Budget Essays (Examples)

Their insights can help to determine the longer term impact on them. Students were included because they can show how these cuts will affect them and offer ideas about ways to possibly offset them. Teachers can discuss how certain decreases will affect the quality of education and their ability to educate students. (Lunnenburg, 2011) (Olden, 2012)

The people who are excluded from the budgetary process were selected because they can create more challenges in making the necessary reductions. Special interests will not be allowed to participate, based upon the fact that they will want to keep certain programs fully intact without considering the long-term effects of the school. Community members, who do not have children at the school, will not participate in the process. This is from their lack of understanding these challenges and bias in preserving certain programs (i.e. sports). Their loyalties are focused on maintaining these programs at…

References

Trenton Public Schools. (2013). Teachade. Retrieved from: http://districts.teachade.com/l/6638/Trenton-Public-Schools

Lunnenburg, F. (2011). Educational Administration. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Olden, R. (2012). Improving Student Learning. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.

Budget Airlines: The Destruction of Australia's

Domestic Tourism Industry or Convenient ay to Travel Internationally?

ith such a beautiful and exotic national landscape, one can immediately garner why Australia is a travel destination for many tourists. However, it is easy to overlook the fact that many of these tourists, whose travel is crucial to the Australian economy, are in fact native Australians looking to explore their vast and varied national landscape. One would believe that Australian-based flights would be on the rise within the country, but in truth, Budget airlines such as Air Asia and Tiger Airways are believed by some to be heralding the death of the domestic tourism industry in Australia, as their cheap flights draw would-be domestic travelers into the international travel sphere.

ith carriers offering such cheap packages to Asia, it appears impossible for local destinations to compete. As such, the question has been raised amongst…

Works Cited

Asia Travel Tips. (2012 March 14). Asia Launches Exit Australia Promotion. Asia Travel

Tips. Web. Retrieved from: http://www.asiatraveltips.com/news12/143-

AirAsia.shtml. [Accessed on 20 May 2012].

Creedy, S. (2008 June 26). "Qantas, Singapore deny merger speculation due to fuel prices." The Australian. Web. Retrieved from:  http://www.theaustralian.com

Budget plan is a quantitative expression of planned income and expenses for a given financial year. A budget contains an estimated projected expenses and revenue for a financial year. A budget also reveals the estimated costs, expenses, liabilities and assets and the cash flows for a fiscal year. Syracuse is an historic city based in Sicily, and the city budget for 2011-2012 fiscal years is to achieve a balanced between the expenditures and the revenues.

Objective of this report is to present the analysis of Syracuse budget. The Syracuse budget contains the detailed operating financial data that consist of the revenue and expenditure for a financial year. The budget analysis contains the evaluation of the strengths and weakness of the 2011/2012 operating budget document of Syracuse city. Moreover, the report will contain the evaluation of capital budget as well as recommendations for the improvement of the budget process and public…

References

Raymond S. Schmidgall, D.K. Hayes, J.D. et al. (2003). Restaurant Financial Basics. Wiley & Sons. USA.

Syracuse City (2012).Budget for the City of Syracuse for the Period of July 1,2011- June 30, 2012, Syracuse City.

Miner, S.A. (2013).Capital Improvement Program 2010/11-2015/16 City of Syracuse, New York. Syracuse City.

New York City (2010).Understanding New York City's Budget A Guide to The Capital Budget. New York City Independent Budget Office.

Budgeting as an Adequate Tool for Planning and Control in Organizations:

A budget apart from being a coordinated and comprehensive financial plan for the resources and operations of a given future period is also intended to promote the managerial functions of control and planning. Over the years a budget has been perceived as a tool for forced planning as it constitutes the most important and basic management functions since other managerial functions such as staffing, organizing, controlling and directing are dependent on effective planning. Planning entails aligning company goals and objectives and finding out means in attaining these. Besides, decision making being at the heart of planning, effective strategies and policies must be able to contribute to the objectives and plans. (Talal, 1986)

A proper budgetary system must be able to underline and extend the planning role of all levels of management. Managers will be under obligation to look into…

References

Cartac. (n. d.) "Strategic Budgeting" Retrieved 23 March, 2012 from  http://www.cartac.org/UserFiles/File/Joint%20MFM-PFM%20Conference%20Barbados%20Nov%202010/day%202-1b-%20StrategicBudgetingPFM%20-SILINS.pdf 

Daum, Jurgen H. (2002) "Beyond Budgeting: A Model for Performance Management and Controlling in the 21st century" Controlling & Finance, pp: 17-20.

