(Hawkins, 1998, p. 80)

The foundations of these understandings, though they cannot take as long as they do in real time to occur, develop a set of variable understandings of the whole of the system. The changing opinion is then a reflection of the fact that one must understand the whole picture, rather than the sum of its parts, or as in the past the individual known and observed occurrences out of context with the system. "The most dramatic and spectral effect, however, is the hardest to see, understand, and gauge." (Miller, 1999, p. 99) This is not to say that individual dynamic occurrences are not worth understanding and that they have not culminated to create a larger picture, such as the one offered by Tucker, Tananbaum & Fabian, in their brief but informative big picture article, but that studying the tree has in the past led to a limited understanding…...

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References

Hawkins, M. (1998). Hunting Down the Universe: The Missing Mass, Primordial Black Holes, and Other Dark Matters. Reading, MA: Perseus Books.

Miller, J.H. (1999). Black Holes. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Murphy, C. (2004, October). Never Mind: Old Science Doesn't Die. The Atlantic Monthly, 294, 195.

Pickover, C.A. (2001). Surfing through Hyperspace: Understanding Higher Universes in Six Easy Lessons. New York: Oxford University Press.

Black Holes
Astronomers have had a long-term fascination with the phenomenon of the black hole. Until the later part of the twentieth century, however, they provided little more than inspiration for science fiction writers. As humans, we have traditionally been skeptical of anything we cannot tangibly see or hear or manipulate on some level with our senses. Black holes do not satisfy the criteria for our need of proof. They cannot be photographed, or for that matter seen as they absorb all light. Also, little more has been expected to be gained from exploring black holes than an extrapolation of Einstein's Theory of elativity. In the past five years however, great strides have been made not only in the realm of empirical proof but in applying the knowledge of black holes to pertinent questions for all of humankind. Black holes may indeed explain the origins of all nature (Kluger, 44). Let's…...

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Referenced

Cowen, R. "Black Holes and Galaxies May Grow Up Together." Science News. 17 July, 2000. v17. i25. 390.

Hellemans, Alexander. "Smoking Gun: A Black Hole's Supernova." Astronomy. Dec, 1999. v27. i12. 34.

Kluger, Jeffrey. "Scientists Catch a Black Hole Red-Handed." Time. 30 Aug, 1999. v154. i9. 44.

Melia, Fulvio. "The Heart of the Milky Way." American Scientist. July, 2000. v88. i4. 346.

However, unlike other spiral galaxies found scattered throughout the universe, the black hole which is assumed to exist in the center of the Milky Way galaxy is dormant and is not "actively feeding," meaning that it is not currently swallowing up material for some unknown reason. Almost from the beginning of astronomical observations of galactic bodies in the universe, it has always been thought that "the more massive the bulge, the more massive the black hole" which has led scientists and astronomers to reason that "somehow the formation and growth of galaxy bulges and their central black holes are intimately connected." ut in 2003 when the Spitzer Space Telescope began to be utilized to collect infrared data from a number of different types of galaxies, scientists discovered that thin or slender galaxies which lack prominent central bulges did indeed contain supermassive black holes.
During a recent study with the Spitzer…...

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Bibliography

Even Thin Galaxies Can Grow Fat Black Holes." Science Daily. Internet. January 16, 2008. Retrieved at  http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080114083851.htm .

King's The Man In The lack Suit
The modern concept of self, and the human trait of self-awareness, have been a part of humanity since recorded history -- as has the notion of good and evil, although clearly on a sliding scale. However, it was not until the Middle Ages that the concept of the self in relation to the choices of good and evil coalesced, moving away from the supernatural "the devil made me do it," and allowing for personal responsibility. That did not change the idea that the human individual always has a choice in their path -- the euphemistic fork in the road -- do we choose good, or do we choose evil? Stephen King's short story, The Man in the lack Suit, is a modern retelling of this conflict, albeit not in the traditional manner (King). King's Devil is more like his own Randy Flagg than some…...

