Berechman, Joseph. (2000) "Transport Investment and Economic
Development" UCL Press: London.
De Neufville, Richard; Odoni, Amedeo R. (2002) "Airport Systems: Planning, Design, and Management" McGraw-Hill.
Doganis, Rigas. (2002) "Flying off Course: The Economics of International Airlines"
Aer Lingus
Assess Supply Base
The supply base is a function of the airport capacity, specifically the terminal and lanes leased specifically for the use of Aer Lingus jet and air plane usage in addition to the actual supply of jets/planes and the parts used to effectively repair and operate each unit. The supply base is assessed by assessing the supply chain for the airline. The supply chain is a function of all vendors that provide supply to Aer Lingus to maintain operational performance.
Functional capacity is the ability of the supply base to utilize full operating capacity to maximize profit through the efficient use of supply to drive performance. However, the supply base assessment can also be a method to pass-through costs. According to Chandler (2009), "enaud recognizes that it's sometimes a matter of "sanding our folks out to suppliers to help them [avoid] costs." Mike Madsen couldn't agree…
References
"A Change of Direction." International Financial Law Review (2011): n/a. ABI/INFORM Global. Web. 25 Mar. 2011.
Brouwer, Onno W., Joanna Goyder, and Daniel Mes. "Developments in Ec Competition Law in 2007: An Overview." Common Market Law Review 45.4 (2008): 1167. ABI/INFORM Global. Web. 25 Mar. 2011.
Brown, John Murray. "Dublin Eyes State Asset Sell-Off." FT.com (2011): n/a. ABI/INFORM Global. Web. 25 Mar. 2011.
"Business and Finance." Wall Street Journal: A.1. ABI/INFORM Global. 2006. Web. 25 Mar. 2011 .
oeing had utilized vast amounts of time, labor, energy, money and resources into the Apollo Program of the 1960's for the program finally to be cut to practically nothingness in the 1970's.
I. The Apollo Program:
Expenditures for the cost of the Apollo Program were in the total amount of $25.4 billion dollars. There were 11 manned Apollo flights, 381.7 kg of moon material was recovered during the course of the Apollo missions and although there are those who believe that the motivations for the Apollo missions were that of a "psycho-political" nature, the one gift that America and the world were given by the Apollo program was the realization of the reality of "how fragile the earth is."
At the time the Apollo program essentially caved in oeing also was losing hope in the production of commercial aircraft as they had placed their hopes on the 747 and the…
Bibliography
Bernstein, James (1993) Newsday: With New Fighter, Boeing Flies Solo 15 Nov (1993)
Mondout, Patrick (nd) Boeing 707
Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 1993
Making it Fly: The Big Gamble the Seattle Times 1983 June 19 (Boeing Loses Millions of Dollars on Every New 757 it Sells) [Online] at http://www.seattletimes.nwsource.com/news/business/757/part01/
Boeing to Pieces, Fortune writer, Jerry Useem, focuses on the crisis at once the world largest manufacturer of commercial jetliners and the biggest U.S. defense contractor, which had led the company into a nightmarish situation. Boeing that was undoubtedly the leader in its field is now suffering from declining profits while its leadership ethics are being questioned by the public and other stakeholders. How did a company that never had any serious rivals for a ling time suddenly became a vague entity and is positioned very low in the professional ethics index. These are some of the questions that Useem tries to answer by focusing on Boeing's recent history and Philip Condit's seven-year tumultuous reign. After reading the article, it becomes absolutely clear that Boeing did not suffer because of European Airbus or because of diversification, but the real problem existed at the top. Boeing suffered from poor leadership, which…
REFERENCE:
Philip Kotler, Marketing Management, 11th edition, Northwestern University, Prentice Hall, 2003
Emirate Airline Analysis
What follows in this report is a review and summary of the customer services aspect of Emirates Airline. The firm in question has most certainly established a name for themselves and there is the common refrain about how adept they are. Even so, there are opportunities for them to get better and all firms should commit to a culture and mindset of continuous improvement, fettering out what problems what do exist and finding common sense solutions for dealing with the same. Regardless of what problems are found, there need to be evidence-based and realistic solutions put forth, and that shall be the goal of this report. While Emirates Airlines does a lot of things well when it comes to their customer services, they could do even better and strive to do so whenever possible.
Company Summary
Before getting into the minutia of what should change and why,…
Emirates Airlines and Etihad Airways
Introduction
This paper discusses Etihad Airways, the number 2 airline of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and compares it to Emirates Airlines, the number 1 airline of the Middle East, and fourth largest airline in the world. The paper provides examples of the 7 P’s of the extended marketing mix for each airline, and provides a detailed marketing plan for Etihad Airways. The marketing plan includes how the plan will meet business objectives and marketing objectives of Etihad Airways as well as an Action Plan that can be used to to monitor and evaluate the company’s progress for meeting its business goals and objectives.