Michael, Alexa. (2007) "Beyond Budgeting Topic Gateway Series No. 35"

Retrieved 23 March, 2012 from http://www1.cimaglobal.com/Documents/ImportedDocuments/cid_tg_beyond_budgeting_oct07.pdf

Budget Variance

Managing budgets and keeping within those boundaries is a difficult task and requires a steadfast approach with practical strategy. Budget forecasts often are used as important guidelines that are used to keep organizations in line with their corporate strategy. Although this seems rather simple, it is not. The purpose of this essay is to discuss and highlight specific strategies that can be applied to assist in managing a budget within a given set of forecasts. This essay will also compare some expense results that have fallen out of the variance range and discuss the possible reasons for this occurrence. This essay will conclude by discussing benchmarking techniques that will eventually contribute to improving budgeting techniques including forecasting.

Budgeting and Forecasting

Nayab (2011) suggested that "both budgets and forecasts provide estimates, and construct models of how a business might perform financially if the expected events and plans play out…

References

Benjamin, T. (ND). How to Use Benchmarking Techniques Effectively. Chron, ND. Viewed 31 Aug 2013. Retrieved from  http://smallbusiness.chron.com/use-benchmarking-techniques - effectively-13083.html

Harris, S. (2012). Variance analysis of forecasts also important to financial close. Journal of Accountancy, March 2012. Retrieved from  http://www.journalofaccountancy.com/issues/2012/mar/varianceanalysis 

Kelessidis, V. (2000). Benchmarking. ADI January 2000. Retrieved from http://www.adi.pt/docs/innoregio_benchmarking-en.pdf

Nayab, N. (2011). Forecasting vs. Budgeting: What's the Difference? Bright Hub, 22 Aug 2011. Retrieved from  http://www.brighthub.com/office/entrepreneurs/articles/123586.aspx

Budgeting

Kudler Fine Foods Budget

The budgeting here will be from the absorption approach which is a budgeting process that considers all business overheads to be the product cost which eventually become an expense in the form of manufacturing cost of the goods and are sold as sales take place.

Budget for Kudler Fine Foods

Item

evenues (Net sales)

$19,921,220

$22,092,633

$24,500,730

Cost of goods sold (less ending inventory)

$13,307,028

$14,570,893

$15,879,815

Total expenses

$1,928,722

$2,047,656

$2,177,855

Net operating income

$5,477,292

$5,474,084

$6,443,060

Integrative Marketing Agency (2010).

The growth rate of Kudler Fine Foods for the three years projected in the budget is 1.109% with varying profit margin of 27.49% for 2012, 24.78% for 2013 and projected 26.3% for 2014. The expenses are seen to grow with the revenues as well. This is a trend that has been consistent with the company over the last few years and into the…

References

Bigelow L., (2013). Static vs. Flexible Budgets for New Businesses. Retrieved September 9, 2013 from  http://smallbusiness.chron.com/static-vs.-flexible-budgets-new-businesses-20879.html 

Bureau of Economic Analysis, (2013). U.S. Economy at a Glance: Perspective from the BEA Accounts. Retrieved September 9, 2013 from  https://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/glance.htm 

Integrative Marketing Agency, (2010). Kudler Fine Foods: Strategic Plan for Future Growth 2010. Retrieved September 9, 2013 from  http://integrativemarketingagency.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/kudler-foods-strategic-plan-ima.pdf 

Trading Economics (2013). United States Interest rates. Retrieved September 9, 2013 from http://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-states/interest-rate

How the Old Westbury College athletics budget is tied to its mission and vision: The conceptual framework

Maverick's mission and vision

Mission

The mission of the team is to produce athletes who are unparelled in their areas of sportmanship.

Vision

To bring up athletes who are men and women of integrity and are performers in almost all important faculties of life and the society.