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Bibliography

Benet, S. The Devil and Daniel Webster. New York: Dramatist Play Series, 2004.

Goethe, J. "Dr. Faustus." January 1978. googlebooks.com. September 2010 .

King, S. "The Man in the Black Suit." King, S. Everything's Eventual: 14 Dark Tales. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004. 45-51.

See for example the infamous Randall Flagg as the embodiment of evil in King's post-apocalyptic The Stand (1978); the tempting gentleman Leland Gant in Needful Things (1981); or the finale to The Tommyknockers (1987).

Reconstruction: Successes and FailuresReconstruction after the Civil War was a mixed bag of successes and failures. If its primary aim was reintegration of the South into the US, it could be said to be a success. The problem with Reconstruction is that the architects of Reconstruction were themselves divided about how it should proceed. The Radicals wanted vengeance, whereas Lincoln (before he was murdered) called for forgiveness. The US government under Johnson was torn between trying to implement Lincolns vision and trying to appease the very vocal Radicals more or less calling for blood. On top of all this were very real social concerns, like voting rights, equality, and Jim Crow laws (the Black Codes).Although the Reconstruction succeeded in abolishing slavery through the 13th Amendment, it did not do much to establish actual civil rights for blacks. Indeed, racist Black Codes and sharecropper agreements (which basically kept all the negatives…...

They were followed in 1936 by the Harlem River Houses, a more modest experiment in housing projects. And by 1964, nine giant public housing projects had been constructed in the neighborhood, housing over 41,000 people [see also Tritter; Pinckney and oock].
The roots of Harlem's various pre 1960's-era movements for African-American equality began growing years before the Harlem Renaissance itself, and were still alive long after the Harlem Renaissance ended. For example:

The NAACP became active in Harlem in 1910 and Marcus Garvey's Universal

Negro Improvement Organization in 1916. The NAACP chapter there soon grew to be the largest in the country. Activist a. Philip Randolph lived in Harlem and published the radical magazine the Messenger starting in 1917.

It was from Harlem that he organized the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car

Porters. .E.B. DuBois lived and published in Harlem in the 1920s, as did

James eldon Johnson and Marcus Garvey. ("Harlem")

Later, the lingering economic residue…...

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Works Cited

Baldwin, James. "Sonny's Blues." Online. Retrieved February 3, 2007, at  http://www.spcollege.edu/Central/libonline/path/shortstory.pdf .

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)'. Wikipedia.

December 7, 2006. Retrieved December 7, 2006, from: http://en.

A wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education.html>.

ince neither of those explanations is likely (let alone knowable), philosophical naturalists would have to doubt that the universe exists at all; yet, very clearly, it does. The most likely explanation for the existence of the universe is simply that some force or consciousness (i.e. God) caused whatever the so-called "first cause" of existence was.
The second major philosophical assumption of philosophical naturalism presupposes that all philosophical postulates must, necessarily, fit the scientific model. However, that supposition clearly closes off many possible explanations simply because they may lie outside of human understanding. Again, that position is an a priori assumption that also violates the first major philosophical assumption of philosophical naturalism. In essence, it suggests that scientific concepts provide the only possible set of tools for understanding phenomena, including phenomena that obviously defy scientific explanation such as miracles and faith. Most importantly, it automatically (and in a manner that is…...

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Sources Consulted

Friedman, M. (1997). "Philosophical Naturalism." Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association. Accessed online, October 15, 2011, from:

 http://galileo.fcien.edu.uy/philosophical_naturalism.htm 

Hawking, S. (1990). A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes. Bantam Publishing: New York.