Etihad Airways
Etihad Airways is the 2nd largest airline in the UAE and the second flag carrier airline of the UAE with its HQ in Abu Dhabi and its main hub at Abu Dhabi International Airport. Founded in 2003, Etihad Airways…
(Dunn, 2009)
Arumemi-Ikhide believes that Arik can succeed due to a combination of the opportunity -- helped by economic and air transport reforms in Nigeria -- and the capability to deliver a high quality product." (Dunn, 2009) Also stated by Arumemi-Ikhide is that this "will be a key in differentiating it in the international market and providing feeder traffic. That will be the lifeline for the international network. That's what sets up apart from our rivals." (Dunn, 2009)
Martin Russell states in the report entitled: "Arik Air: The Future of African Aviation" that both the "internal opinion of African air travel and that of onlookers overseas was bleak before the arrival of Nigeria's newest treasure, Arik Air." (2008) Russell states that the aviation industry is African is "hampered by somewhat less predictable weather and frequent storms" resulting in aviation in African being "far from predictable with temperamental skies that readily…
Bibliography
Nigeria's air traffic grows by 31% during 2008; defies global slump (2009) TradeInvest Nigeria Thu, 05 Mar 2009. Online available at: http://www.tradeinvestnigeria.com/news/957188.htm
Lawal, Lateef (2009)FG Invests Over N7b In Air Navigation, Safety, Search & Rescue - Nigeria Masterweb Daily News. Online available at: http://www.nigeriamasterweb.com/blog/
More Frequencies to Foreign Airlines Put Nigerian Carriers at Risk (2009) The Guardian -- Travels 17 Jul 2009. Online available at: http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/travels/article01//indexn2_html?pdate=170709&ptitle=More%20frequencies%20to%20foreign%20airlines%20put%20Nigerian%20carriers%20at%20risk
Dunn, Graham (2009) Arik Air: Pressing Ahead with International Plans. 3 June 2009. Airline Business. Online available at: http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/03/06/323508/arik-air-pressing-ahead-with-international-plans.html
According to these airlines, the public can help by contacting their Congress people.
According to the airlines in question, there are in fact (or have been) regulations in place in order to discourage the phenomenon of uncontrolled speculation and manipulation in world markets. These have however been weakened or removed, resulting in the rapid rise of fuel prices today. The claim is in fact that rising demand and diminishing supply cannot account for the rise in oil prices that have been experienced over the last year.
Alexandra Marks (2008) also addresses the role of the Government in encouraging higher fuel prices. According to airline industry experts and analysts, Congress is not doing enough to curb speculation. If this is not done very soon, according to these experts, the aviation industry could face a collapse in the not very far future, that is in danger of crippling the economy of the…
Sources
AOPA ePublishing staff. AOPA working on future avgas. http://www.aopa.org/aircraft/articles/2008/080319avgas.html
Credeur, Mary Jane. (2008, July 9). Northwest Air to Cut 2,500 jobs to Blunt Fuel Costs. Bloomberg Press. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601103&sid=aQSwxib7vM3s&refer=us
Hegeman, Roxana. (2008, July 8). Soaring aviation fuel cots ground many pilots. Forbes.com. http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2008/07/08/ap5194342.html
Lynch, Kerry. (2008, Mar. 24). AOPA, Greens Battle Over Lead in AvGas. Aviation Week. http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=busav&id=news/LEAD03248.xml
The Large Cargo Freighter (Dreamlifter) delivered major assemblies in the first half of 2007, and the company expects final assembly of the first 787 later in the second quarter of 2007. Boeing also expects to fly 787 engines on an airplane test bed sometime in the first quarter of 2007.
In summary, the three dominant factors of commercial aircraft demand, business jet demand, and supply chain planning, forecasting, and manufacturing fulfillment are central to Boeings' strategic and contingency planning. In addition to all of these significant new opportunities, the role of the Internal Governance Officer to provide a higher level of oversight and ethical guidance is making the audits from the Justice Department less intrusive on daily work in the company. The governance office now has 90 employees full-time working on ethics programs and preventative action plans to keep the company out of the ethical problems faced in the past,…
References
Ameet Sachdev (2006). Making Boeing fly right: Bonnie Soodik, who leads the internal governance office at the aircraft maker, oversees compliance with all ethics rules. May 20, 2006. Knight Ridder Tribune Business News, 1. Retrieved October 12, 2007, from ABI/INFORM Dateline database. (Document ID: 1039557211).
Atkins (2006) - Boeing and Toyota Beef Up Training in Response to Recent Scandals. August 4, 2006. Shanti Atkins. Accessed from the Internet on October 12, 2007 from location:
http://harassmenttraining.elt-inc.com/2006/08/articles/-federal-harassment-training/boeing-and-toyota-beef-up-training-in-response-to-recent-scandals/
Boeing Market Forecasts (2006) - Based on Boeing Internal Market Research. Accessed from the Internet on October 12, 2007 at http://blog.nam.org/Boeing%20Export%2006j.pdf
There are also challenges that will emerge from the provision of the Fair Treatment for Experienced Act due to its impact on the Aviation safety standards and guideline principles. These impacts include stricter measures regarding safety standards which comprises giving more firm limitations for pilots that are in the age of 60 and above and this will cause more dilemmas for other senior pilots who are responsible for guiding next generation of pilots (Brazy, 2008). There are some claims that the credibility of the Fair Treatment for Experienced Act has been degraded because of its consideration of age sensitive requirements particularly with the operating pilots.
