Attack Essays (Examples)

The trick is not to focus on any of this, but to focus on preparation and then on the real thing.

Do you think you're afraid to talk in front of other people? Guess what? The average person says 15,000 words per day. Unless you're in solitary confinement, those words are spoken to other people, sometimes two, three or more at the same time. You speak to family, friends, fellow students, and co-workers. You're already a public speaker, and you can help yourself gain more control over the situation by remembering this.

Get control, even if it's just in your own mind, with a little ritual before making a presentation. Some people might call it a good luck charm. Michael Jordan wore his old University of North Carolina shorts under his NBA shorts in every game. Wade Boggs always ate chicken before he played. Control, even in these seemingly small…

Such an attitude is part cultural clash and part resp0onse to external events, but it fosters a way of thinking that only leads to more conflict over time.

U.S. support for Israel is often cited as the key element in explaining Islamic hatred of America, but that is only one element. The way the U.S. fails to understand Islam is another element that creates tension. Also, actions such as those in the first Gulf War create anger as the U.S. first helped by invading Iraq, promising to support those who sided with the U.S., and then abandoned many of the Iraqis who did try to fight Hussein and leaving them to their fate. The U.S. inaction against Hussein over his attack on the Kurds also created hatreds in the region. One of the major points of contention with Israel and with the U.S. has been the Palestinian question and the…

References

Abdolian, L.F. & Takooshian, H. (2003). The U.S.A. Patriot Act: Civil Liberties, the Media, and Public Opinion. Fordham Urban Law Journal 30(4), 1429.

Affifi, a.E. (1958). The Rational and Mystical Interpretations of Islam. Islam: The Straight Path: Islam Interpreted by Muslims. Ed K.W. Morgan. New York: Ronald Press.

Al-Qaeda's origins and links (2004, Jul;y 20). BBC News. Retrieved June 17, 2007 at  http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1670089.stm .

Baker, N.V. (2003). National Security vs. Civil Liberties. Presidential Studies Quarterly 33(3), 547.

attack of 911 has posed a serious threat to the aviation industry. For the first the world could realize that airplanes are not only the mode of transportation but can also be utilized as potential bombs. Many passengers are apprehensive of air travel. This led Governments, Policy Makers, aviation industries and regulatory authorities to think a while about aviation security. The aviation security is being revolutionized since then to adopt newer technology for the purpose of ensuring the need of complete baggage screening, explosive detection, biometry identification, risk analyses, deployment of adequate skilled personnel, strengthening of cockpit doors etc.

An analysis of the effects of September 11th and Terrorism on Aviation in the United States and Around the orld

The terrorist attack in the morning of September 11, 2001 converted the United States became a nation transformed. An airliner flying at the speed of hundreds of miles per hour with…

Works Cited

Berrick, Cathleen A. Better Planning Needed to Optimize Deployment of Checked Baggage

Screening Systems. Retrieved from  http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05896t.pdf  Accessed 15 September, 2005

Berrick, Cathleen A. Challenges Exist in Stabilizing and Enhancing Passenger and Baggage

Screening Operations. Retrieved from  http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d04440t.pdf  Accessed 16 September, 2005

Attack Causality in Internet-Connected Cellular Networks," internet infrastructure security researchers Patrick Traynor, Patrick McDaniel and Thomas La Porta address the convergence of telecommunication and internet networks, and "how the architecture of cellular networks makes these systems susceptible to denial of service attacks" (2007). ather than attribute the threat posed by denial of service attacks to the oft cited cause of limited bandwidth capability, the authors contend that telecommunication and internet networks are constructed on fundamentally divergent design platforms. As the authors state directly, "to support our assertion, we present two new vulnerabilities in cellular data services & #8230; (and) these attacks specifically exploit connection setup and teardown procedures in networks implementing the General Packet adio Service (GPS)" (Traynor, McDaniel & La Porta, 2007), and despite the complexity of this semantic construction, the implication of their assertion is clear. The article goes on to explain that the Standalone Dedicated Control Channel…

References

Traynor, P., McDaniel, P., & La Porta, T. (2007, August). On attack causality in internet-

connected cellular networks. In Proceedings of 16th USENIX Security Symposium on USENIX Security Symposium (pp. 1-16). USENIX Association. Retrieved from  https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/sec07/tech/full_papers/traynor/traynor_html/ 

U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Intelligence and Analysis. Homeland security threat assessment: Evaluating threats 2008-2013. Washington, DC: Government Printing

Office, 2008. Retrieved from http://info.publicintelligence.net/DHS- Threats2008-

attack on the naval base at Pearl Harbor shocked the American public and precipitated the country's entry into orld ar II, and the mark it left on the United States' culture and public consciousness was arguably not rivaled until the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001. Because of the surprise nature of the attack and the massive casualties, Pearl Harbor has been regarded as a tragedy by historians and the public alike, but viewing the attack in this way actually serves to preclude an effective understanding of the events surrounding the attack, its aftermath, and the true tragedy of the whole affair. Considering the attack on Pearl Harbor with a sober eye allows one to understand that the true tragedy was not the military lives lost on December 7th, but rather the fact that the attack, and indeed, the subsequent war between the United States and Japan, could have been…

Works Cited

Coox, Alvin. "The Pearl Harbor Raid Revisited" in The American Experience in World War II:

Pearl Harbor in history and memory. Walter Hixson, ed. New York: Routledge, 2003.

Print.

Fitzgerald, Stephanie. Pearl Harbor: day of infamy. Minneapolis: Compass Point, 2006.

That only requires 36 contacts between the victim nodes and the attack nodes, with 720 intervals for updates (Chan-Tin, et al., 2011). At that point, disruptions in the network would begin to be seen. The attacker can continue to increase the variance, but there will eventually be a point reached at which the variance is no longer successful because the frog-boiling attack fails (Chan-Tin, et al., 2011). This usually comes about due to a too-rapid increase in the changing victim node coordinates, which stops the attack because the system flags the changes in the node as something that may be problematic. Naturally, in order for the attack to be successful the node changes must be gradual enough to avoid a flag by the system.

Network-Partition Attack

The second kind of attack discussed by Chan-Tin, et al. (2011) is the network-partition attack. This attack is similar to the basic-targeted attack, but…

References

[1] Barreno, M., Nelson, B., Sears, R., Joseph, a.D., and Tygar, J.D. "Can machine learning be secure?" In Proceedings of the ACMSymposium on Information, Computer and Communications Security (ASIACCS'06). ACM, New York, NY, 16 -- 25. 2006.

[2] Bavier, a., Bowman, M., Chun, B., Culler, D., Karlin, S., Muir, S., Peterson, L., Roscoe, T., Spalink, T., and Wawrzoniak, M. "Operating system support for planetary-scale network services." In Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI'04). USENIX Association, Berkeley, CA, 19 -- 19. 2004.

[3] Chan-Tin, E. Heorhiadi, V., Hopper, N. And Kim, Y. "The frog-boiling attack: Limitations of secure network coordinate systems." ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. Secur. Vol 14, no. 3, Art. 27, Nov. 2011.

[4] Kaafar, M.A., Mathy, L., Barakat, C., Salamatian, K., Turletti, T., and Dabbous, W. "Securing internet coordinate embedding systems." SIGCOMM Comput. Comm. Rev. 37, 4, 61 -- 72. 2007.

large terrorist WMD attack might be conducted. I have also indicated the most probable type of materials that could be used and the potential targets and probable forms of attack.

It is rather difficult for the policymakers to weigh up the likelihood of a mass-casualty terrorist attack in their nation states. On the other hand, the consequences of such a prospect call for the governments worldwide to give serious attention to this fear. During 1990s, a number of developments took place that amplified public concern that the activist could get hold of nuclear, biological or radiological weapons and detonate them in a big metropolitan region.

According to the researchers, the terrorists probably may not have the access to nuclear weapons. However, there are chances that they may bring radiological weapons into play in the upcoming times. Fortunately, there has been no occurrence of even a single nuclear or radiological terrorist…

References

Blair, B.G. "What if the Terrorists Go Nuclear?" CDI Terrorism Project, (October 1, 2001).  http://www.cdi.org/terrorism/nuclear-pr.cfm  (accessed January 24, 2013).

Brown, C. "Transcendental Terrorism and Dirty Bombs: Radiological Weapons Threat Revisited." The Air University. http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/cst/csat54.pdf (accessed January 24, 2013).

Grotto, A.J. "Defusing the Threat of Radiological Weapons: Integrating Prevention with Detection and Response." American Progress.  http://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/kf/dirtybomb072705.pdf  (accessed January 24, 2013).

Kelly, H. "Dirty Bombs: Response to a Threat." Journal of the Federation of American Scientists 55, no. 2 (2002).