Hume and Experience
In morals, politics, religion and science, Hume was a conservative empiricist who emphatically rejected all theories he thought of as metaphysical or not based on actual experience and sense perceptions. He did not regard religious and metaphysical theories as scientific, but more like idle speculation, superstition and prejudice. No ultimate original principles existed outside of the mind and perceptions, and this certainly included the concept of cause and effect, which he insisted was derived from the senses and later processed through the mind in the form of simple and complex ideas. Nothing could be known about human nature or any other subject outside of an exact, empirical science, while innate and a priori ideas did not exist. Even his theories of mathematics, logic and the color spectrum were all based on empiricism, and the ability of the mind to reflect, compile and make connections based on repeated sense…...

Martin Heidegger and Jean-Paul Sartre on Existentialism and Humanism
The Essentials of Essentialism

Martin Heidegger's philosophical opus is both deep and complex and a comprehensive examination of it here would be impossible. However it is possible to provide an overview of his essential teachings - of the essential aspects of his essentialism. Doing so will allow us, in later sections, to explore his criticisms of Jean-Paul Sartre's far more famous version of existentialism as well as to examine the ways in which - despite Heidegger's criticism of Sartre - the two are in many ways the same.

Heidegger, like all modern philosophers (and possibly the ancient ones as well), incorporated the work of a number of earlier thinkers into his own formulation of existentialism and his understanding of the nature of reality of the place of humans in the world. As an existentialist, Heidegger believed in a philosophy that was relatively concrete, that…...

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References

Danto, A. (1975). Jean-Paul Sartre. New York: Viking Press.

Heidegger, M. (1997). Being and time. New York: SUNY.

Manser, A. (1966). Sartre: A philosophic study. London: Athlone Press.

Murdoch, I. (1953). Sartre: Romantic rationalist. New Haven: Yale University.

Phantom Limbs
When we ask ourselves what is knowledge (as we do when we are engaged in the process of philosophy) we are effectively asking what is our relationship with the world. V.S. amachandran - as is the norm for philosophers - asks the question about our relationship to the world by using what at first might seem to be a relatively trivial issue, or at least one that very few of us shall ever actually have to worry about, which is the question of phantom limbs, the subject of both amachandran's interest and our own.

The desire to know and the desire to discover are essentially active, even aggressive actions taken on the part of consciousness to acquire pieces or aspects of the world. When we seek knowledge, we seek to take into our minds (and so to take into our bodies physically) something that exists in the world. We seek…...

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References

Anderson, J.W. (1991). Freud or Jung. Chicago: Northwestern University.

Aristotle.(1989). Poetics. Trans. S.H. Butcher. New York: Hill and Wang.

Carnap, R. (1995). An Introduction to the philosophy of science. New York: Dover.

Descartes, R. (1999). Discourse on method and meditations on first philosophy (4th ed.). New York: Hackett.

Tom Shulich ("ColtishHum")
A comparative study on the theme of fascination with and repulsion from Otherness in Song of Kali by Dan Simmons and in the City of Joy by Dominique Lapierre

ABSACT

In this chapter, I examine similarities and differences between The City of Joy by Dominique Lapierre (1985) and Song of Kali by Dan Simmons (1985) with regard to the themes of the Western journalistic observer of the Oriental Other, and the fascination-repulsion that inspires the Occidental spatial imaginary of Calcutta. By comparing and contrasting these two popular novels, both describing white men's journey into the space of the Other, the chapter seeks to achieve a two-fold objective: (a) to provide insight into the authors with respect to alterity (otherness), and (b) to examine the discursive practices of these novels in terms of contrasting spatial metaphors of Calcutta as "The City of Dreadful Night" or "The City of Joy." The chapter…...

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References

Barbiani, E. (2005). Kalighat, the home of goddess Kali: The place where Calcutta is imagined twice: A visual investigation into the dark metropolis. Sociological Research Online, 10 (1). Retrieved from  http://www.socresonline.org.uk/10/1/barbiani.html 

Barbiani, E. (2002). Kali e Calcutta: immagini della dea, immagini della metropoli. Urbino: University of Urbino.