The degree of discriminatory actions was considered as a violation and as a challenge for the reason that there is a segregation of particular groups known to be prohibited by the Federal law of the United States. Political pressure can also be a challenge because…
Reference
Aviation Online Magazine (2007). Fair Treatment of Experienced Pilots Act (the age of 65 law). Claimed from: http://avstop.com/legal/fair_treatment_of_experienced_pilots_act.htm .
Brazy, Douglas (2009). Group Chairman's Factual safety Board. Accessed: http://www.exosphere3d.com/pubwww/pdf/flight_1549/ntsb_docket/420526.pdf .
FAA (Federal Aviation Authority (2008). Fair Treatment and Experienced Act. Available: http://www.faa.gov/other_visit/aviation_industry/airline_operators/airline_safety/info/all_infos/media/age65_qa.pdf .
Fritzpatrick, Robert (2011). Recent Developments in D.C. Labor and Employment Law. Retrieved from: http://www.robertbfitzpatrick.com/papers/2011-05-04-DCBarPaperRevised.pdf .
Good managers must act quickly when faced with ethical dilemmas.
Leaders need ensure that dignity and respect are maintained at all times.
These different elements are important, because they are providing us with a basic foundation as to how manages can apply effective leadership inside their organization. Once this occurs, is when there will be a transformation in operating environment with everyone willing to work together on a regular basis. (Voyer, 2011)
Conclusion
Clearly, the different pieces of literature that we reviewed are illustrating how managers must be able to embrace certain ideas. That will help to improve the ability of the firm to deal with a host of challenges. The way that this is accomplished is through having everyone focus on certain characteristics that will enhance the operating environment to include: exercising effective leadership, having good communication and implementing a values-based system. These different elements are important, because the…
Bibliography
Engaging Stakeholders. (2011). Wharton. Retrieved from: http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=2814
Demichellis, S. (2008). Language, Meaning and Games. The American Economic Review, 98 (4), 1292 -- 1311.
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Kiron, D. (2011). Analytics. MIT Sloan Management Review. Retrieved from: http://sloanreview.mit.edu/feature/achieving-competitive-advantage-through-analytics/
Business
Aircraft Fleet Management
The fleet planning of an airline deals with the way airlines decide which type of aircraft to acquire and then utilize their aircraft on different routes. The main aim of fleet planning is usually to add value to the airlines operations by increasing efficiency. For example, operating a large wide bodied jet on a short route with only a few passengers would be highly inefficient, due to the higher overhead costs than a smaller, lighter jet. Likewise, if only smaller aircraft are available for the most popular route the airline may not be maximizing their potential to generate revenues and profit due to limited capacity (Clark, 2007). This demonstrates that fleet planning requires forward thinking and can be a strategic element of airlines ongoing operations.
Different strategies may be adopted by airlines. Southwest Airlines, known as the first low cost carrier, adopted a strategy which saw…
References
Anonymous, (2014), Airbus A380 v Boeing Dreamliner, accessed at Clark, P (2007), Buying the Big Jets: Fleet Planning for Airlines, Ashgate Publishing
Forbes, (2014, Feb 22) Southwest's Fleet Initiatives Are Helping Preserve Its Low-Cost Advantage, Forbes, accessed at http://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2014/02/28/southwests-fleet-initiatives-are-helping-preserve-its-low-cost-advantage/
Freiberg, K, (1998), Nuts!: Southwest Airline's Crazy Recipe for Business and Personal Success, Broadway Books
Naumann, M; Suhl, L; Friedemann, M, (2012), A stochastic programming model for integrated planning of re-fleeting and financial hedging under fuel price and demand uncertainty, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 54, 47-65
While Cadbury was initially vulnerable resulting in this take over, Kraft had to borrow heavily to afford the final price of 850p per share. In the coming months and years, Kraft will have to balance against recovering the money put into this acquisition (Wiggins, 2010). A risk, many British politicians and citizens alike fear will mean the end of their signature chocolate in an effort by Kraft to increase their profit margin quickly.
Case Study 2: Discussion
The Kraft acquisition of Cadbury is a corporate negotiation making headlines across the world both for the magnitude of the deal and the incredible hostility which marked the negotiations prior to the final signing of the agreement. Cadbury wound up in a financially vulnerable position after several strategically bold maneuvers ultimately resulted in a poor stock showing for the newly de- merged Dr. Pepper Snapple drinks company, and the reliance of Cadbury on…
References
1. "Exxon, Mobil in $80B deal." CNN Money official site. CNN, 1 Dec. 1998.