The budgetary allocation

The budgetary allocation will take into account the relative importance that the athletic activities are given by the American society and the concerned intercollegiate organization such as Athletics in the Mid-American Conference. In this regard football would receive the highest amount of budgetary allocation. The allocation would be as follows:

Maverick's Budget Worksheet

SAMPLE

Team Name: Mavericks

Year: 2010-2011

# of Members: 1,700

Affiliation / and insurance Expenses

Total

Association:

National Dues

$500,000

League Dues

$400,000

$900,000.00

Liability Insurance

Insurance

$3,000,000

Total Affil./Insur.…

References

Bunce, P., Fraser, R. And Woodcock, L. (1995) "Advanced budgeting: A journey to advanced management systems," Management Accounting Research, 6(3), pp. 253-65.

Kaplan, R.S. .,Norton. DP (2001). The Strategy-Focused Organization: How Balanced Scorecard

Companies Thrive in the New Business Environment. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Neely, a., Sutcliff, M. And Heyins, H. (2001) Driving value through strategic planning and budgeting. (New York, NY: Accenture). Otley,

udget Concepts

The Alice Hyde Medical Center is a medical organization located in Malone, NY (Home Page). It contains various services to the public, such as laboratory, imaging, surgery, rehabilitation, pediatrics, etc., as well as, the Family Maternity Center, Hastings Hemodialysis Unit, In Touch with Health (a community wellness program), the Dental Center, a Nursing Home, the Reddy Cancer Treatment Center, and the Sleep Disorders Laboratory. A big portion of the financing for the services, such as laboratory, imaging, surgery, etc., is drawn from patients from other units. For example, patients from the Reddy Cancer Treatment Center are sent to the laboratory for tests to monitor medications and conditions. Each service department and facility is treated as a separate unit with its own revenues and expenses.

The organizational concept, or technical structure, shows the relationship that should exists between functions, levels and activities of human and material elements of an…

Bibliography

Droege, S.B. (n.d.). Zero-Based Budgeting. Retrieved from Reference for Business: Encyclopedia of Business, 2nd ed.:  http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Tr-Z/Zero-Based-Budgeting.html 

Home Page. (n.d.). Retrieved from Alice Hyde Medical Center:  http://www.alicehyde.com 

Theory concepts of budgets. (n.d.). Retrieved from College University:  http://www.centrorisorse.org/theory-concepts-of-budgets.html

Budgeting Management

The purpose of this research is to explore the relationship between budgeting and planning functions. There are substantial diferences between strategic plans and long-term budgets -- both in how they are created and in the end products. Very few organizations really need a multiyear budget. In fact, for many organizations, including community banks, they can sometimes do more harm than good. The function of the budget is to maintain, protect, and allocate the organization's resources. The strategic plan prepares the bank to make future decisions, enabling it to take advantage of opportunities as they arise and to avoid or lessen the effects of adverse developments.

Significance:

Budgeting management is essential in determining projects which are actually essential for the company, in other words, projects which bring added value to the company. The logic behind this is quite simple: after determining how much you are actually willing to spend…

Budgeting

The relevance of budgets when it comes to the management of organizational operations cannot be overstated. In this text, I discuss the various types of budgets. In so doing, I will make use of a hypothetical company by the name ABC Industries -- a Texas-based manufacturing entity. ABC produces blankets.

Types of Budgets

Budgets can be classified in numerous ways. The classification approach I adopt in this case is largely founded on the nature of an organization and its unique needs. To begin with, budgets can be classified on the basis of production flexibility. Under this classification, budgets could either be fixed or flexible. A fixed budget in the words of DuBrin (2011) "allocates expenditures based on a one-time allocation of resources." On the other hand, a flexible budget according to the author "allows for variation in the use of resources on the basis of activity" (DuBrin, 2011).

Budgets…

References

Crosson, S. & Needles, B.E. (2010). Managerial Accounting (11th ed.). Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.

DuBrin, A.J. (2011). Essentials of Management (9th ed.). Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.

Hansen, D.R., Mowen, M.M. & Guan, L. (2009). Cost Management: Accounting and Control (6th ed.). Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.

