123). In this study, Martinez-Contreras and her associates report the results of recent research that has provided additional evidence concerning the function of these proteins in precursor-messenger NA (pre-mNA) splicing (2007).
The splicing repression can function in two discrete ways in heterogeneous nuclear NP proteins; the first way is by antagonizing the recognition of splice sites directly and the second way is through interference with the binding of proteins that are bound to enhancers (Martinez-Contreras et al., 2007). A growing body of research concerning the role of hnNP proteins has determined that these proteins can restrict communication between factors bound to different splice sites; by contrast, a number of studies have identified a positive role for some hnNP proteins in pre-mNA splicing (Martinez-Contreras et al., 2007). Moreover, the research to date suggests cooperative interactions between bound hnNP proteins that may facilitate splicing between specific pairs of splice sites while concomitantly…...
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References
Boukakis, g., Patrinou-Georgoula, M., Lekarakou, M., Valavanis, C. & Guialis, A. (2010).
Deregulated expression of hnRNP A/B proteins in human non-small cell lung cancer:
parallel assessment of protein and mRNA levels in paired tumour/non-tumour tissues.
Brody, J.G. & Rudel, R.R. (2003). Environmental pollutants and breast cancer. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(8), 1007-1008.
Biochemistry
Similarity of Glycolysis in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Glycolysis is reported as being a pathway that is practically universal for energy extraction that carbohydrates hold available and this is true for eukaryotes, prokaryotes as well as aerobes and anaerobes. (Essential Biochemistry, 2014, paraphrased) Only eukaryotes have mitochondria. Some prokaryotes are reported to be photosynthetic and to use "an electron transport chain to make ATP." (Essential Biochemistry, 2014, p. 1)
It is believed that cellular respiration may have undergone evolution through modification processes that are photosynthetic in order to gain their energy from food. (Georgia Tech University, 2014, paraphrased) In Substrate-level phosphorylation, a phosphate is transferred to ADP from a high-energy phosphorylated organic compound. Oxidative phosphorylation is reported to synthesize the largest part of the cell's ATP and it is stated that this takes place during respiration of cells. The energy for ATP syntheses resulting in ATP from ADP as well as inorganic phosphate…...
Altogether, the Icelandic findings implicate epigenetic silencing of the RCA1 gene in sporadic breast tumors. They even suggest that "the RCA1 gene is implicated in sporadic breast tumorigenesis through epigenetic silencing and deletion of the RCA1 gene," and that RCA1 methylation is also found to be important in hereditary breast cancer, indicating similarities between RCA1 methylated and hereditary RCA1 breast tumors (irgisdotter, et al. 9).
While heredity factors strongly contribute to 5 to 10% of all breast cancer cases overall, it is questionable whether they have the same degree of risk as mutations in RCA1 and RCA1. The three studies examined in this research all strongly point to RCA1 mutation as being responsible for high percentages of sporadic cancer, and possibly having an effect on hereditary breast tumors. One would think that further studies need to be done to examine the exact effects and possible prevention of the RCA1 mutation.
irgisdottir,…...
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Birgisdottir, Valgerdur; Stefansson, Olafur a.; Bodvarsdottir, Sigridur K.; Hilmarsdottir, Holmfridur; Jonasson Jon G. And Eyfjord, Jorunn E.; "Epigenetic silencing and deletion of the BRCA1 gene in sporadic breast cancer." Breast Cancer Research 2006.
Han S-H, Lee K-R, Lee D-G, Kim B-Y, Lee K-E, ChungW-S. "Mutation analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 from 793 Korean patients with sporadic breast cancer." Clin Genet 2006: 70: BlackwellMunksgaard, 2006.
A van der Groep, P.; Bouter, a.; van der Zanden, R.; Siccama, I.; Menko, F.H.; Gille, J.J.P.; van Kalken, C.; van der Wall, E.; Verheijen, R.H.M.and van Diest, P.J. "Distinction between hereditary and sporadic breast cancer on the basis of clinicopathological data" Journal of Clinical Pathology: 59: Utrecht, Netherlands. 2006.
Biochemistry
The Polypeptide Chain Configuration in Hemoglobin and other Globular Proteins
By Linus Pauling and Robert B. Corey (1951)
The article named above describes a continuation in the study of hydrogenbonded planar-amide configurations of polypeptide chains. It also discusses evidence on the possibility of the existence of such chains in fibrous proteins, and in molecules of globular proteins.