2. Beaudin, Guy. "Kraft- Cadbury: Making Acquisitions Work." BusinessWeek. 9 Feb. 2010.
3. "Mannesmann seals deal." CNN Money official site. CNN, 3 Feb. 2000.
4. "$58B bank deal set: J.P. Morgan agrees to buy Bank One in a deal that would combine two of the nation's biggest banks." CNN Money.com. 15 Jan 2004.
They also recommended that the use of punch hole rivets near the windows, to be replaced with the use of epoxy or drill riveting, to prevent air pockets from developing near the cabin. ("OAC Flight 781," 2005)
The accident changed the industry, by allowing for window designs that were more rounded. This is significant because such a design would provide greater support to the cabin during flight. As a result, these windows have become standard in all jet and propeller driven aircraft. What this shows is that the lessons learned from the accident, mainly the windows and the rivets were used to improve the overall quality of designs of aircraft for the better. ("OAC Flight 781," 2005)
Clearly, the three different incidents highlight specific issues that helped contribute to each accident. Where, all of them have helped improve designs, training and inspections standards. This is important because investigators can use…
Bibliography
Aloha Airline Flight 243. (1988). Retrieved May 13, 2010 from NTSB website:
http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR89-03.pdf
American Airlines Flight 587. (2002). Retrieved May 13, 2010 from NTSB website:
http://www.ntsb.gov/events/2001/aa587/default.htm
The company offers training sessions for their staff members and presents them with several incentives, such as discounts on the organization's services or employee empowerment. This virtually means that the individual staff members are valued as vital organizational assets, and their input is considered throughout the decision making process.
The second component of the transportation and logistics infrastructure is given by the fleet. This is composed from the following:
654 aircraft fleet, out of which 71 are Airbus A300; 56 are Airbus A310; 13 are AT 72s; 26 are ATT 42s; 79 are Boeing 727; 1 is Boeing DC10 (10s); 6 are Boeing DC10 (30s); 57 are Boeing MD 10 (10s); 12 are Boeing MD 10 (30s); 57 are Boeing MD (11s); 10 are Cessna 208As; 242 are Cessna 208Bs and finally, 24 are Boeing 757-200s
43,000 vehicle fleet over 100,000 power ships over 2 million ships and ship managers…
References:
Marc h 16, 1995, FedEx Extends Tracking and Information Capabilities to America Online Users; Federal Express Customers already Using Services on FedEx Internet Worldwide Web Home Page, Business Wire
2000, FedEx Corporation SEC Filling, http://apps.shareholder.com/sec/viewerContent.aspx?companyid=FDX&docid=784953 last accessed on January 18, 2010
2010, FedEx Corporation, Hoovers, http://hoovers.com/company/FedEx_Corporation/rfhhti-1-1njdap.html last accessed on January 18, 2010
2010, The 9 Faces of Leadership, Fast Company, http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/13/9faces.html last accessed on January 18, 2010
FAA Pilot Rest Requirements
On January 15, 2009, Captain Chesley Sullenberger successfully landed U.S. Airways Flight 1549, a scheduled commercial passenger flight from LaGuardia Airport in New York City to Charlotte/Douglas International Airport, Charlotte, North Carolina, onto the waters of the Hudson River after the plane, an Airbus A320-214, had been struck by a flock of birds which caused an immediate and complete loss of thrust in both engines. Had Capt. Sullenberger, and the crew of Flight 1549, not responded as they did, in a uniformly calm and cool manner while adhering to the tenets FAA safety regulations, there's a decent chance that all of the 155 occupants aboard the Airbus 320 would not be with us today, and that this story of heroism, in the face of looming tragedy, would have a different ending (Sturcke, 2009).
On February 12, 2009, in the wake of the glee and excitement that…
Works Cited
Bowles, H. (2010, Feb. 8). Colgan Pilot Fatigue & NTSB. Better Job Safety. Retrieved from http://safetests.blogspot.com/2010/02/colgan-pilot-fatigue-ntsb.html
Brandon, M. (2000, Sept). The Effects of Fatigue On Performance And Safety. Airline Safety.Com. Retrieved from http://www.airlinesafety.com/editorials/PilotFatigue.htm
Dorr, L., Duquette, A. (2010, Sept. 16). Fact Sheet -- Pilot Fatigue. Federal Aviation
Administration. Retrieved from http://www.faa.gov/news/fact_sheets/news_story.cfm?newsId=11857
Hindustan Aeronautic Limited (Delivery of doors)
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
The Hindustan Aeronautics limited is a national parastatal company venturing in industrial defense and aerospace. The company was founded in the early 1940s and has based itself in the city of Bangalore in India. The company majors in the manufacture, assembly, navigation of aircrafts and related equipment, and communication apparatus. Other than those main operations, the company has also ventured in delivering doors in windows through its supply chain management department. The business venture in the new supply departments was propelled by the establishment of the door manufacturing unit in the company's plant. The company operates under the motivation of its operational values, mission and vision statements depicting that its goals are to provide high-quality designs in aeronautic tools and cost-effective to all its customers.