Agency budget paper
The budgeting process is often dependent on the agreed upon and documented guidelines of the individual agencies in the US. The common things the underlie all the budgeting process is that they are meant to facilitate operations of the agencies and also to better the service delivery to the citizens or dwellers within the jurisdiction of the agency.
The New York City Council
The NYC council budget covers the cost of ruining g the city, for instance the pay for the sanitation workers, power and lights at the common amenities like the libraries as well as providing social services. The budgeting process starts with the city’s 59 community boards conduct public hearing and after this hands in their capital priorities to the mayor. The mayor then presents the preliminary budget proposal, after which the city council holds hearings on the mayor’s preliminary budget proposal, giving recommendations for…

References
National Science Foundation, (2018). The Federal Budgeting and Appropriations Process (Accessible). Retrieved June 10, 2018 from https://www.nsf.gov/about/congress/federal_budgeting_accessible.jsp
NYC Independent Budget Board, (2013). Understanding New York City’s Budget: A Guide to The Capital Budget. Retrieved June 10, 2018 from https://www.ibo.nyc.ny.us/iboreports/IBOCBG.pdf

Budgets
In budget planning, public administrators need to outline expenditures related to operational and capital budgets. In public administration, operational budgets are defined as day-to-day expenditures of a government while capital budgets refer to long-term investments for an organization. When creating budgets, public administrators are faced with the need to determine priorities for capital and operational budgets because of limited funding. The determination of priorities for operational budgets and capital budgets are affected by some factors, which are applied in the budget cycle. Similarly, capital budgeting process is affected by some factors that are applied in each budget cycle.
The most important factors that can affect the development of priorities for operational budgets relate to the three objectives of public expenditure management. In this regard, fiscal discipline, operational efficiency, and strategic resource allocation are important factors that influence the decision making processes of public administrators on priorities for operational budgets.…

References
Schönbohm, A. & Zahn, A. (2012). Corporate Capital Budgeting: Success Factors from a Behavioral Perspective. Retrieved March 28, 2019, from https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/68243/1/733746489.pdf
World Bank. (n.d.). The Budget Preparation Process. Retrieved March 28, 2019, from http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/LearningProgram/PEAM/DorotinskyBackCh4.pdf

Implications of Capital Projects for State Budgets
Like many other states, Oklahoma is faced with some serious problems with respect to a deteriorating critical infrastructure, including most especially the need for repairs and improvements on its roads and bridges. In response, the Oklahoma Long Range Capital Planning Commission has recommended a series of long-term capital projects through fiscal year 2024 that are intended to address the most serious of these infrastructural problems. The purpose of this paper is to provide a description and brief overview of the Oklahoma Long Range Capital Planning Commission, the size of the state for which it is responsible and its overall responsibilities. In addition, a description of the types of government projects and the implementation process that are involved is followed by a discussion concerning the respective advantages and disadvantages of the projects on the state’s operating budget. Finally, a summary of the key findings…

References
Davis, J., Hall, K. & Kaspereit, D. (2017). State of Oklahoma FY 17-FY 24 capital improvements plan. State of Oklahoma. Retrieved from https://www.ok.gov/DCS/ documents/CapitalImprovementsPlan17-24.pdf.
Capital budgeting in the states. (2018). National Association of State Budget Officers. Retrieved from https://www.nasbo.org/mainsite/reports-data/capital-budgeting-in-the-states
Oklahoma population. (2018). World Population Review. Retrieved from http://worldpopulation review.com/states/oklahoma-population/
The impact of capital projects on the operating budget. (2018). Government Finance Officers Association. Retrieved from http://www.gfoa.org/impact-capital-projects-operating-budget
Weaver, S. C. (2011, January 1). Capital budgeting procedures, policy, and practices. Journal of Applied Finance, 21(1), 39-43.