The article first notes that globular patterns such as ovalbumin, can "on denaturation be converted into a form showing the B-keratin x-ray pattern." Because of such reactions, there is an observance of the fiber axis distance, which is the same as that of ft keratin, which the authors claim has already been suggested in a previous paper. For this reason as well, the authors here claim that the same structure (observed above) should be represented by denatured proteins, with some modifications, which they claim is quite an important discovery.
Significant data on this subject is subsequently discussed,…...
The next database used for the search is Medline. I began with the same search terms, celiac disease biochemistry, however it did not return any articles. Next, the search was expanded my search by simply searching celiac disease. This returned 544 articles. The first article is titled Celiac Disease and is from the National Library of Medicine. This article is clearly not useful. Next the search was expanded to celiac disease chemistry. This search returned 23 results. From scanning these titles, the information is very useful, detailing the latest genetic research and vitamin interaction research. The first listed is Vitamin D Test. This article comes from a website and is informative in nature, but makes no reference to any specific studies. This article cannot therefor, be credibly used for research. The next article is from the same website and is titled Vitamin B12 and Folate, it is clear that Medline…...
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Works Cited
Fraenkel, J.R., Wallen, N.E., & Hyun, H.H. (1993). How to design and evaluate research in education.
McMillan, J.H., & Schumacher, S. (2010). Research in education: Evidence-based inquiry.
student with a Bachelor of Science degree in Communications, minors in both Psychology and Sociology, and a desire to attend law school, my request to enter a Biochemistry program may be unusual. After all, people who focus on the hard sciences usually do so because of plans to work in a particular industry or to pursue additional field-specific education via Masters or PhD programs. Because I have no intention of pursuing a graduate degree in Biochemistry or a related field, I may, in fact, seem to be a flawed candidate for the Biochemistry program, who would be taking up space in a highly competitive program that might be better used for someone who intends to pursue Biochemistry. However, my goal in attending law school is to pursue patent law. To become eligible to sit for the Patent Bar, a candidate must have a demonstrable science or technical background. Therefore,…...
Personal Statement: Regarding My Future Pharmacy Career
Even a casual reader of today's newspapers will know that the modern drug industry has been subjected to increasingly rigorous scrutiny and litigation. In the current climate, it is easy to forget what it is like to live in a land where antibiotics are not a phone call to the doctor away, and research dollars for drug research are scarce, not the subject of a highly theoretical media debate about ethics. In the country I grew up, the rare sight of the face of a pharmacist was always a welcome one. I remain infused with my childhood faith, now grounded in study and experience, of the power of drugs to heal the human body, not to harm them.
As a young girl in Southeast Asia I suffered from acute bronchitis. I was profoundly grateful for the relief that pharmaceuticals could bring to my suffering. As…...
Doctor Determine Treatment for a Diagnosis of Hereditary Fructose Intolerance:
Explain how enzymes are involved in processes such as the breakdown of fructose.
The enzymes work as a lock and key process where the relevetn active part of the enzyme fits into the substrate (i.e. The molecule on which the enzyme acts) and activates it. There are various active sites on the enzyme and only the enzyme that will 'fit' in the substrate will work. After part of enzyme matching with substrate, enzyme breaks down substrate into two smaller products.
The following image illustrates:
(adapted from http://waynesword.palomar.edu/molecu1.htm)
At times the process can be blocked by an impediment that stops the 'key' from 'turning, as happens in the case of a lack in aldolase B. which can prompt hereditary fructose intolerance
Explain how a deficiency in aldolase B. can be responsible for hereditary fructose intolerance.
Hereditary fructose intolerance is a disease that disable the individual from consuming…...
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Sources
Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L. (2002) Biochemistry. 5th edition. New York: WH Freeman
Cross NC, de Franchis R, Sebastio G, et al. (1990). Molecular analysis of aldolase B. genes in hereditary fructose intolerance. Lancet 335 (8685): 306 -- 9
Huntington's Disease Outreach Project for Education at Stanford Coenzyme Q10: An Antioxidant Drug
, and otjak, C. (2006). Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Mediates Fear Extinction via Habituation-Like Processes. The Journal of Neuroscience 26(25): 6677-6686.