Such nations include North Korea, Iran, and hina. Such nations cannot be neglected to have no weapons, yet they possess immense technology and innovative power in the world. Protection from the United Nations is not sufficient to stop these nations from longing attacks on one another using weapons of mass destruction. Terrorists will keep seeking to interfere with other nations all over the world. One of the nations under such threats is the United States of America. Nonetheless, retaliation measures from such a nation could be more harmful as done upon the Hiroshima and Nagasaki attacks

Perpetrator

Several nations have the likelihood of perpetuating attacks by use of weapons of mass destruction. Terrorists are almost everywhere in the world. Such illicit groups are the finest prospectuses who have the capacity to lounge attacks on other nations deemed to be target nations. For instance, South Korea can lounge attacks on Russia…

Charvat, J.P.I.A.G. Homeland Security Organization in Defence against Terrorism. Ios Pr Inc., 2012.

Arnold, Roberta, and Noe-lle N.R. Que-nivet. International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law: Towards a New Merger in International Law. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2008.

Bennett, Bruce W., and Richard a. Love. Initiatives and Challenges in Consequence Management after a WMD Attack. Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala: USAF Counterproliferation Center, Air University, 2004.

Algeria

Why was the attack downplayed?

Between midnight and 2 am on the morning of All Saint's Day, 30 individual attacks were made by FLN militants against police and military targets around French Algeria. These attacks ultimately lead to the war against France in which Algeria won. This attack was particularly significant as it helps people clearly delineate what side of the conflict they were on. It also, gave the Algerian people a more patriotic sense of duty as it related to France. This is particular true as religion had a major impact on the start of the France-Algerian conflict. During the All Saints Day attack, seven people were killed. All except two were white French colonist. The political reaction notwithstanding, the Toussaint ouge attacks did not receive much coverage in the French media. The French daily newspaper Le Monde ran less that two short columns on the front page.…

References:

1) David Huf, Between a Rock and a Hard Place: 1987 France and Algeria, 1954 -- 1962

2) Gregory D. Peterson, The French Experience in Algeria, 1954 -- 62: Blueprint for U.S. Operations in Iraq, 2004, Ft Leavenworth, Kansas: School of Advanced Military Studies, p.3-33

3) Martin S. Alexander and J.F.V. Kieger, "France and the Algerian War: Strategy, Operations, and Diplomacy," Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol.25, No. 2, June 2002, pp. 6 -- 21

I would ensure I secure a job at a fast food that normally dispenses light foods like popcorn to sports enthusiasts like the football games. This will enable me be in apposition of being in contact with the food going to be eaten and placed close to the nose of many people within the venue. Being that the powder is not detectable by scanners and it has no smell, I would just carry it in the pocket in a casual manner. When serving the customers, I would ensure I have the dust in my hands and occasionally dip my hands in the pocket to get some more. Being that the gloves worn while serving are white, the powder will not be detected easily by the fans that are in a hurry to get into the field.

My potential targets would be American students in big symposiums and inter-university games where…

Reference

Liza Porteus,(2006).Weapons of Mass Destruction Handbook. Retrieved on May 29, 2012

from  http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,76887,00.html

Terrorist Attack

Efforts made to identify a terrorist group and techniques used to prevent an attack

Crime incidences and terrorist attacks have been on the rise in many parts of Georgia State. Police have tried to conduct investigations and patrol in the area, but minimal or no justifiable results are available to explain the situation. The situation called for the intelligence department of police to conduct surveillance and come up with a report that explains the situation. The surveillance used intelligence techniques to identify the central problem in the local area and the measures used to curb the situation.

The intelligence department utilized a combination of intelligence stages and law enforcement to identify the source of the attacks and prevent further attacks from taking place in the local area. Strategic intelligence was to identify potential terrorist operations and targets within the community. Strategic intelligence assisted in predicting where future operational…

References

Gross, E. (2006). The struggle of democracy against terrorism: Lessons from the United States,

the United Kingdom, and Israel. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.

Jones, G.S., & Libicki, C.M. (2008). How terrorist Groups End: Lesson for Countering Al Q

a'ida. Arlington: RAND Corporation.

Conversely the partnerships of open source databases vendors including MySQL and others have created a strong alliance that has forced Microsoft's SQL Server database team to create customized connectors for these open source applications. Open source, first the subject of an encirclement strategy, is now implementing its own on Microsoft's operating system business. The Linux operating system is now pre-installed on many of the world's leading hardware manufacturers' laptops, desktop and server systems. The business development teams and strategies representing Linux have struck back at Microsoft with an encirclement strategy that started with Microsoft's OEM partners first and progressed to their enterprise, or large business customers.

ypass attack is a marketing strategy that concentrates on defining and attacking uncontested markets that competitors either have not yet discovered, or are so new and emerging that no one has found them yet. The concept of finding uncontested markets was defined by Kim…

Bibliography (Kim, Mauborgne, 2004)

Chan Kim, Renee Mauborgne. (2004). BLUE OCEAN STRATEGY. Harvard Business Review, 82(10), 76-84. Retrieved June 10, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 701178841).

The force of the explosion ripped the building from its foundation. The building then imploded upon itself," read a Defense Department report on the attack. "Almost all the occupants were crushed or trapped inside the wreckage (CBS News, 1983)."

If one looks at the events of 1983 closely, it is perhaps possible to see what might have occurred differently in the Middle East if the United States had proceeded in a policy that was multi-lateral, as opposed to unilateral with respect to the Middle East.

Reagan wanted a Palestinian homeland, and Yasser Arafat wanted a Palestinian state (inslow, p. 238). Reagan seemed to have made the mistake, too, of believing that all the players in the Middle East were had a defined role in a Middle East peace plan, at from his perspective; and when they did not react to his proposals in the way that Reagan had anticipated they…

Works Cited

 http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=27262791 

Hallenbeck, Ralph a. Military Force as an Instrument of U.S. Foreign Policy: Intervention in Lebanon, August 1982-February 1984. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1991. Questia. 17 Apr. 2008  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=27262791 .

History.Com 2008, Ronald Reagan on America's Role in the Middle East, found online at:  http://www.history.com/media.do?action=clip&id=speech_230,retrieved15  April, 2008.

Johansen, Robert C. "The Reagan Administration and the U.N.: the Costs of Unilateralism." World Policy Journal 3.4 (1986): 601-641. Questia. 17 Apr. 2008  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=95722880 .

The House rejected an effort to require the withdrawal of the Marines by early 1984, on November 2nd, 1983.

And, Senate "Democrats were unable to force a vote on a proposal, introduced on Oct. 26 as Ses253, to replace the Marines with a United Nations, or some other "neutral," force."

The primary short-term threat was that Marines had become targets in Lebanon. They were no longer the neutral forces that had been intended to be. nor, was it argued, were they the effective peacekeepers they had been sent to be. Although immediate Marine safety and effectiveness was the short-term threat, a majority still felt as Marine Corps Commandant General P.X. Kelley felt when he spoke in front of the Senate and House Armed Services committees and said, "I don't think the United States of America, the greatness country in the free world, should back off from some damn terrorist" (qtd.…

References

Adequacy of U.S. Marine Corps Security in Beirut, Report of the Investigations Subcommittee of the House Armed Services Committee and Report of the Department of Defense Commission on the Beirut International Airport Terrorist Act, October 23, 1983." Historic Documents of 1983. 19 Dec 1983. CQ Press. CQ Electronic Library. University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ. November 29, 2007  http://library.cqpress.com .

Bates, J. Anne Dammarell et al. v. Islamic Republic of Iran. Sept 2003. The United States District Court for the District of Columbia. November 29, 2007  http://www.dcd.uscourts.gov/01-2224.pdf .

Beirut Bombings." Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. 2007. Grolier Online. Apollo Library. University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ. November 29, 2007  http://gme.grolier.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com .

Cooper, M.H. Combating terrorism. CQ Researcher (5) 21 Jul 1995: pp. 633-656. CQ Public Affairs Collection. CQ Electronic Library. University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ. November 29, 2007

Japanese Preparation and Attack on Pearl Harbor

During the early part of the 20th century, Japan was faced with some fundamental challenges in its effort to expand its empire throughout Asia and beyond. Although Japan had enjoyed some significant successes during the first decades of the 20th century, including the colonization of the Korean peninsula and military successes in China and Indo-China, the United States stood poised on the other side of the Pacific as a formidable bulwark of democracy with its naval forces stationed at Pearl Harbor representing a geographic thorn in Japan's side. Following its alliance with the Axis powers in World War II, Japan was faced with the need to counter this potential threat to its expansionist plans as well as America's efforts to restrict its access to badly needed resources through a preemptive air strike on Pearl Harbor and ancillary facilities. In reality, though, beyond the…

References

Burns, G.E. (2011). "The War Years." Pan American Historical Foundation. [online] available:

 http://www.panam.com/cgi-bin/_textdisplay_0.asp?display=WARYEARS&refer= 

264168681&call=D.

Czarnecki, J., Worth, R., Noch, M.C., Horan, M.E. & DiGiulian, T. (2011). Order of battle:

Consideration should be given to the development of a common form to be used by both law enforcement and epidemiology personnel. This form should allow the sharing of necessary information while protecting the confidentiality of victims (Department of Defense. 2000)."