President Bidens Proposed Budget: Expectations vs. RealityPrior to conducting in-depth research on exactly how much money President Joe Biden wants to spend, I was somewhat convinced that it would stay under the $5.5 trillion mark. I was largely basing my assertion on the record $4.8 trillion Trump budget for 2021. As a matter of fact, I was largely convinced that owing to Bidens little interest in immigration restructuring, the budget would not be significantly inflated. It would be prudent to note that in his last budget proposal, President Trump had allocated significant sums of money to the Southern Border wall. Further, he had also allocated significant amounts to the development of state-of-the-art weaponry. These do not appear to be President Bidens pet projects.I was, thus pleasantly surprised to learn of President Bidens $6 trillion proposal. An informed assessment of this particular proposal indicates that the current president is keen on…

References

Groppe, M. (2021). President Biden\\\\\\'s budget proposal projects debt rising past WWII levels.  https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/05/28/bidens-budget-proposal-expected-increase-federal-debt/7468014002/ 

Rogers, T.N. (2020). Warren Buffett: Billionaires don\\\\\\'t have \\\\\\'some diabolical plot\\\\\\' to hoard the country\\\\\\'s wealth — but we still need to raise taxes on the 1% to avoid a class war.  https://africa.businessinsider.com/lifestyle/warren-buffett-billionaires-dont-have-some-diabolical-plot-to-hoard-the-countrys/wcblfr0 

Tankersley, J. (2020). Biden’s Budget Includes $1.52 Trillion in Federal Spending.  https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/04/09/us/biden-news-today 

Looking over a spreadsheet can clarify when to make larger purchases, such as waiting until the start of a new billing cycle, or negotiating better payment terms offered by suppliers and any creditors, especially when interest rates are volatile.

Once the need for a budget is established then the organization can consider what type of budget it desires. For example, with zero-based budgeting, "all expenses must be justified for each new period. Every function within an organization is analyzed for its needs and costs. Budgets are then built around what is needed for the upcoming period, regardless of whether the budget is higher or lower than the previous one" (Zero-based budgeting, 2009, Investopedia). hile it is true that zero-based budgeting is more costly than traditional cost-based budgeting, it also favors enterprises specializing in areas "that achieve direct revenues or production" in the enterprise (Zero-based budgeting, 2009, Investopedia). For larger organizations,…

Works Cited

Activity-based budgeting.. (2009). Investopedia. Retrieved February 25, 2009 at  http://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/abb.asp  (Thebeauty of budgeting 2009). Investopedia. Retrieved February 25, 2009 at  http://www.investopedia.com/articles/pf/06/budgeting.asp 

Budget. (2009). Investopedia. Retrieved February 25, 2009 at  http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/budget.asp 

Capital budgeting. (2009). Investopedia. Retrieved February 25, 2009 at  http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/capitalbudgeting.asp 

Cash budget. (2009). Investopedia. Retrieved February 25, 2009 at  http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/cashbudget.asp

Operating expenses include selling and administrative expense. Ordinarily, a forecast or budget for selling expenses is prepared together with the sales budget or profit target because selling efforts such as promotions, commissions and salaries of the sales staff are directly related to sales. Selling expenses may either be variable or fixed. Administrative expenses include projected administrative costs for other than production or selling activities. These expenses are mostly composed of fixed costs such as research and development, insurance payments and government taxes.

3. Calculate expected profits

Profit is the excess of revenue over total costs and expenses incurred in generating such revenue during the period of operation. Profit can be expressed in the mathematical equation:

Profit = Sales - Total Costs and Expenses]

Costs having been considered, the budgeted profit plan may now be established. Injecting the concept of 'revenue less expenses equals profit,' the profit may be calculated as…

125% to 6.0% would increase the estimated revenues by approximately $300 million, bringing this revenue to its highest level in history. This rate would still be lower than the state sales tax rate in neighboring Southwest states such as Arizona (6.6%), Texas (6.25%), Nevada (6.85%) and California (7.25%) (Sales Tax Clearinghouse, 2010). ith this increase, personal income tax rates would not need to be increased. Corporate income tax rates would also remain the same, as they are not a significant component of general revenues. hile the move to increase the state sales tax would prove unpopular, it would allow New Mexico to build for a more stable budget future, less reliant on federal transfers, while remaining competitive in terms of corporate and personal income taxes.