Kim, S., on, S., Mao, X., Ledent, C., Jin, K. And Greenberg, D. (2006). Role for Neuronal Nitric-Oxide Synthase in Cannabinoid-Induced Neurogenesis. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., October 1, 2006; 319(1): 150-154
Kogan, N., Blazquez, C., Alvarex, L., Gallily, R., Schlesinger, M., Guzman, A., and Mechoulam, R. (2006). A Cannabinoid Quinone Inhibits Angiogenesis by Targeting Vascular Endothelial Cells. Mol Pharmacol 70:51-59.
Lundqvist, T. (2005). Cognitive Consequences of Cannabis Use: Comparison with use of Stimulants and heroin with regard to attention, memory and executive functions. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. 81: 319-330.
Maccarrone, M., Lorenzon, T., Bari, M., Melino, G., and Finazzi-Agro, A. (2000). Anandamide Induces Apoptosis in Human Cells via Vanilloid Receptors
Evidence For A Protective Role Of Cannabinoid Receptors. J. Biol. Chem., 275 (41): 31938-31945.
Massi, P., Vaccani, A., Ceruti, S., Colombo, S., Abbracchio, M., and Parolaro,…...
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Works Cited
Bolla, K., Brown, K., Eldreth, D., Tate, B., and Cadet, J. (2002). Dose-related neurocognitive effects of marijuana use. Neurology 59:1337-1343.
Farthing, G. (1992) The Psychology of Consciousness. Prentice Hall
Gazzaniga, M., Ivry R., and Mangun, G. (1998) Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind W.W. Norton & Company.
Grant, I., Gonzalez, R., Carey, C., Natatajan, L., and Wolfson, T. (2003). Non-acute (residual) neurocognitive effects of cannabis use: A meta-analytic study.
Norepinephrine is usually quickly removed from the synapse and pumped back into the cell that released it in order to turn off and reset the system. By blocking the removal of norepinephrine, tricyclics appear to prolong or intensify norepinephrine's message to the post-synaptic cells.
However, the fundamental biochemical effect of antidepressants on the brain that is responsible for their benefit remains a mystery. It is thought that the change in neuroamine signaling at the synapse caused by anti-depressants "may set off a cascade of events involving second messenger systems that eventually results in the improvement of the symptoms of depression" (Enna, 1991, 187). Unfortunately, how these medications truly operate remains largely unknown.
Another group of anti-depressants is called selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors, first introduced in 1988. Unlike the tricyclics, these new anti-depressants have little direct effect on norepinephrine in the brain; instead, they block the re-uptake of serotonin which gives this…...
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References
Davis, Joel. (1984). Endorphins: New Waves in Brain Chemistry. New York: Dial Press.
Dunn, Adrian J. (1989). Functional Chemistry of the Brain. New York: Spectrum Publications.
Enna, J.S., Ed., et al. (1991). Antidepressants: Neurochemical, Behavioral and Clinical Perspectives. New York: Raven Press.
Kendler, K.S., et al. (1992). "Major Depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder." Archives of General Psychiatry. 49: 716-22.
I have worked in research and DNA analysis in formal laboratory analysis, and believe in the paradigm of lifelong learning.
I am a lifelong student, and each year realize how many wonderful new ideas need exploring; how many exciting and vital places visited through reading; and how much joy I receive simply by having the right set of tools that allow me to read, research, study, analyze, and make decisions based on information. At present, I am studying the physiology of reproduction and assist in laboratory research with Drs. Forrest and Talcott. This technical expertise well qualifies me for the position, although it is my passion for expanding the understanding and synthesis of learning about science that can help BGS expand its membership and relevance for society at large.
The task, then, of a modern leader at any level is to be a good corporate citizen, practicing the very tenants of…...
life I have been a go-getter. I graduated from high school at 16 because I was eager to begin my college education. Currently I am working on dual Bachelor degrees. One will be in Biochemistry and the other will be in Psychology. The same personality trait that has allowed me to graduate from high school early, pursue a dual degree program and many other accomplishments, is what will turn me into a service orientated and dedicated dentist.
One of the things I have pursued as a University of California, San Diego student, is my membership in the campus "For Los Angelitos" club. One of the things we did as a club was to travel to poverty stricken areas and provide lessons about oral hygiene. Equipped with small bags filled with oral care products, we traveled to Tijuana, Mexico where we provided oral care education to the children of the area.…...