Criminal Investigation

The criminal investigation is a critical step as it allows the law enforcement agencies and the health community to determine the cause of the attacks and the gravity of the situation. The "Federal ureau of Investigation" plays a frontline role in conducting a comprehensive investigation; however, many other agencies are involved as well, as the Department of Defense notes: "The criminal investigation would be a joint effort involving many agencies and could complement the epidemiological investigation. It likely would entail conducting interviews with the sick in hospitals, fellow sick officers and others in the affected population groups. To facilitate these interviews, a checklist of basic questions to ask…

Bibliography

Alibek, K. And S. Handelman (1999). Biohazard, New York: Random House.

Derbes, V.J. (1966). DeMussis and the Great Plague of 1348, a Forgotten Episode of Bacteriological Warfare. Journal of the American Medical Association, 196(1):59-62.

Department of Defense. (2000) Improving local and state agency response to terrorist incidents involving biological weapons. Prepared in response to the Nunn-Lugar-Domenici Domestic Preparedness Program.

DeHart RL. (2003). Health issues of air travel. Annu Rev Public Health 24:133-51.

Terrorist Attack

On September 11, 2001, 19 Al Qaeda terrorists hijacked four United States commercial airliners travelling from the east coast to California. The hijackers forcibly took control of four planes. Two planes were purposefully crashed into the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York City. The third aircraft was flown into the Pentagon building in Washington DC. The fourth plane landed in a Pennsylvania field. All of the people on board the aircrafts were killed. There were 2996 people killed including the hijackers and the airline passengers and the victims on the ground in New York and Washington DC. A total of 836 first responders also died as the result of their efforts to rescue people in the WTC before it collapsed (The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks, 2004). According to the U.S. government, 9/11 was an act of war. The United States government, state and local agencies mobilized…

References

(National Commision On Terrorist Attacks 2004 9/11 commission report) The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks (2004). The 9/11 commission report (). Retrieved May 10, 2011, from The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks website:  http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf 

(Ritchie E. 2011510 9/11 response to the pentagon) Ritchie, E. (n.d.). The 9/11 response to the pentagon. Retrieved May 10, 2011, from  http://www.newpaltz.edu/idmh/keynote3ritchie.pdf 

(Simon R. Teperman S. 2001 World Trade Center attack: Lessons for disaster management) Simon, R., & Teperman, S. (2001). The World Trade Center attack: Lessons for disaster management. Critical Care, 5(6), 318-320.

(United States Government 20010911 George W. Bush 9/11 address to the nation) United States Government. (2001, September 11). George W. Bush 9/11 address to the nation. Retrieved May 10, 2011, from http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/gwbush911addresstothenation.htm

A LOIC is software tool that aims a massive flood of traffic at a targeted site. This "weapon" disrupts communication or access, which renders the website useless (Moore, 2005).

Your own analysis and feedback about the attack?

The attack by Anonymous highlights the growing threat of cybercrime and the need to subsequently defend against it. Fortunately this attack didn't compromise private consumer information and files. However, as technology continues it rapid advancement, the possibility of a devastating attack increases. Technology, in regards to risk management, has created very unique circumstances by which companies must account for. This recent attack from Anonymous proves as much. Threats of cyber attacks, identity theft, hacking, and the spreading of computer viruses can all can adversely effect business. As such, prudent risk managers must account for these threats as they enter into a more global environment. In particular cyber attacks will become a serious problem…

References:

1) David Hillson (2007). Practical Project Risk Management: The Atom Methodology. Management Concepts. ISBN 978-1-56726-202-5

2) Moore, R. (2005) "Cyber crime: Investigating High-Technology Computer Crime," Cleveland, Mississippi: Anderson Publishing

3) Susan W. Brenner, Cybercrime: Criminal Threats from Cyberspace, ABC-CLIO, 2010, pp.75- 91

Chemical Attack

The events of September 11, 2001, and the anthrax attacks that took place in October of that same year actually provided the United States with an unwanted but yet valuable and unique opportunity to become better prepared for any future terrorist activity. U.S. public safety agencies responded to the incident in September, but their skills were rusty and they were really unprepared for the magnitude of what they encountered (Bolton, 2006). That is not to say that they did not respond appropriately, but they were still not expecting something that strong and severe, and there was only so much they could do in an effort to save lives and protect property. The anthrax attacks in October were not expected, either, but they were also not of the magnitude of the September attack. Because of that, U.S. public safety agencies were better equipped to handle them and responded much…

References

Bolton, M.K. (2006). U.S. National Security and Foreign Policymaking After 9/11: Present at the Re-creation. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.

Eldridge, J. (ed). (2006). Jane's Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Defense 2006 -- 2007 (19th ed.). Coulsdon, Surrey, UK; Alexandria, Va.: Jane's Information Group.

Emergency management is also a vital part to the planning for a disaster. Training will have to be conducted at periodic intervals to maintain the preparedness of the emergency response team and to evaluate the condition and the operational difficulties if any that may arise due to the equipment being used. The procedures will have to be critiqued and constantly evaluated to determine if a better, safer or more efficient method can be used in the procedure. A clean up task force will also have to be set up to help clean and restore the area to as near as possible, its pre-disaster state. Sufficient funds will have to be allocated to keep the emergency response team properly outfitted. An emergency fund may also be required to be set up to take care of the clean up activities that may be required. This fund would have to be very liquid…

Bibliography

Sykes, L., Richards, P., Kim W-Y., Armitage, J., Jacob, K., & Lerner-Lam, Art. (2001) Seismograms recorded by LCSN Station PAL (Palisades, NY) New York, Columbia University. Retrieved February 18, 2008 at  http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/LCSN/Eq/20010911_wtc.html 

TRADE. (2008). The Training Resources and Data Exchange Washington, D.C., FEMA. Retrieved February 18, 2008, at  http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/nfa/trade/index.shtm 

LLIS. (2008) Lessons Learned Information Shared Washington, D.C., Department of Homeland Security, Retrieved February 18, 2008, from https://www.llis.dhs.gov/index.do

RKB. (2008) Responder Knowledge Base. Washington, D.C., Department of Homeland Security, Retrieved February 18, 2008, from https://www.rkb.us

attacks of September 11, 2001 spawned a number of dubious government actions, including the intensification of racial profiling to target Arabs and Muslims. This means that a certain section of American society is under immediate suspicion of terrorism simply for being of a particular race or religion. Tolerance and equality are two of the highest principles treasured by the United States and its inhabitants. The fear and suspicion cultivated by racial profiling, especially after September 11, represents an abomination of the rights guaranteed under the Constitution to all within American borders.

To suspect millions of law-abiding, innocent people of terrorism as a result of the actions of a handful, is like suspecting all white males of perversion as a result of a few perverted serial killers. It is illogical and causes more harm than good.

There are many actions that are helpful in preventing terrorism. Immigration laws for example can…

Bibliography

Ambrose, Thomas. "Profiling's place on Sept. 11." Insight on the News, Sept 16, 2002. News World Communications, Inc., 2002.

Derbyshire, John. "At First Glance - Racial profiling, burning hotter." National Review, Oct 15, 2001. National Review, Inc., 2001.

Elvin, John. "Antiterror tactics spark differences of opinion." Insight on the News, Feb 4, 2003. News World Communications, Inc., 2003

Harris, David. "Flying while Arab: lessons from the racial profiling controversy." Civil Rights Journal, Winter, 2002. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 2002.

Pineda (2012) noted that the tip was wasted entirely due to communication problems, the failure by the police to follow procedures as well as inadequate means-Factors that together bogged down the Norwegian Police's reaction as well as operation on the emergency following the incident.

The Gjorv eport also indicated that the nation's only helicopter in the city of Oslo was unusable since its crew was absent on vacation (Blair,2012). This is inefficiency by the Police since this is a clear sing of a lack of disaster/emergency preparedness. There was no emergency/replacement crew to fly the chopper. The availability of the chopper was also "limited." The understaffing of the police centers was also another problem.

Weaknesses in the police information sharing system

At the time of the Oslo and Utoya Island terrorist attacks, the Norwegian Police information-sharing infrastructure was subjected to a very formidable weakness. Further, the Police Security Services never…

References

Bjelopera, JP (2011). Terrorism Information Sharing and the Nationwide Suspicious Activity Report Initiative: Background and Issues for Congress. Congressional Research Service .Available online at  http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/166837.pdf 

British Broadcasting Corporation (2012a). Norway PM Jens Stoltenberg 'sorry' over Breivik response.Available online at  http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-19401598 

Blair, David (14 August 2012). "Breivik 'could have been stopped sooner' by police." The Daily Telegraph. The Irish Independent.  http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/breivik-could-have-been-stopped-sooner-by-police-3200081.html . Retrieved 18th September 2012.

Cook, AH (2009).Emergency response to Domestic Terrorism-How Bureaucracies reacted to the 1995 Oklahoma Bombing.Continuum-New York

September 11 Attacks Affected the Lives of American Muslims

For a long time, American Muslims have been part and parcel of the American society. It is however important to note that after the September 11 terror attacks, the status of American Muslims in the wider American society seems to have undergone a major review. Unlike was the case a couple of years ago, most American non-Muslims seem to have developed negative stereotypes of American Muslims.