Appropriations will also need to be cut in order to save money. The main problem with appropriations in the budget is that a looming and…

Works Cited:

Massey, B. (2010). NM revenues weaken, more state budget cuts loom. Business Week. Retrieved December 2, 2010 from  http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9H3JT6G1.htm 

McCaffrey, S. (2010). State budget shortfalls may reach $180 billion this year. Boston Globe. Retrieved December 2, 2010 from  http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/01/04/state_budget_shortfalls_may_reach_180_billion_this_year/ 

McNichol, E.; Oliff, P. & Johnson, N. (2010). States continue to feel recession's impact. Center of Budget Policy Priorities. Retrieved December 2, 2010 from  http://www.cbpp.org/cms/?fa=view&id=711 

New Mexico 2011 Budget. Retrieved December 2, 2010 from http://budget.nmdfa.state.nm.us/cms/kunde/rts/budgetnmdfastatenmus/docs/284016296-01-05-2010-09-15-31.pdf

Budget Crisis

How current budget crisis impact public Health & Community services individual states? 1) Colorado 2) South Carolina 3) New Hampshire 4) California 5) Arizona 6) Oklahoma 7) Virginia

How does the current budget crisis impact the public health & community services in the following individual states?

Colorado

Even before the current crisis, Colorado ranked "near the bottom when compared to other states for covering families and children for health care" (Anderson 2011). Now, because of recent budget cuts, healthcare services are likely to suffer further. For some healthcare centers, cuts will comprise up to 20% of their annual operating budgets. The need for services has increased, given that job losses mean that more people are reliant upon state assistance. "Demand is up as much as 40% by Medicaid patients and 23% by the uninsured" (Anderson 2011). Public clinics are closing or laying off staff and reducing hours because…

References

Anderson, Polly. (2011). The crisis: Field perspective Colorado. NACHC.

Retrieved: http://www.nachc.com/magazine-article.cfm?MagazineArticleID=149

Kaine's budget proposal: Cut mental health services, facilities. (2009). Hampton Roads.

Retrieved:  http://hamptonroads.com/2009/12/kaines-budget-proposal-cut-mental-health-services-facilities

Question 3: hat is the budget cycle?

The budget cycle is defined by a series of stages, stages that make up the budgetary process. First, there is the preparatory stage. The needs of the upcoming year are forecasted, and the organization's goals are defined. It determined how best to allocate scarce financial resources and priorities are set. Secondly, there is a period of consideration before the approval of the budget. Necessary revisions are made, based upon critiques and input from organizational leaders and special interests. The third stage involves the distribution of funds and execution of the budget. This is followed by the critical fourth stage of auditing and evaluation. Auditing and evaluating what has transpired ensures that departments can learn from their mistakes, and rectify what problems have arisen for the following fiscal year.

orks Cited

Budgets. UNM. Retrieved June 20, 2009 at http://www.unm.edu/~gleasong/a/notes/budget.pdf

Line item budget. (2009). BusinessDictionary.com.…

Works Cited

Budgets. UNM. Retrieved June 20, 2009 at http://www.unm.edu/~gleasong/a/notes/budget.pdf

Line item budget. (2009). BusinessDictionary.com. Retrieved June 20, 2009, from BusinessDictionary.com website:  http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/line-item-budget.html

Decreasing purchases of the items that regularly expire, assuming that such a decrease does not dramatically increase the per-unit cost of each of these items, would definitely present a cost savings to the organization. The other major costs that the organization has some (though not total) control over are the lost balls and the cost of trainers; it is likely that a move to hiring permanent trainers would be more cost-effective than hiring them on an as-needed basis, but more regular participation levels will need to be established for this to be effective. Likewise, it is possible for the organization to reduce lost equipment costs by erecting a temporary barrier to contain wildly hit balls, but the cost of the barrier would need to be fairly low and its durability fairly high to justify this.

6)a. Sales price variance = (25x40000) -- (25x39200) = 20000

Sales volume variance = (20x40000)…

Budget

Doing this activity provided me with information I was unaware of before doing the assignment. It seems amazing to me that more than half of the federal money is going to the military. Yet only 4% of the federal budget goes to education. his is a very sad state of affairs. Since September 11, 2001, the government of the United States has spent $635.9 billion on just homeland security. his doesn't even include the amount of money that has been spent in the war on terror. he website states that since 9/11, the government has spent $7.6 trillion on the military. his is a huge amount of money.

he budge projection for 2012 is that the United States government will spend another $3.7 trillion. hat means that the government will spend the same amount in one year that they have spend in the five years before. his is an…

The budge projection for 2012 is that the United States government will spend another $3.7 trillion. That means that the government will spend the same amount in one year that they have spend in the five years before. This is an obscene amount of money, especially since the country's economy is in such bad shape. Many people are out of work in this country. Higher education is costing so much money that people are having to drop out of college. Health insurance costs keep climbing so that very few people can afford health care. The country is in very bad shape and yet the government keeps investing in the war in another country instead of fixing the problems at home.