Cameron, J. (1987). An Indian summer. New York, NY: Penguin Travel Library.

Douglas, M. (1966). Purity and danger: An analysis of concepts of pollution and taboo. New York, NY: Routledge & K. Paul.

Cosmology
The Formation and Evolution of Galaxies

One of the greatest and possibly most important questions about our universe is how it originated. Astronomer Sandy Faber of California's Lick Observatory states that, "Galaxies are the building blocks of the universe, and therefore one of the greatest questions of modern astronomy is to understand how they form." (Chaikin)

Galaxy is usually understood as a cluster or aggregate of stars - combined gas and dust - held together by gravity. Galaxies come in three main types: ellipticals, spirals, and irregulars. (The Galaxies) There are a number of theories about the formation of galaxies. Two predominant theories are the ottom-Up and Top-Down theories. The ottom-Up theory states that the Universe started from small particles of mass that came together to form galaxies, which evolved into clusters and then super-clusters. (ibid) The second theory - the Top-Down theory - states that "vast pancaked-shaped clouds of matter provided…...

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Bibliography

Britt R. Astronomers Capture Images of Quasar from When the Universe was Young. Space.com. January 9, 2003. Accessed:

 http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/distant_quasar_030109.html 

Chaikin. 5 Great Cosmic Mysteries: The Origin of Galaxies. Space Com. January 22, 2002. Accessed: April 30, 2004. www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astronomy/cosmic_galaxies_020122-1.html

New class of black holes. Nature. September 19, 2002. Accessed: May 1, 2004.  http://www.nature.com/nsu/020916/020916-9.html

Quasars and Distant Galaxies
How primeval matter cast with uniformity in all directions by an assumed violent explosion, called the ig ang, gathered together into vast groups of starts and galaxies that evolved into the universe remains a mystery (Peterson 1990). There have been speculations about its origins, pieced together and offering new standards against which theories could be tested and measured. Some of these speculations involved cosmic strings, global textures and late-time phase transitions, notions too strange to merit acceptance. Cosmologists have to reconcile separate and contradictory observations in explaining the origins of galaxies and the structure of the universe, such as the receding of galaxies from one another and the astonishingly uniform glow of invisible radiation in the universe known as the cosmic microwave background, the left-over heat from the creation of the universe. These observations and the abundance of hydrogen, helium and lithium resulting from the initial explosion…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Cowen, R. (1991). Radio Waves May Trace Distant Clustering-Galaxies and Quasars. Science News. Science Service, Inc.  http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n25_v139/ai_109 

2. -- . (2004). Universal Truth: Distant Quasars Reveal Content, Age of Universe. Science News. Science Service, Inc.  http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_5_166/ai_n62125 

3. -- . (2003). In the Beginning, Dark Matter Builds Galaxies, Feeds Quasars. Science News. Science Service, Inc.  http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_4_163/ai_972356 

4. -- . (2003). Mature Before Their Time: in the Youthful Universe, Some Galaxies Were Already Old. Science News. Science Service, Inc.  http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_9_163/ai_986956

International egulation of Tourism in Antarctica
Since the mid-1980s, Antarctica has been an increasingly popular tourist destination, despite the relative danger of visiting the largest, least explored -- and arguably least understood -- continent on earth. Beginning with the 1959 treaty establishing Antarctica as an international zone free of claims of sovereignty by nation's that had been instrumental in establishing research stations there, there has been almost constant negotiation about how to administer regulations pertaining to the preservation of life forms on the continent, what those regulations should be, and what sanctions should be applied and by whom.

To understand the depths of the negotiations, and the potential for discord, it is necessary to understand what the continent offer the 65% of global nations that are party to the 1959 and all subsequent treaties. To understand the possible future of Antarctica, it is necessary to outline treaty attempts to minimize commercial interests…...