The September 11 Attacks

One of the darkest moments in American history, September 11, 2001 is a day that will remain engraved in the minds of most Americans for many years to come. This is the day that 19 Muslim men executed a plan that left thousands of Americans dead and others badly injured. In a well planned (and executed) undertaking, the terrorists involved in this atrocity chose to used several planes as deadly weapons…

Works Cited

Almasri, Nasir. "The Impact on American Muslims, 11 Years After 9/11." Council on American-Islamic Relations -- Chicago. CAIR -- Chicago, 13 Sept. 2012. Web. 2 May 2013.

Cohen, Jon and Kyle Dropp. "Most Americans Object to Planned Islamic Center Near Ground Zero, Poll Finds." The Washington Post. The Washington Post Company, 9 Sept. 2010. Web. 3 May 2013.

Khan, Mussarat and Kathryn Ecklund. "Attitudes Toward Muslim Americans Post-9/11." Journal of Muslim Mental Health. 7.1 (2012): n. pag. Web. 1 May 2013.

Lean, Nathan. "Sept. 11: Eleven Years Later, American Muslims are Victims." The Washington Post. The Washington Post Company, 9 Sept. 2012. Web. 1 May 2013.

Of course, not all of the counterterrorism methods will work, and there will certainly be changes, alterations, and even the disbanding of some of the things the government has done to help prevent further attacks.

Clearly, the nation has learned quite a bit from the terrorist attacks of 9/11. The people learned the country was vulnerable to attacks never before imagined. They learned that thousands of people could die in a few minutes at the hands of terrorists, and that the borders, the cities, and even the rural areas were susceptible to attack. They learned that weapons such as biochemical agents and other poisons could enter the water and food supplies and could kill thousands, or even millions. They learned that the country has to be increasingly vigilant to protect the citizens and their way of life. They also learned that Americans could stand together with pride in the face…

References

Chomsky, N. (2001). September 11. Crows Nest, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin.

Cordesman, A.H. (2002). Terrorism, Asymmetric Warfare, and Weapons of Mass Destruction: Defending the U.S. Homeland. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Klinger, D.A., & Grossman, D. (2002). Who Should Deal with Foreign Terrorists on U.S. Soil? Socio-Legal Consequences of September 11 and the Ongoing Threat of Terrorist Attacks in America. Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, 25(2), 815+.

Posner, Gerald. (2003). Why America Slept: The Failure to Prevent 9/11. New York: Random House.

Estonia Cyber Attacks 2007

2007 Estonian Cyber-war

This is the information age. In this age, the Internet has smoothened the progress of spectacular increases in global interconnectivity and communication. This form of globalization also yielded benefits for Estonia by improving the standard of living of its people. However, other than benefits, it has also ascended the availability of new weapons of confrontation for groups who have been seeking and opposing certain Estonian political measures and ideologies. The digital activists from the ussian land did the same to Estonia in May 2007 (Herzog, 2011).

More than 340,000 ethnic ussians reside in Estonia which means that the ussians comprise about 25% of the country's populace. Estonia gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Since then, the small country has been experiencing an unsteady and shaky relationship with Moscow (Lake, 2011, p. A11). Thus, Estonia and ussia share an extensive history of…

References

Ashmore, W.C. (2009). Impact of Alleged Russian Cyber Attacks. Baltic Security & Defence Review, 11, 4-40. Retrieved June 9, 2012 from  http://www.bdcol.ee/files/files/documents/Research/BSDR2009/1_  Ashmore - Impact of Alleged Russian Cyber Attacks .pdf

Authority of the House of Lords, European Union Committee. (2010). Protecting Europe against Large-Scale Cyber-Attacks. Retrieved June 8, 2012 from the Stationery Office Limited website:  http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200910/ldselect/ldeucom/68/68.pdf 

Czosseck, C., Ottis, R., & Taliharm, A. (n.d.). Estonia after the 2007 Cyber Attacks: Legal, Strategic and Organisational Changes in Cyber Security. Retrieved June 8, 2012 from  http://www.ccdcoe.org/articles/2011/Czosseck_Ottis_Taliharm_Estonia_After_the_2007_Cyber_Attacks.PDF 

Herzog, S. (2011). Revisiting the Estonian Cyber Attacks: Digital Threats and Multinational Responses. Journal of Strategic Security, IV (2), 49-60. Retrieved June 9, 2012 from  http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1105&context=jss

ecovery Plan: Biological Attack in the U.S. Congress

The havoc and deaths caused by the weaponized anthrax spores that were mailed to members of the U.S. Congress following the attacks of September 11, 2001 and the repeated attempted uses of botulinum toxin on U.S. Naval bases make it abundantly clear that governmental offices are vulnerable to biological pathogens. These agents have been and likely will be used by terrorists again to achieve their goals of bringing harm to the United States and it interests at home and abroad. The hypothetical comprehensive recovery plan developed in this project is in response to this type of food-borne pathogen attack and takes place in the cafeteria situated in the ayburn House Office Building in the U.S. Congressional complex in Washington, D.C. which serves members of Congress, staff members and visitors. The scenario begins with the telephonic notification to the Capital Police that all…

References

Botulinum toxin. (2011). State of Delaware Health and Social Services. Retrieved from http://

www.dhss.delaware.gov/dph/files/botulismems.pdf.

Dando, M. (2001). The new biological weapons: Threat, proliferation, and control. Boulder,

CO: Lynne Rienner.

gathered on the DOD

The tools and a description of the how they are used

What sort of attacks would work in this case? Give some examples and how you would carry them out

What social engineering and physical security aspects were discovered / devised? Give a detailed explanation

What methods could you employ to help secure these vulnerabilities? What suggestions would you make to the organization if you were a penetration tester?

Attack Project Paper

Over the last several years, the Department of Defense (DOD) has become the subject of cyber attacks. This is because of the information, which is possessed on their networks and the large turnover of people is exposing them to more threats. A good example of this can be seen with information compiled by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. They found that the DOD is receiving a total of 10 million attacks per day.…

References

How Many Cyber Attacks Hit the U.S. last year? (2014). Next Gov. Retrieved from:  http://www.nextgov.com/cybersecurity/2013/03/how-many-cyberattacks-hit-united-states-last-year/61775/ 

Amoroso, E. (2012). Cyber Attacks. Oxford: Butterworth.

Insinna, V. (2013). Department of Defense Infrastructure still Vulnerable. National Defense Magazine. Retrieved from:  http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2013/June/Pages/DefenseDepartmentInfrastructureStillVulnerabletoCyber-Attacks , CriticsSay.aspx

Pelroth, N. (2014). Cyber Espionage Attacks. New York Times. Retrieved from:  http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/05/29/cyberespionage-attacks-tied-to-hackers-in-iran/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0

Cyber warfare, a term defined by Clarke (2010) as an action of a nation-state to effectively penetrate another nation's computer resources or networks for the sole purpose of causing malicious damage or even disruption is a major cause of national and global security concerns (p.6).In this paper, we identify some cyber warfare tools (either Attack, Defense, Exploitation), and write a scenario to execute the tools. We also identify if the tool is for UNIX or Windows hacks, outer Attacks, etc. Also identified is why you would want to use the tool as opposed to another tool which may conduct the same form, via comparison and contrast.

Cyber warfare tools

These are the tools that are used in carrying out cyber warfare activities. They may either be attack tools, defense tools as well as exploitation tools.

Exploitation tools

Vulnerability exploitation tools are the tools that are used for gathering information on…

References

Andress, J., Winterfeld, S (2011). Cyber Warfare, Techniques, Tactics and Tools for Security Practitioners. 1st Ed. Elsevier

Clarke, R A. (2010).Cyber War, Harper Collins.

SecTool (2012). SecTools.Org: Top 125 Network Security Tools. Available online at  http://sectools.org/tag/sploits/ 

Tenable (2012a).Tenable Network Security. Available online at  http://www.tenable.com/products/nessus

911 Attack

Communication is among the highest critical success factors in the event of an emergency. Some forms of communication are more effective than others in certain scenarios. Furthermore, technology plays a vital role in the ability to communicate with stakeholders. Some technologies are adequate to serve as the framework for communication between individuals, agencies, and the public while others are not as functional. After the events of September 11th, 2001, there were significant communication challenges that hindered the effectiveness of the first responders.

As volume of different communications increased drastically with people trying to reach out to loved ones and acquire relevant news of the events. However, this acted to overwhelm the system and max out its capacity. There were even come response teams that had to send messengers to other in order to communicate between various groups. This paper will analyze some of the communication failures that were…

Works Cited

AP. (2007, December 5). Communication Breakdown on 9/11. Retrieved from CBS News:  http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-224_162-618272.html 

Harwood, M. (2011, August 17). Former DHS Chief Calls Interoperable Communications Failure "a National Disgrace." Retrieved from Security Management:  http://www.securitymanagement.com/news/former-dhs-chief-calls-interoperable-communications-failure-a-national-disgrace-008904 

Margolin, J. (2011, March 7). Radio problems from 9/11 not fixed, could strike again. Retrieved from NY Post:  http://nypost.com/2011/03/07/radio-problems-from-911-not-fixed-could-strike-again/ 

Mittelsadt, M. (2004, May 19). Panel: Communication problems hampered 9/11 response. Retrieved from The Battalion: http://www.thebatt.com/2.8485/panel-communication-problems-hampered-9-11-response-1.1205160#.UkXELYZvPCk

Accounting Information Systems

Decisions of managers heavily rely upon the effective information systems (Srinivas and Gopisetti, 2012). Accounting Information Systems contain confidential data of the company; this information can be accessed by the outside sources through a successful Accounting Information System attack. Management is the top on the priority list, being held responsible for security of the Accounting Information systems, because the establishment and maintaining of these Accounting Information Systems resides under them. No doubt, that information security is the technical subject but the responsibility of the security is the top management's issue.