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the addictions and drug use faced by obert Downey Jr., and discusses the effects these abuses had on Downey Jr. And his career. The paper will also analyze alternative courses Downey could have taken, and propose potential advice for Jr.
obert Downey Jr. purportedly began using drugs at just eight years old, when his father began dispersing drugs to the child. This is not uncommon among young child stars that face much pressure and often grow up in homes where drug abuse and addictions are common. It was not until the age of 22 however, that Downey would first enter a drug rehabilitation facility for cocaine and heroin abuse. Many of his first films during this time, approximately during the late 80s and early 90s won much acclaim, even Academy Award nominations. During the late 90s…...
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References:
"Biography for Robert Downey Jr." 2011. Retrieved:
Criminals -- Born or Made
Since the construction of the first civil society, behavioral rules distinguishing what is acceptable and what is criminal have existed. Even though individuals typically have a concept of conventional moral behavior, criminal conduct is represented in every society and culture. Criminal deviance is not a novel construct, and has long been the intrigue of researchers, philosophers, and theorists to determine criminal motivation and link the relationship between individuals and the execution of criminal acts. One central argument that has evolved in the realm of criminality is the nature vs. nurture debate, which questions if criminals are born or made. Biological, psychological, and sociological disciplines each offer theories into the origin of criminality to explain if criminal behavior is a consequence of genetics or a matter of the environment in which they are raised (Jones). The biologist introduces genetic evidence and explains the effects of varying biochemistry;…...
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Works Cited
Akers, R, and C. Sellers. Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, and Applications.
Anderson, C, L Berkowitz, E Donnerstein, and R. Huesmann. "The Influence of Media violence on Youth." American Psychological Society. 4.3 (2003): 81-110. Print.
Eysenck, H.J.. "Personality and Crime." Psychopathy: Antisocial, Criminal, and Violent
This accord me shorter travelling times that will not take much from my study, work, and family times. Thus, I will be able to manage my time better without any aspects of my life suffering from neglect. I have seen many people who have to travel great distances from their homes to the college and by the time they have arrived, they are too drained out to concentrate on their studies. Since I have a family of my own, taking up residence at the college is not an option because I want to be able to spend as much time as I can with my family whenever I am not at work or at school.
Indeed, should I be admitted at Emmanuel College I know that I will be able to hurdle the challenges that lies ahead and hopefully complete the biochemistry program. Being a full-time student and engaging in…...
Key Characteristics of Lipase as a Biocatalyst Lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) are a class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds in lipids. They are found in a wide variety of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals, where they play an important role in lipid metabolism. Lipases have also been used extensively in industrial applications, including the production of biodiesel, pharmaceuticals, and food additives. Lipases have several key characteristics that make them well-suited for use as biocatalysts: High activity: Lipases can catalyze the hydrolysis of a wide variety of ester bonds with high efficiency. Specificity: Lipases are relatively specific for....
Key Roles of Thiamin as a Coenzyme Thiamin, also known as vitamin B1, is an essential nutrient that plays crucial roles in energy metabolism as a coenzyme in various biochemical reactions. Here are its key roles: 1. Energy Production via the Krebs Cycle: Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP), the active form of thiamin, serves as a coenzyme for pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. These enzymes catalyze the decarboxylation of pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate, respectively, releasing carbon dioxide and generating acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle, the central pathway for energy production, fueling the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). References: Breslow, R. (2003). Vitamins and....
Emerging Role of Aberrant Glycosylation in Triple-Negative Breast Cancers (TnBCs)
Triple-negative breast cancers (TnBCs) represent a particularly aggressive subtype of breast cancer, characterized by the absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). This subtype poses significant challenges in treatment due to its lack of targeted therapies, leading to poorer prognosis compared to other breast cancer types. Recent research has begun to unravel the complex role of glycosylation in cancer biology, particularly in TnBCs, where aberrant glycosylation patterns have been observed to play a pivotal role in cancer progression, metastasis, and resistance to....
1. In the realm of biotechnology, the exploration of enzymes from unconventional sources has opened new avenues for sustainable and innovative applications. One such enzyme, peroxidase, found abundantly in vegetable waste, presents a unique opportunity for dual-purpose utilization in both anti-microbial and anti-cancer activities. This essay delves into the comprehensive study of peroxidase enzyme production and purification from vegetable waste, aiming to harness its potential in combating microbial infections and cancer. The significance of this research lies not only in its environmental benefits by repurposing waste but also in its potential to contribute to medical science by providing natural, less....
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