Executive Summary
Hindustan aeronautics Limited has achieved in its supply and production of automobile accessories but…
Resources and manpower utilized in the prior assembly are also availed during the schedules assembly time. Effectuating prior production will not incur other extras costs. Through this, HAL will retract their earlier procedures and develop effective modes of ensuring earlier pre-assembly of the doors.
In addressing the uncertainties encountered, the supply chain management is recommended to ensure strict time schedule of working upon all phases of assembly. Similarly, having storage forms of the arriving shelf life and transportation modes is convenient. This will counter future risks exposed to the staff in assembling the doors. Fulfillment of these organizational recommendations will eventually suppress delivery gaps in the windows stipulated in the contract.
It is highly recommended that the company's supply chain management re-inculcates computations in quantity of ship-sets released, breakdown costs on inputs being used and other critical consumables. The EOQ of HAL door assembly should be raised to high levels; so as to bring in additional costs resulting from low running costs from the new assembled products. Through this, unit acquisition costs will be reduced with purchases of larger quantities. Additional costs can offer more reliable transport system in, hence enabling the importing company to be more dependable on HAL.
Conclusion
Despite the hurdles of delivering the passenger doors in time, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited has been at the fore front of producing most doors used by many airbuses. The company has also partnered with other assembling plants and suppliers in addressing their earlier constrain. Instantly, it has had established departmental entities in the company to deal with the problems associated with delivering the doors and other products to other manufacturing companies. The new notion comprehensively overlooks at the conceptual design methodology of setting up customer -- benefit supplies and low costs from inventory management, follow-ups, monitoring process and supervisions to the delivery chain.
Social Media etailing Applications: Opportunities and Threats
How Has Social Media Developed and What are the Benefits and Downsides of Using Social Media for etailers Today?
This study examines social business in general, how it developed and the benefits of using social media in particular. Second, this study provides a discussion concerning the potential positive as well as the effects of social business in the retail sector which is followed by a description of optimal business strategies for social media applications, the pros/cons of using these tools in the industry, and some representative case studies concerning companies that succeeded and some that recently failed in their use of social media. Finally, the study provides a summary of the research and important findings is followed by a series of recommendations concerning how retailers should use social media technologies in their own businesses in the concluding chapter.
Social Media Business Applications
Chapter…
References
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Baumann, M. (2010, June). @Twitter Discloses Business Model #Promotedtweets RT.
Information Today, 27 (6) 1-5.
Cloud Computing at EasyJet 25/08/2015
Brief Company background
Discussion of business problem
High level solution
Benefits of solving the problem
Business/technical approach
Business process changes
Technology or business practices used to augment the solution
Conclusions and overall recommendations
High-level implementation plan
EasyJet, a Luton-based low cost airline in the UK has managed to create differentiation from other low cost airlines through the introduction of a new system of seat booking. The move brought in a new era in the otherwise traditional synonymous seat allotment problems due to the free seating arrangements on the flights of the airline.
The airline used a cloud-based computing service system called Windows Azure to Power its new seat booking system. The system has cloud services and a SQL Database. The company chose to use Azure which cloud application platform developed by Microsoft. The could computing services introduced in the airline helped the low cost carrier…
References
Corporate.easyjet.com,. (2015). Our performance - easyJet plc. Retrieved 25 August 2015, from
FedEx Express Airlines Asset Structure
In definition, the asset structure of an organization refers to the different kinds of assets that are held by that particular organization. These various kinds of assets are delineated in the statement of financial position of the organization (Ambrose and Megginson, 1992). This particular essay will discuss the asset structure of FedEx. It will consider the company's main concerns with regard to airline scheduling, and whether the company owns or leases its equipment. It will also take into consideration the average age of FedEx's fleet and what their route structure is like.
What are the primary considerations in airline scheduling?
Scheduling regulates where and when the airline will fly. Schedules are constructed to make best use of long-standing profitability. The revenue and cost linked with every schedule are centered on very dissimilar understandings of the equivalent information (Barnhart and Smith, 2012). There are a number…
References
Airfleets.net. (2016). Federal Express Fleet Details. Retrieved 4 April 2016 from: http://www.airfleets.net/ageflotte/Federal%20Express.htm
Ambrose, B. W., & Megginson, W. L. (1992). The role of asset structure, ownership structure, and takeover defenses in determining acquisition likelihood. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 27(04), 575-589.
Barnhart, C., Smith, B. C. (2012). Quantitative Problem Solving Methods in the Airline Industry. International Series in Operations Research & Management Science 169
Cosmas, A., Martini, B. (2007). UPS and FedEx Air Hubs: Comparing Louisville and Memphis Cargo Hub Operations.