It is the responsibility of the senior management and accountants of the firm to work in cooperation with IT department and enforce adequate security measures to prevent the accounting systems. A considerable amount of budget and time should be allocated for securing and controlling these systems so that there are fewer chances of attacks from outsiders.

The…

References

Knapp, K., Marshall, T., Rainer, K., and Morrow, D. (2006). "The Top Information Security Issues Facing

Organizations: What Can Government Do to Help?" Information Security and Risk Management .Sept-Oct

Mukherjee, B . Heberlein, L and Levitt, K.. (1994). "Network Intrusion detection," IEEE Network, Vol.8, No.3.

Srinivas, G and Gopisetti, R. (2012). Accounting Information System (AIS), A Conceptual Study. Indian Streams

Part II. Meta-Analysis: Critiquing hat You Have Done

Data thus far on negative campaigning has been mixed, with some research suggesting that it can be profoundly mobilizing to the party faithful of a generally dispirited American electorate (Jackson & Carsey 2006; Martin 2004), while other anecdotal studies suggest it can alienate the public. Polling individuals from a cross-section of elections allows for a wider array of demographic data, and reduces the possibility of independent variables affecting the results. For example, the area selected for the case study might have a generally low level of civic engagement, which could create low voter turnout that was correlated to a negative campaign by both candidates, but not caused by the candidate's advertisements. Examining different districts, with different kinds of hotly contested or lukewarm races, is more representational. However, a case study allows for greater specificity in conducting the research. The interviewers are able…

Works Cited

Do negative campaign ads work?" This Nation. 2005. 14 Jan 2008. http://www.thisnation.com/question/031.html

Jackson, Robert a. & Thomas a. Carsey. U.S. Senate campaigns, negative advertising, and voter mobilization in the 1998 midterm election. Electoral Studies. 26.1: 180-195. March 2007. 14 Jan 2008

Martin, Paul S. "Inside the Black Box of Negative Campaign Effects: Three Reasons

Why Negative Campaigns Mobilize." Political Psychology. 25.4: 545-562. Aug 2004.

GOP Aacks on NLRB

Labor Movemen & Srucure of he NLRB

In his paper I explore he sae of he curren relaionship beween he Republican Pary and he Labor movemen in he Unied Saes. In par one I briefly race he hisory of he labor movemen in he Unied Saes and he passage of he Naional Labor Relaions Ac and he emergence of he Naional Labor Relaions Board. . In he paper's second secion, I discuss he GOP's sraegy a he sae level-wih special aenion paid o Wisconsin and Ohio. In par hree, I discuss he GOP's sraegy a he naional level wih respec o heir aacks on he Naional Labor Relaions Board, focusing specifically on he House's refusal o appoin and approve anymore Board Members and heir recen passage of he Proecing Jobs from Governmen Inerference Ac. Finally, I explore boh he fuure prospecs of union busing sraegies and…

to the Board's duties and mission. The site houses a copy of the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 and its subsequent amendments, in addition to an explanation of the duties of the NLRB, its dispute resolution process, directions regarding how to file a complaint, and the life cycle of labor law violations.

Zieger, R.H., & Hall, G.J. (2002). American workers, american unions: The twentieth century. (pp. 13-56). Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.

Zieger and Hall catalogue the history of the American Labor Movement by beginning with a frank look at the state of unregulated industry in the first quarter of the twentieth century. They move on to catalogue the rise and fall of the American Labor Movement including the emergence of the strikes, the legal battles, the issue of race and labor, and finally the nature of labor in the United States at the beginning of the 21st Century. Zieger and Hall provide an extensive historical and legal overview of the rise of the unions.

Wal-Mart may find that it is not able to "rollback prices" to compete with discount underwriters. One key opportunity for Wal-Mart is to focus on social welfare to improve their stature within the various communities Wal-Mart is located.

Problem Definition

As was stated at the outset Wal-Mart is one of the most reviled corporations within the United States. For the various reasons previously stated, Wal-Mart has attained a vastly negative reputation within certain areas of the United States. This section will identify the problem as developed through the analysis, explain what is the intended accomplishment for proposing various solutions and examination of the root causes. It is important to determine the cause of the problem before alternative solutions can be addressed.

The root cause of Wal-Mart's negative persona is found in its dominance in smaller retail markets. Wal-Mart does not garner any fans when it arrives in a previously undisturbed…

References

Camerius, J., & Hunger, J.D. (2009). Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Under Attack. Strategic Management and Business Policy Achieving Sustainability (pp. 2-28). New York: Prentice Hall.

McGahan, a. (2004). All Industries Change. Harvard Business Review, Fall, 28-38.

Van, J. (2008, February 16). Wal-Mart: The Bully of Bensonville. Barrons, p. 1.

Social Engineering Attacks Counter Intelligence

Social Engineering Counter Intelligence

Describe what social engineering and counterintelligence are and their potential implications to our national security in regard to the leaked Afghan War Diary and the Iraq War Logs.

Social engineering is the theft of classified information. Then, using it to change everyone's opinions and perceptions about what is happening. Counter intelligence is preventing hostile enemies or organizations from obtaining access to sensitive material. These areas are viewed from two different perspectives. The first one is that of more liberal attitudes. They believe that any kind of secret files, are allowing the U.S. government to hide the truth. This is when it has no accountability for engaging in different actions. These voices, feel any kind of disclosures of classified information, is critical to understanding the larger issues and letting the public (i.e. world) know what they are up to. (Mulrine, 2013) (Harding,…

References

Wiki Leaks. (2010). ABC News. Retrieved from:  http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wikileaks-109000-deaths-iraq-war/story?id=11949670 

Wiki Leaks Releases. (2010). VOA News. Retrieved from:  http://www.voanews.com/content/wikileaks-releases-400000-classified-us-military-files-105568738/128719.html 

Fowler, A. (2011). The Most Dangerous Man in the World. Carlton: University of Melbourne Press.

Harding, L. (2011). Wiki Leaks. New York, NY: Public Affairs.

"

Slavery actually began to lose favor in the United States as capitalism began to gain popularity. In the Northern part of the country capitalism was taking hold and thousands of workers found themselves employed for wages that would barely cover the basic needs of survival for their families.

During his presidency, Abraham Lincoln, who has been championed as a hero for ending slavery, actually made statements publicly that he was interested in preserving the union, and had no interest in ending slavery.

There was little danger of slavery spreading outside the South. Republicans, Robert William Fogel writes, "urged the Northern electorate to vote for them not because it was their Christian duty to free the slaves but in order to prevent slaveholders from seizing land in the territories that rightly belonged to Northern whites, to prevent slaveholders from reducing the wages of Northern workers by inundating Northern labor markets…

hashes can be attacked. In addition, describe some scenarios where a hash has been used as part of an authentication scheme, and the validity of a particular authentication using that scheme have been challenged.

Hashes are one type of a variety of cryptographic methods of providing a one-way encoding of information. A hash value can only be recreated using the exact same information again. "The cryptographic value of the hash lies in the fact it is impossible to retrieve the original information from the hash itself." (Miseldine, 2004)

One of the most common and familiar forms of hashes is a password. But although passwords may have significance to the user, viewed from a computer's point-of-view, a hash is merely an unordered collection of values, each of which is identified by a unique key or combination of letters, values, and other symbols. Replicating these keys can only retrieve the value of…

Works Cited

Hash Functions." (2004) Connected: An Internet Encyclopedia.

Retrieved on June 27, 2004 at  http://www.freesoft.org/CIE/Topics/142.htm 

Menon-Sen, Abhijit. (October 1, 2001) "How Hashes Really Work." Retrieved on June 27, 2004 at  http://www.perl.com/lpt/a/2002/10/01/hashes.html 

Miseldine, David. (June 14, 2004) "Password Hashes." Site point. Net log. Retrieved on June 27, 2004 at  http://www.sitepoint.com/blog-post-view.php?id=175017

Anthrax as a Weapon of Mass Destruction

In 2001, a handful of anthrax letters wreaked havoc. What impact might a sackful have? -- Donald Donahue, 2011

Just one week following the deadly terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, three dozen envelopes were mailed through the U.S. Postal Service, including one to Senate majority leader Tom Daschle's office and others to news media containing anthrax that killed five people and injured more than a dozen others. These events, falling hard on the heels of the most destructive domestic terrorist attack in U.S. history, had many already-nervous Americans wondering if their own mailboxes would also come under attack. Since that time, though, concerns over new anthrax attacks have diminished but some observers caution that the threat remains as serious as in the past. To determine the facts, this paper reviews the relevant literature to determine the impacts of anthrax when used as…

References

Ake, D. C. (2011, September). Technology only a small part of detecting bioterrorist threats. National Defense, 96(694), 38-41.