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References

Antarctica. Siyabona Africa Web site. Retrieved September 28, 2004 at http://balule.krugerpark.co.za/africa_antarctica.html

Chile Web site. Retrieved September 17, 2004 at  http://www.visit-chile.org/antartica/antartica.phtml 

Australia urges regulation as tourism to Antarctica escalates. (2004, March 24) Agence France Presse English. Retrieved September 14, 2004 at  http://www.highbeam.com .

Bulgaria in Antarctica. Retrieved September 15, 2004 at http://www.bluelink.net/antarctic/ant_en/BGant.htm

The collapse increases internal pressure until some of the stars external matter is ejected, eventually stabilizing into a dwarf star of degenerate matter.
A variable star is one whose apparent brightness changes as viewed from earth. Cepheid variables are a certain type of variable star whose apparent brightness changes in regular cycles lasting from 3 to 50 days. Astronomers use them to measure distances in space.

Q: 4 describe and explain the characteristic of Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.

what is the significant and use of this diagram? how is a black hole formed? what are the properties of black holes? compute the Schwarzschild radius for the sun.

What happens when the star shrinks to the radii? what is the most likely place to find a black hole?

The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram is a scatter-graph of stars that allows astronomers to plot their absolute luminosity against their specific classifications and temperatures. This technique demonstrated that the temperature and…...

Thesis Statement Brainstorming for Paranormal Phenomena

1. Investigate the Interplay between Cultural Beliefs and Paranormal Experiences

Cultural norms and values shape how individuals perceive, interpret, and report paranormal phenomena.
Cross-cultural studies can reveal how different cultural contexts influence the nature and frequency of paranormal experiences.

2. Explore the Role of Psychology in Paranormal Beliefs and Encounters

Cognitive biases, such as confirmation bias and wishful thinking, can contribute to the subjective nature of paranormal experiences.
Psychological factors, such as stress, sleep deprivation, and alterations in consciousness, may trigger or enhance paranormal experiences.

3. Examine the Evidence for Physical Manifestations of Paranormal Phenomena

Scientific methods,....

I. Introduction
A. Hook
B. Background information on astronomy
C. Thesis statement

II. History of Astronomy
A. Ancient history
1. Contributions of early civilizations (Mesopotamia, Egypt, etc.)
B. Renaissance and Scientific Revolution
1. Key figures (Copernicus, Galileo, etc.)
2. Major discoveries and advancements

III. Branches of Astronomy
A. Observational astronomy
1. Ground-based telescopes
2. Space-based telescopes
B. Theoretical astronomy
1. Modeling and simulations
2. Predictions and hypotheses

IV. Key Concepts in Astronomy
A. Celestial bodies
1. Stars
2. Planets
3. Moons
B. Solar system
1. Formation and evolution
2. Exploration missions (e.g., Voyager, Mars rovers)

V. Current Developments and Discoveries
A. Exoplanets
1. Search....

Abstract Mathematics in Physics: A Transformative Force

Introduction

Mathematics has long played a pivotal role in the development of physics, offering a precise and abstract framework for understanding and describing the physical world. In recent decades, the influence of abstract mathematics in physics has grown exponentially, leading to groundbreaking insights and discoveries. This essay delves into the latest advancements in this area, examining specific examples that demonstrate the transformative power of abstract mathematics in modern physics.

String Theory and Calabi-Yau Manifolds

String theory is a promising candidate for a theory of everything that aims to unify all fundamental forces and particles. At its core,....

Abstract Mathematics: A Bridge Between Physics and the Unknown

Mathematics, the language of science, has played a pivotal role in shaping our understanding of the physical world. One fascinating area where mathematics shines is in the realm of abstract mathematics, where concepts beyond our immediate sensory experience provide powerful tools for exploring the fundamental nature of reality. In recent years, several groundbreaking developments in physics have been made possible by the abstract framework mathematics provides. This essay explores the intricate connection between abstract mathematics and physics, highlighting some of the most recent and intriguing advances that have sparked scientific breakthroughs.

One of....