Mexico's Trade Strategy
Mexico has pursued a three-dimensional trade strategy perhaps more diligently than even the United States according to Schott (Studer & Wise, 2007). Mexico has been an active participant in multilateral talks since its GATT accession in 1986 and was the host country for the special Summit of the Americas in Monterrey and for the hemispheric trade talks in Puebla. Mexico is perhaps most famous as the instigator of NAFTA as well as many other FTAs with countries around the world including key industrial markets such as the European Union (EU, The European Free Trade Association (EFTA), and Japan. In addition, Mexico entered in FTAs with olivia, Chile, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, The G3 (Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela), Honduras, Israel and Nicaragua during the period January 1995 to June 2001 (Schott in Studer & Wise, 2007). It is important to emphasize that Mexico has many more FTAs…
Bibliography
Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, 1988. Basel Convention. Retrieved from: http://www.basel.int/
Bown, C.P. (2009). U.S. -- China Trade Conflicts and the Future of the WTO. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, 33 (1), winter/spring 2009, pp. 27-48.
Bown, C.P & McCulloch (2005). U.S. Trade Policy Toward China: Discrimination and its Implications.
China and Mercosur: Perpectives for Bilateral Trade (2007). China Programme 11 (7). International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development. Retrieved from: http://ictsd.org/i/news/bridges/3164/
In terms of environment, British Airways has a rather opaque policy and they have yet to implement measures which safeguard the well-being of the environment. elative to the competition, the British operator strives to regain its strength through a merger with Iberia.
3. ecommendations for Improvement
Before presenting the recommendations for improving the operations management at British Airways, it is necessary to reveal some of the challenges presented by the modern day environment. This endeavor is necessary as the recommendations for improvement will be tailored to the need to satisfy the identified challenges. In this order of ideas, the difficulties raised by the current context include the following:
safety and security issues changing role of employees pollution, global warming and the general impact on the environment intensifying competition
Safety and Security
This threat has always been present within the airline industry, but never at levels as high as today. Flying…
References:
Boyd, C., 2003, Human Resource Management and Occupational Health and Safety, Routledge, ISBN 0415265908
Solon, D., June 4, 2007, Airlines Are Defending Their Record Over Pollution, the New York Times
2009, Official Website of British Airways, http://www.britishairways.com last accessed on October 30, 2009
2009, British Airways Plc., Hoovers, http://hoovers.com/british-airways/--ID__41761 -- /free-co-factsheet.xhtml last accessed on October 30, 2009
hen an airplane catches on fire and jet fuel is the catalyst, the amount of time that the plane and the object around it will burn is dependent on many different factors. One of the primary factors is the amount of fuel that is still contained on the plane. For instance a jet that is taking a transatlantic flight will have more jet fuel than a regional flight. Investigators would need to know this type of information so that they can estimate how much time it might take for the fuel to burn off or the types of measures that need to be taken to extinguish the fire.
Investigations can also be effected by the presence of cabin fires. According to Improved Fire- and Smoke-Resistant Materials for Commercial Aircraft Interiors: A Proceedings, (1995) post crash Cabin fires have been extensively researched. A great deal of this research has occurred in…
Works Cited
Aircraft Accident Investigations." Retrieved June 6, 2008 from; http://www.enotes.com/forensic-science/aircraft-accident-investigations
"Fire and Explosion Investigation." Retrieved June 6, 2008 from; http://www.scsi-inc.com/FEI.html
History and Mission. Retrieved June 6, 2008 from; http://www.ntsb.gov/Abt_NTSB/history.htm
Improved Fire- and Smoke-Resistant Materials for Commercial Aircraft Interiors: A Proceedings, (1995). Retrieved June 6, 2008 from; http://books.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=4970#toc
Inventory Management Strategy. In his book, Streetwise Project Management, Dobson (2003) advocates the use of a just-in-time inventory management strategy to keep inventories low and manufacturing process more productive. This approach, though, will require close coordination with a Brazilian supplier, warehousing operations, planners and forecasters, and transportation directors throughout the inventory management process. In this regard, Epps (1995) advises, that such an approach requires the efficient transportation of materials from outside vendors directly to the work-in-process area, where the required value added processes of the manufacturing operations take place, which is followed by the shipping of the finished products to the customer within a reasonable timeframe. This inventory management strategy can save manufacturers the costs of inspection, stocking, material handling, inventory tracking, carrying the inventory, and the dangers that are typically related to damage to parts and their tendency to become obsolete over time (Epps).
The just-in-time inventory management strategy…
References
Bolten, E.F. (1997). Managing time and space in the modern warehouse with ready-to-use forms, checklist & documentation. New York: AMACOM.
Boyson, S., Harrington, L.H. & Corsi, T.M. (2004). In real time: Managing the new supply chain. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Brazil. (2009). U.S. government: CIA world factbook. [Online.] Available: https://www.cia.
gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html.