Allison, G. (2012, September 8). Living in the era of megaterror. International Herald Tribune, 8.

Amerithrax. (2015). Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved from  https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/famous-cases/anthrax-amerithrax .

Anthrax-CDC review. (2003, October). Journal of Environmental Health, 66(3), 42.

Table of Contents

I.  Opening
II.  Titles
III.  Related Topics
IV.  Outline
V.  Introduction
VI.  Essay Hook
VII.  Thesis Statement
VIII. Body
A.  Background
B.  Jihad
C.  Sunni/Shia Split
D. Relationship between AL Qaeda and Isis
E. ISIS attacks on the United States
IX.  Conclusion
X.  Works Cited
XI.  Closing


Opening

In this essay about ISIS attacks in America, we examine attacks by the terrorist organization ISIS, which have occurred on U.S. soil.  Because of the structure of ISIS/ISIL, which operate in cells, it can be extremely difficult to determine whether a terrorist attack carried out by someone claiming to be working on behalf of ISIS was actually directed by ISIS.  Therefore, for the purposes of this essay, we are working on the assumption that attacks by people who appear to be radicalized Muslims and claim a personal affiliation with ISIS are, indeed, ISIS attacks.  This essay will give some…

Malware Attacks the Democratic Process

Once upon a time, a candidate had to excel at kissing babies and stump speeches. These were the major ways in which the candidate got his -- or much less frequently her -- image out to voters. All that the candidate's staff had to do as to ensure that reporters and photographers showed up at the right time to capture the choreographed images. The world of politicking today has been entirely transformed by the use of virtual communication, both websites and social media. Thus not only do campaign staffs have to be ever-vigilant for the unscripted moment on the trail in which the candidate is caught with the rabbit-in-the-headlights look. They also have to be constantly on the look-out for attacks on websites that will either distort the candidate's message or shut down the ability of the candidate to get that message out. This paper…

References

College of New Jersey security guidelines. Retrieved from  http://www.tcnj.edu/~it/security/passwords.html .

Murphy, S. (18 April 2010). Revere candidate target of cyber attack:AG Coakley investigating offensive posts. Retrieved from  http://www.boston.com/news/local/Massachusetts/articles/2010/04/18/revere_candidate_target_of_cyber_attack/ 

Poremba, S.M. (24 April 2008). Presidential campaign cyber-attacks are here to stay. Retrieved from  http://www.scmagazineus.com/presidential-campaign-cyberattacks-appear-here-to-stay/article/109412/

2001 there was an Anthrax attack which created an alert of how bioterrorism had an impact on the public health emergencies. These types of emergencies can not only spread illnesses but also cause several deaths. The can also affect government operations which include the economic growth, creating fear which can cause International crisis. There has been an alert on illnesses that have previously been curbed reappearing with most of them resisting the drugs in the market. There has also been an alert of the food supplies in the market due to the terrorists because they can be used to spread infections.

The public health system is highly responsible for detecting any bioterrorist attacks enabling the government to prepare for any attacks. This means that the government should enhance all infrastructure connected to health systems in order to integrate any threats related to biological or chemical terror attacks (Hamburg 2003).This is…

References

Chomel, B., & Sun, B. (2010). Bioterrorism and invasive species. Revue Scientifique Et Technique (International Office Of Epizootics), 29(2), 193-199

Hamburg, M.A. (2003).Testimony to the Government Reform Committee, U.S. House of Representatives.

Heinrich, J. September (2003).Testimony to the Subcommitteeon Emergency Preparedness and Response, Select Committeeon Homeland Security, U.S.House of Representatives

Institute of Medicine. (2003). Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

Sociology:

Comprehending September 11 attacks through the eyes of Emile Durkheim

This research paper discusses a current event through the eyes of a social theorist. The orks Cited five sources in MLA format.

Societies form individuals and social orders of different kinds produce different individuals. Hence our research paper will revolve around the following thesis statement:

An individual is the product of his/her own society therefore those who take extreme measures to become what they grow to expect themselves to be and those who strive hard to cooperate with certain groups even at the cost of their own lives, do so as a result of the social external forces that are at work. Both social as well as political elements, primarily cultural components play a pivotal role in forming various groups including the main example of terrorist groups and suicide commandos including those that made the orlds' skyscrapers disintegrate into…

Works Cited

Social Problems. Retrieved April 7, 2003 at  http://www.soc.duke.edu/courses/soc11/11syls02.htm 

Arthur & Kroker. Terrorism of Viral Power. CTHEORY THEORY, TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE VOL 24, NO 3.

Achenbach J. THE CLASH; Two professors, two academic theories, one big difference. depending on which is right, September 11 may mark a brief battle against terrorism, or an endless struggle between Islam and the., The Washington Post, 12-16-2001, pp W17.

Goska D. Islam & Terror. Retrieved April 7, 2003 from:  http://answering-islam.org/Terrorism/islam_terror.html

Preventing Terrorist Attacks on the Water and Wastewater Systems Sector

Terrorism is nowadays an already established threat that is part of every security strategy of modern states. It is not only an un-conventional threat at the address of national security but also it drove the re-definition of the term of security as it was understood and worked with some twenty years ago. Currently, there is talk about economic, political, social security as part of the areas that the state must take into account when drafting and enabling a national security strategy. At the same time though, especially after the events from September 2001, the security of the infrastructure and that of natural resources has become an increasingly important aspect to consider.

Currently in the United States, the country considered to be the most targeted by terrorist threats, an important part of the security strategy is related to the economic sectors…

References

Copeland, C. 2005. "Hurricane-Damaged Drinking Water and Wastewater Facilities: Impacts, Needs, and Response" CRS Report for Congress. Available at  http://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=463973 

Copeland, C. 2010. "Terrorism and Security Issues Facing the Water Infrastructure Sector" Congressional Research Center Available at  http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/RL32189.pdf 

Dept. Of Homeland Security. 2013. Water and Wastewater Systems Sector. Available online at http://www.dhs.gov/water-and-wastewater-systems-sector

Leuven, L. 2011. "Water/Wastewater Infrastructure Security: Threats and Vulnerabilities" in R.M. Clark et al. (eds.), Handbook of Water and Wastewater Systems Protection, 27 Protecting Critical Infrastructure, available online.

September 11, 2001, terrorists staged an attack on the United States. There were several areas affected, but the Twin Towers in New York City were - and still remain - the most notable. They are what everyone thinks of, when 9/11 is mentioned. On that day many lives were lost. Among them were 37 officers and one K-9 officer from the Port Authority Police Department (PAPD) (Damico & Quay, 2010). That department works jointly for New York and New Jersey, and was housed in the World Trade Center complex. The quick thinking of the PAPD, along with other law enforcement agencies, reduced the loss of life. While still tragic, the 9/11 events could have been significantly more devastating if it were not for the quick thinking of a number of police officers, firefighters, and other individuals. One of the reasons the PAPD performed so well on 9/11, however, likely came…

References

Bolton, M.K. (2006). U.S. National Security and Foreign Policymaking After 9/11: Present at the Re-creation. New York: Rowman & Littlefield

Caraley, D. (2002). September 11, terrorist attacks, and U.S. foreign policy. New York: Academy of Political Science

Chernick, H. (2005). Resilient city: the economic impact of 9/11. New York: Russell Sage Foundation

Damico, A.M., & Quay, S.E. (2010). September 11 in Popular Culture: A Guide. New York: Greenwood

They have also provided intelligent analysis to state, federal and local law enforcers promoting competency and improved support missions in and out of the United States. Navy and marine corps have participated in multi- service working groups to ensure to update and produce multi- service CRNE defense.

CRNE is also incorporated into air command, where the training is incorporated into courses; the instruction in the course includes instructions addressing the use of airlift and aerial re-fuelling assets in CRNE contaminated environments. General accounting has also responded to CRNE readiness and training assessment; where the secretary for defense recommended that current CRNE medical services should be reviewed. The review will promote tri- service CRNE training program which shall meet the standards of CRNE. Tri- service standards of procedure includes; recognition, detection, decontamination, forces protection and incident response.

Homeland department focuses on deterring and defeating direct attacks in the U.S., supporting civil…

Bibliography

Department of Defense Chemical Biological Defense Program Annual Report. Atlanta: DIANE, 2005.

Punaro, a. Commission on the National Guard Reserves. Atlanta: DIANE, 2008.

The Need for a Policy Framework to Develop Disaster Resilient Regions. Journal of Homeland Security Emergency Management 2005.

Department of Defense Chemical Biological Defense Program Annual Report (Atlanta: DIANE, 2005).

Vietnam Turning Point

The Alleged Attack on U.S. Maddox in 1964

Why is your chosen turning point actually a turning point and not just another event?

The incident leading up to the claim of an attack against the U.S. Maddox, a Destroyer naval vessel is a turning point in history. This is because it sparked the beginning of a war with Vietnam that would last nearly ten years and divide and change U.S. citizens feelings about government authority forever. Up until this time Americans were unified in support of the President and Congress for the most part and willing to send their young men into war. Fathers and Mothers felt it was their patriotic duty to support the U.S. Military and citizens admired and respected those that served in the Armed Forces. This would change dramatically over the course of this war with Vietnam which in reality was not between…

References

Moss, D.G. (2010). Vietnam: An American Ordeal. Pearson Education Inc. 6 Ed.

Allen, G.W. (2001) None so Blind A Personal Account of Intelligence Failure Vietnam. Chicago: Ivan R. Publishing. pp. 182.

Duiker, W.J. (1994) U.S. Containment Policy and Conflict in Indochina. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. pp.320.

The Bengals Attack! campaign gets the fan right into the huddle and hears the intensity and focus players have to go after their competitors and score.

For this campaign to be effective there needs to be extensive use of interaction opportunities with the players and a chance to listen to fans in addition to blast messages to them (Swann, 470). The focus on Web 2.0 technologies and social networking is also crucial for the team to get and capture the attention fo its fan base. Social networking is the most powerful channel to connect with those in the higher income strata of a market segment as many of these are early adopters of new technology (Bernoff, Li, 36). The Bengals P team also needs to use social media monitoring to ensure their messaging is being well understood (Caitlin, 48).

P Team Structure

The team is structured under a P Director…

References

Bernoff, J., and C. Li. "Harnessing the Power of the Oh-So-Social Web. " MIT Sloan Management Review 49.3 (2008): 36.

Jeff Catlin. "Social Media Monitoring: Duck and Cover or Hold your Ground: Determining when it's necessary to respond, apologize or even retreat. " Information Management 19.8 (2009): 48.

Swann, P.. "PR 2.0 New Media, New Tools, New Audiences ," Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 86.2 (2009): 470-472.

At the time, Little had wondered how he could procure such a low cost weapon when cost estimates based on historical precedents placed the price at $68,000 (p. 2). In April 1994, the Joint System Program Office selected McDonnell Douglas in St. Louis, and Lockheed Martin in Orlando from five original competitors to design the tail kits and to submit proposals to win the development and follow-on production contracts, worth about $2 billion (Ingols & Brem, p. 1). When informed by Little that the price for the individual JDAM units might be higher than expected, General McPeak flatly informed him that, "By god, if it's one cent over, I don't want it" (quoted in Ingols & Brem at p. 9).

What are your recommendations for action?

There were some valuable lessons learned in the JDAM initiative that could be used to develop some useful best practices for similarly situated projects…

References

Frame, J.D. (2003). Managing projects in organizations: How to make the best use of time, techniques, and people. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Ingols, C. & Brem, L. (1998, July). Implementing acquisition reform: A case study on Joint Direct Attack Munitions. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Systems College Management.

Lorell, M., Lowell, J., Kennedy, M. & Levaux, H. (2000). Cheaper, faster, better? Commercial approaches to weapons acquisition. Santa Monica, CA: Rand.

emote Access

Analyze the Quick Finance Company Network Diagram and describe the assumptions you will need to make in order to identify vulnerabilities and recommend mitigation techniques as there is no further information from this company. The company does not wish to release any security related information per company policy.

The basic assumptions that must be made include: a lack of effective monitoring / coordination, the inability to deal with problems and not adapting security protocols to changing techniques. These presumptions are important, as they are showing how the firm is failing to acknowledge critical issues and develop procedures / solutions for addressing them. To mitigate these challenges, the firm must engage in a number of practices. The most notable include: training staff members about the significance of strong security procedures, enforcing password compliance, hiring an IT manager who can monitor the database for potential breaches, working with outside consultants…

References

Jackson, C. (2010). Network Security Auditing. Indianapolis, IN: Cisco Press.

Pool, O. (2012). Network Security. New York, NY: Routledge.

Wang, J. (2009). Computer Network Security. New York, NY: Springer.

9-11 and Mass Commumications

Three years after the tragedy of 9-11, the city of new York has cleared the rubbish our of the footprint of the two towers, but they are still a long way from clearing the wreckage out of their collective, and individual hearts. Never before has the nation been struck in an act of war as was seen on national television on 9-11-2001. Even when the Japanese planes swarmed into Pearl Harbor, American's saw only the pictures which were released in print, and the events of the day had time to settle before the images of war were digested. ut even the attack on Pearl Harbor was fundamentally different than what occurred in New York. Military forces struck a military target. This does not reduce the shock of the event, but it was easier to digest as the nation ramped up for war in the European theater…

Bibliography

Aron, Raymond. The Imperial Republic. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 1974

Baktiari, B, and Al-Sayyid, M.Kk. The impact of 9/11 on the Middle East. Middle East Policy. 12/1/2002

Cohen, David. Out of a clear blue sky; 9.11 Where were you? The Evening Standard (London, England); 9/11/2002.

Herert, Chantal. How 9/11 affected our parties The Toronto Star; 9/12/2003.

America's War on Terrorism since the attacks of eptember 11th, 2001.

America's war on Terrorism since 9/11 has largely been conducted in intensifying domestic security in all areas. The highlight has been capturing Osama bin Laden, followed by a phased extraction of the American Army out of Iraq. Nonetheless, security alert is on an all-time high and Defense receives a high proportion of fiscal allocation and focus.

government has also stepped up its surveillance system constructing a highly intricate and controversial eavesdropping data-system base that is run by the National ecurity Agency and contains trillions of e-mails, web searches and commercial transactions." (McGregor 2011)). A similar system, on as massive a scale, will almost be complete in an Antonio, Texas. Both of these systems support the NA's headquarters in Fort Meade, Maryland and house everything "from records of phone calls to and from Iran to credit card purchases by potential…

Some see U.S. policy after 9/11 as being driven by an ebullient arrogant stance of force rather than talk and by a hubris that came from their knocking down Saddam Hussein. McGregor (2011), however, concludes that "ten years after 9/11, the U.S. is war-weary and introspective in a way it has not been for a generation." The federal budget has been depleted, and the country is insecure. Nonetheless, positive things have occurred as a result. The different government departments have been brought together, new ones have been constructed, and old ones reformed. And the country is watched over as it has never been before.

Source

McGregor, R (September 6, 2011) America after 9/11: A nation fixated with its security. Analysis  http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/60886c9e-d892-11e0-8f0a-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2923vp4uc

Management esearch

Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 and the erratic responses to the Hurricane Katrina disaster in 2005, critical incident management has become the focus of a growing body of research. In addition, there is an ongoing need for timely and effective responses to manmade and natural disasters, and improved approaches continue to be identified. To gain some fresh insights into current critical incident management, this paper reviews three studies concerning a coordinated multi-disciplinary response to a critical incident as well as the National Incident Management System. A review of a final article concerning response and management of a chemical, biological, radiological and explosive incident is followed by a summary of the research and a description concerning how the research contributes to knowledge in these areas.

eview and Analysis

Coordinated Multi-Disciplinary esponse to a Critical Incident.

In his study, "esponding to Bio-terrorism equires a Concerted Effort," Mughai…

China's Big Mac Attack" by James L. Watson, and "Heartburn; Fearful Over the Future, Europe Seizes on Food" by oger Cohen. Specifically, it will explain what each writer is saying, comparing and/or contrasting the perspectives on globalization presented by each writer. Globalization is a difficult issue facing not only America, but also most industrial nations of the world. However, America's culture seems to be spreading much faster than that of other cultures, and that frightens many people who want to retain their own culture and place in the world.

American culture is spreading around the world, because of large, multinational companies like McDonald's and Coca-Cola that have a desirable product, and the funds to spread their company worldwide. While Americans are complacent about their food, their companies expanding around the world, and even the genetic modification of many common foods they eat, many people in the world are not. They…

References

Cohen, Roger. "Heartburn: Fearful Over the Future, Europe Seizes on Food."

Watson, James L. "China's Big Mac Attack."

echnologies Designed to Secure Networks from Cyber-Attacks

In this paper, I examine different approaches to security designs intended to protect the integrity of the information contained on network databases in light of recent technological developments. raditionally, network security has been designed either to protect the database of the network or to protect the specific applications that are executed upon the network. However, in the last decade, the implementation of Web services has proliferated, enabling the automated discovery and transfer of information according to various standards. herefore, the types of exchanges of information have grown in complexity, creating a condition in which different forms of network authorization must be instituted in order to preserve the integrity of the database while allowing for the transfer of multiply defined documents between and among endpoints both within the network and outside of the network. End users, for instance, who interface with aspects of a…

The network security measures implemented by firms in order to protect data related to their information management processes has undergone major alterations over the past decade. The exchange of information in the form of business documents, which originally assumed the form of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), has steadily grown more complex as the nature of information exchange has become increasingly specified. In order to declare the types of informational transactions occurring between and among applications and endpoints, new markup languages have been forged, such as SGML and its successor XML, which can be used to declare the information types contained in transferred documents (Swart et al., 2007). The nature of information exchanges among businesses and agencies has further been restructured by the standardization of Web service technologies, which allow networks possessing different databases to discover one another and exchange information with one another through automated processes that are structured according to standards that are typically established by consortia.