The chambers approach may be more suitable for states that seek a quick resolution to a particular dispute or for other compelling reasons; however, like the full Court, these alternatives are likewise voluntary in nature and require the consent of the disputants to have the case heard by one of the three foregoing chamber types. According to the Court's published information concerning "Chambers and Committees" (2009), "Despite the advantages that chambers can offer in certain cases, under the terms of the Statute their use remains exceptional. Their formation requires the consent of the parties. While, to date, no case has been heard by either of the first two types of chamber, by contrast there have been six cases dealt with by ad hoc chambers."
Given the significant representation by most of the countries of the world in the UN, the UCJ has the capability to provide a valuable forum in…
References
Alvarez, Jose E. And Thomas M. Franck, "Judging the Security Council." American Journal of International Law, 90(1), 2 (1999).
Basic Facts about the United Nations, Department of Public Information. New York: United
Nations (2004).
Black's Law Dictionary. St. Paul: West Publishing Co. (1990).
Perhaps the most sobering benchmark of world trends is found in Japan, a nation that was once viewed the economic model for the future. Those with long memories can recall how Japan was notable for its unprecedented trade surplus in the 1980s. Now, the export powerhouse has had four consecutive quarters of trade deficits in January, "the longest such stretch since the price of oil upset its trade balance in the 1970s" (Dougherty 2009).
Those with memories as short as last year can recall how global trade was trumpeted as the panacea to the world's ills, now the International Monetary Fund (IMF) "expects the total volume of global trade to shrink in 2009 by 2.8%" the first contraction since the 1982 world recession (Dougherty 2009). Japan's government will also lend $1 trillion worth of foreign currency reserves Toyota, Sony and other desperate and struggling Japanese export-driven companies. "About $5 billion…
Works Cited
Dougherty, Carter. (2009, March 3). "Countries stepping in to finance export trade." New York
Times. Retrieved March 8, 2009 at http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/04/business/worldbusiness/04trade.html?scp=2&sq=importing%20exporting&st=cse
Importing/exporting
The following definitions may be helpful.
Category 1 APUs are installed where in-flight auxiliary power operation is necessary. Category 1 APUs are usually required for essential APU installations. These APUs have been shown to meet all of the test and analysis requirements of the Minimum Performance Standard (MPS) of TSO C77b, Appendix 1.
Category 2 APUs are installed where in-flight APU operation is not necessary (non-essential installations).
Both Category 1 and Category 2 APUs are acceptable for non-essential APU installations. Category 2 APUs are not required to meet all of the test and analysis requirements that Category 1 APUs are subjected to. (See TSO C77b, Appendix 1, for the detailed requirements). (Category 1 and Category 2 APU, 2005). (See Appendix a for another example of an APU)
History (may need something different for this part - raw research) significant early demonstration was of the first liquid-fueled, fuel cell APU on…
References
Canadian Inventor Develops Airplane Auxiliary Power Unit Passive Cooling System. U.S. Fed News Service, Including U.S. State News. HT Media Ltd. 2008. Retrieved February 28, 2009 from HighBeam Research:
Ultimately, the airline has been able to extract concessions from its other unions and can expect to do the same with the AMU. Qantas should deal with the issue of worker unhappiness through non-financial means, such as fostering an organizational culture change.
The airline industry is facing a difficult operating environment. Qantas must find new ways to cut costs in order to remain competitive. The recent mechanical failures are not likely related to the acrimonious relationship that has developed between Qantas and the union representing its mechanics. Given that the Labor government has taken an anti-union stance, Qantas should move towards outsourcing maintenance. This will upset the union, but it is unlikely that quality will suffer as a result.
orks Cited
Robbins, Liz. (2008). " Qantas Involved in Another Incident" New York Times. Retrieved online December 14, 2008 at http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/07/qantas-involved-in-another-air-incident/
Qantas financials retrieved from Reuters, online, December 14, 2008 at…
Works Cited
Robbins, Liz. (2008). " Qantas Involved in Another Incident" New York Times. Retrieved online December 14, 2008 at http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/07/qantas-involved-in-another-air-incident/
Qantas financials retrieved from Reuters, online, December 14, 2008 at http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/incomeStatement?symbol=QAN.AX
Foley, Meraiah. (2008). "Safety and Labor Concerns Tarnish the Qantas Image" International Herald Tribune. Retrieved online December 14, 2008 at http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/10/17/business/qantas.php
No author. (2007). PEST Analysis. QuickMBA.com. Retrieved online December 15, 2008 at http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/pest/
Alwaleed also donated $500,000 to the George Herbert Walker ush Scholarship Fund in 2002. In December 2005, he donated $20 million each to Harvard University and Georgetown University to finance new initiatives aimed at enhancing the study of Islam in the Western academy and to foster understanding between Muslims and Christians. (Mujtaba 2008)
The Weill Medical College of Cornell University also received a donation $10 million in 2006 to establish the Institute for Computational efforts in wake of the 2005 earthquake in Pakistan. He also gave $2 million dollars for the development of the remote regions of Pakistan that include Kahuta, Jhelum valley, and the mountainside region of the Swat River valley. Alwaleed financed the building of the headquarters of the Fondation Pour l'Enfance, an organization dedicated to improving the living conditions of Malian and African children in Mali. (Mujtaba 2008)
Princely Lifestyle
The billionaire prince has a colorful life…
Bibliography
Answers.com. Alwaleed bin Talal. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/alwaleed-bin - talal (Accessed November 24, 2008).