Implementing Security in a Web Service Rich Environment

The proliferation of Web services has created an environment that requires

community" is "under attack from both political and ideological processes," including postmodernism and globalization (Burkett, 2001, p. 233). At the same time, Burkett continues, there is in the literature / scholarship a new interest in how the idea of "community" fits into the changing world dynamics, including the possibility of placing of "community" in a more wholistic framework, which could open the door to new approaches to community development (233).

hat is impressive about Burkett's research is the idea that in the future community should be thought of as a "verb" and not always looked at as a "noun." As a verb, community implies "action, process and change" and hence community is "not an object which can be 'lost' or 'found'" (237). The concept of "community development also needs to be reexamined and "reinvented," Burkett insists (243). That is because in the past, community development meant a orld Bank investment…

Works Cited

Baines, Donna. (2007). Building Relationships with the Community. In Bridging the Practice-

Activism Divide in Mainstream Social Work. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing, 50-66.

Baines, Donna. Perspectives on Community Development. In Bridging the Practice-Activism

Divide in Mainstream Social Work. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing, 31-43/

Terrorist Activity Since 9 11
Introduction
The Oklahoma City Bombing was a domestic terrorist attack perpetrated in 1995 by Timothy McVeigh—a Gulf War Veteran—and Terry Nichols, a former Army serviceman who had obtained a hardship discharge after only a year in service. The two targeted the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in retaliation for the Ruby Ridge and Waco stand-offs. More than 150 people were killed in the blast and nearly 700 more were injured (Collins, 1997). The Orlando Nightclub shooting occurred in 2016 and was committed by Omar Mateen at Pulse, a gay nightclub in Florida. Mateen was motivated to act by the killing of Abu Waheeb in Iraq and swore allegiance to the Islamic State before being shot and killed by Orlando Police after a brief standoff (Doornbos, 2016). Mateen killed 49 and wounded 53 more.
These two attacks serve as good comparison points because each contains actors…

References
Best, R. A. (2002). Intelligence to Counter Terrorism: Issues for Congress. Congressional Research Service: CRS Report for Congress.
Collins, J. (1997). Oklahoma City: The weight of evidence. Retrieved from  http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,986240,00.html 
Doornbos, C. (2016). Transcripts of 911 calls reveal Pulse shooter's terrorist motives. Retrieved from  https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/pulse-orlando-nightclub-shooting/os-911-calls-released-orlando-shooting-20170922-story.html 
Greenwald, G. & Hussein, M. (2018). As the trial of Omar Mateen’s wife begins, new evidence undermines beliefs about the Pulse massacre, including motive. Retrieved from  https://theintercept.com/2018/03/05/as-the-trial-of-omar-mateens-wife-begins-new-evidence-undermines-beliefs-about-the-pulse-massacre-including-motive/ 
Michel, L., & Herbeck, D. (2015). American terrorist: Timothy McVeigh and the Oklahoma city bombing. BookBaby.

Targeting Innocents

There are numerous reasons as to why terrorists deliberately target those who are considered innocent people, such as civilians and non-combatants. One can argue that the very definition of a terrorist organization is one which challenges "the peace of mind of everyday people" (Augustus & Martin, 2010), which is done effectively by targeting them. In many instances, terrorist organizations lack the resources to scale a full-fledged military assault -- such as that which typifies wars -- due to a paucity of numbers, dearth of finances, and lack of requisite hardware (weapons). In these instances, one of the most viable options for these organizations and their objectives (which are almost always political) is to make figurative 'statements' in the form of targeting innocents. There are fewer ways of expressing one's political ambitions and extremism for such causes than by destroying the lives of innocents who happen to represent the…

References

Augustus, C, Martin, G. (2010). Essentials of Terrorism: Concepts and Controversies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Braithwaite, A., Foster, D.M., Sobek, D.A. (2010). Ballots, bargains and bombs: terrorist targeting of spoiler opportunities. International Interactions. 36(3), 294-305.

Habeck, M. (2006). Knowing the Enemy. Yale University Press. New Haven, Connecticut.

Jasper, W. F. (2009). Terrorist targeting of police. New American. 25(17), 17-20.

Aeronautical

The September 11 terrorist attacks had a tremendous impact on foreign and domestic policy. One of the industries most directly affected by the terrorist attacks was the aviation industry. Shocked by the methods used in the terrorist attacks and forced to immediately address core managerial weaknesses, the aeronautical industry has risen to the occasion admirably. eclaiming the Sky: 9/11 and the Untold Story of the Men and Women who Kept America Flying is about people -- the people that comprise the American aeronautical industry who understood how to cope with extreme crisis. The anecdotes in Tom Murphy's compilation highlight key areas in which the aeronautical industry succeeded by meeting the challenges it faced after the terrorist attacks. Focusing on the positive aspects of how the various levels of management and employees dealt with the crisis provides a framework for the future of the industry.

eclaiming the Sky: 9/11 and…

References

Blake, A. & Sinclair, M.T. (2003). Tourism crisis management: U.S. response to Septmeber 11. Annals of Tourism Research 30(4): 813-832.

Campbell, R.D., & Bagshaw, M. (2008). Human performance and limitations in aviation. Blackwell. Retrieved online: http://tocs.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/105044474.pdf

Jensen, R.S. (1997). The Boundaries of Aviation Psychology, Human Factors, Aeronautical Decision Making, Situation Awareness, and Crew Resource Management. The International Journal of Aviation Psychology 7(4): 259-267.

Murphy, T. (2006). Reclaiming the Sky. AMACOM.

Terrorism

Tragedies from deadly terrorist attacks have made the international communities to pervasively fear and loath terrorism. Terrorism is undertaken by individual with motivations that are complex for the understanding of security agencies and individuals. Definition according United States statutes states terrorism to be politically motivated, premeditated, violence against noncombatant individuals, private property by clandestine agents or subnational groups, with an intention to obtain audience (Launtenberg, 2011). This definition is adopted for purposes of this paper.

Attempts to shed some light on terrorism highlight the motives of the perpetrators while they give some appropriate measures to resolve the problem. The organizations linked to supporting terrorism by State Department stood at 22 in the year 2001. In three years' time, the list of identified terrorist groups had grown to 36 with more groups being listed as unofficial terrorist organizations. One might mistake terrorism industry for a thriving economic entity or the…

References

Launtenberg, F. (2011). Homeland Security and Fighting Terrorism. Retrieved 19th October 2013, from http://lautenberg.senate.gov/issues_update/homesec_terror.cfm

McCarthy, Timothy, P., & McMillian, J. (2008). The Radical Reader: A Documentary History of the American Radical Tradition. (Vol. New Press): New York.

Morag, N. (2004). The Economic and Social Effects of Intensive Terrorism: Israel 2000 -- 2004. Retrieved 19th October, 2013, from  http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2006/issue3/jv10no3a9.html 

Ridgeway, J. (1990). Blood in the Face: The Ku Klux Klan, Aryan Nations, Nazi Skinheads, and the Rise of a New White Culture. New York: Thunder's Mouth,.

Norse Map

I looked at the live cyber attacks on map.norsecorp.com at 9:20 AM on 30 Jan 2016. As the attacks happened, the majority of them originated in China (more than 400 attacks were sent in just a matter of minutes) and the majority of the targets were in the U.S. (about 1000 hits in as much time coming from several countries in the East and in Europe). The U.S. was also the second largest attacker, with roughly 200 attacks on other countries in as many minutes. Every so often a massive strike would occur in which several dozen attacks would be launched simultaneously by China and the Norse map would convey this with dazzling graphics, lighting up the screen. The most impressive sight, however, was that these attacks are virtually non-stop. They are being launched every single second, often multiple times per second.

The attack organizations include Chinanet, Riskiq,…

Strategies for Reducing Asthma Attacks
Causes of Asthma
Asthma is a condition that causes the patient's airways to swell and narrow making breathing difficult triggering coughing (Shaheen, 2019). The patient might have a whistling sound when they breathe due to shortness of breath. Some people will only get a minor nuisance from asthma. However, for others, it will be a major issue, which interferes with their daily activities. It could also lead to a life-threatening asthma attack. The causes of asthma are not well known. Asthma is a condition that has puzzled many health professionals, but most of them have noted genetic and environmental factors do play a huge role (Shaheen, 2019). When a person has asthma, they will react to things in the world around them, and this reaction is referred to as asthma triggers. Exposure to certain substances and irritants that trigger allergies will result in signs and…

References
Gautier, C., & Charpin, D. (2017). Environmental triggers and avoidance in the management of asthma. Journal of asthma and allergy, 10, 47.
McCracken, J. L., Veeranki, S. P., Ameredes, B. T., & Calhoun, W. J. (2017). Diagnosis and management of asthma in adults: a review. JAMA, 318(3), 279-290.
Shaheen, S. (2019). Elucidating the causes of asthma: how can we do better? The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 7(8), e25.