Khan, Riz. 2008 Time 100: Prince Alwaleed bin Talal. November 24, 2008. http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1733748_1733758_1735846,00.html (Accessed November 24, 2008).
Alwaleed: Businessman Billionaire Prince. New York: HarperCollins, 2005.
Mujtaba, Syed Ali. Alalweed: Billionaire, Businessman, Prince. April 8, 2008. http://www.dinarstandard.com/finance/Alwaleed040608.htm (Accessed November
The crew area at airports, for example, is relatively spartan.
5A. EasyJet has been innovative in both its operations and its service offering. The company has found unique ways to drive revenue from passengers beyond the basic seat offerings. They have utilized the Internet and other information technology such as text messaging as a service and marketing tool to a greater extent than many of their competitors (Caswell, 2007). They have also been innovative in their choice of strategic alliances, such as their deal with Business Travel International (BTN, 2005). Furthermore, many of their techniques and structures for cost management show their innovative approach on the operations side. The design of their route architecture, their methods for increasing aircraft turnaround time and other efficiency strategies are innovative (Messinger, 2006).
5B. These services are moderately innovative. EasyJet's business model is similar to other low-cost airlines, but they have implemented their own…
Works Cited
EasyJet financials from Reuters. Retrieved Novembe 25, 2008 at http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/incomeStatement?stmtType=INC&perType=ANN&symbol=EZJ.L
EasyJet Investor Day 2008 from EasyJet. Retrieved November 25, 2008 at http://www.easyjet.com/common/img/analyst_and_investor_day_2008.pdf
No author. (2008). EasyJet. Biz/Ed. Retrieved November 25, 2008 at http://www.bized.co.uk/compfact/easyjet/easyindex.htm
No author. (2007). Gate Gourmet Signs Multiple-Year Contract with EasyJet. Food Business Review. Retrieved November 25, 2008 at http://www.food-business-review.com/article_news.asp?guid=9B01E1FA-A6F7-4A8A-A3D7-A6228323DE2D
He was fed well there, but treated coldly and was forbidden even to see Sheri until one morning the aunt pulled Raheem aside by the kitchen window.
Listen, Raheed, I have news. I know what is going on and I agree that just because your mother and Muhammad were married, there is no real reason for the marriage not to take place. After all, the very fact that your mother bore you before she even met Muhammad proves that you are not related by blood. I have convinced Muhammad to meet with our parents to discuss the matter and we have had several talks. I have vouched for you because I can see you are a good boy who can always provide for his family and I can also see how you and Sheri adore each other. There will be no keeping the two of you apart. Tonight the entire…
The use of Value Stream Mapping to define the next generation of airlines has given Boeing a competitive advantage in the global market for commercial aircraft (Smock, 2008). As part of the sourcing and strategic procurement process on the Dreamliner, the company has created teams that are process-centric, looking at how to be more efficient at not only the actual design of the project, but the processes that the designs are based on. In addition, Boeing has worked to bring suppliers into the design, development, and launch phases of a new project.
Future State of Lean elationships
Consistent with the strategies Boeing is using to manage its supply chains, seeking greater levels of collaboration strategic sourcing is the company's vision of having a virtual team of customers (both internal and external), prime subcontractors and subcontractors (Blake, Eash, 2003, p. 659). This model of the future of lean relationships also speaks…
References
Dale Agajanian, James Nicoletti, Goosen Broersma, Bruce Bailes, et al. (2006). Boeing Transportation Tracking Team Wins Team Excellence Silver Award. The Journal for Quality and Participation, 29(3), 33-37. Retrieved April 29, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 1154206721).
Don a Blake, John F. Eash. (2003). The BOEING JOURNEY to EXCELLENCE: LEAN PRODUCTION TRANSFORMATION in the INTERNAL and EXTERNAL SUPPLY CHAINS at BOEING. Quality Congress. ASQ's... Annual Quality Congress Proceedings, 57, 649-660. Retrieved April 29, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 677170141).
Victoria a Micheau (2005). HOW BOEING and ALCOA IMPLEMENTED a SUCCESSFUL VENDOR MANAGED INVENTORY PROGRAM. The Journal of Business Forecasting, 24(1), 17-19. Retrieved April 29, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 827293971).
Carlos Niezen, Wulf Weller. (2006). Procurement as Strategy. Harvard Business Review, 84(9), 22,24. Retrieved April 29, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 1116854751).