While I can see that spending money on security of the nation is important, I cannot imagine how the government could have used so much money on the war. Also, it seems to me that the budget should be redesigned. Education should take up far more than 4% of the federal budget money. The government's budgetary plans for the upcoming future are severely flawed. Not enough is being invested in the future of the American people and in their education. This is leading to further problems in the country.

The United States is a nation built upon the idea of individual freedoms. It is also based upon the idea that anyone can achieve the "American Dream." This is the idea that anyone can come from even the most poverty-affected background and through hard work and diligence, become a millionaire. One of the ways you pull yourself up from the dregs is by investing in your education. Consequently, those who do not take advantage of the education system have only themselves to blame for their failures. At least that was how the country was intended to function. In the United States, there is a correlation between education and criminality, education and poverty, and education and eventual hardship in adulthood. So, by not providing funds to help education, the United States is becoming part of the problem rather than helping people.

We do not anticipate success is securing a non-voted debt issue. Given the time frame for the completion of the Commons project, the city will weigh our request vs. The upcoming needs for school repairs and roadwork. Education is a touchstone issue for voters, and roadwork affects all voters in the city. hould council decide to issue any of their remaining non-voted debt capacity, it is unlikely they would choose to use it for the Commons project ahead of those two other priorities.

Voted debt, however, they can issue. If the public votes 60% in favor, council will not face the same concerns about opportunity cost. We will not be competing for money with schools. A voter-approved special levy would function in much the same way (financed through property tax increases) but requires only a 50% vote in favor. Although the capacity for such special levies is only $90 million,…

Sources:

Johnson, Gerry. (2005). New Life Emerges in the Wake of Seattle Commons Failure. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved June 20, 2008 at  http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/opinion/272622_focus04.html 

Jacobson, Arthur Lee. (1995). The Seattle Commons, an Editorial Opinion. Olmsted Parks. Retrieved June 21, 2008 at  http://www.arthurleej.com/a-commons.html 

No author. (1995). The Commons: Time Line. Seattle Times. Retrieved June 21, 2008 at  http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19950911&slug=2141092 

History of Washington State votes at  http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=7536

This contribution to fixed costs is the same for every customer. Thus, the breakeven point is 250,000 / 500 = 500 customers.

In another example, if the price is 200 and the variable costs are 110, and the fixed costs are 100,000, then the breakeven point is 1112 customers. The breakeven point is always rounded up because to have less than that the company would not yet have broken even. By rounding up, the company has officially passed the breakeven point.

4. The relative value scales are 150, 300, 568.75, 264 and 160 for a total of 1442.75

The relative value scales indicate how much effort goes into each type of acuity. The cost per RVU is relative to the total nursing costs, so it is a weighted-average:

$36,389 for Acuity Level 1

$72,777 for Acuity Level 2

$137,974 for Acuity Level 3

$64,044 for Acuity Level 4

$38,814 for…

The departmental and program breakdown of the information in the city of Detroit's budget does not provide quite the same level of detail or of annual change that the city of Austin's budget does, but this more than made up for by the ease of accessing what details are available, and by the different formats of the two cities' budgets almost necessitate these differences in clarity, but they do not entirely account for the lack of clarity in the city of Austin's budget. That budget is already organized by department and broken down into the individual programs; tabulating the department totals and providing a clear overview of the major expenditure and revenue items on the budget would not have entailed any undue extra effort. The city of Detroit's budget clearly shows that both detail and overall clarity are entirely achievable in a municipal budget, making it both more effective and…

References

Lee, R.; Johnson, R. And Joyce, P. (2008). Public budgeting systems. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.

Stenberg, C. (2007). Managing local government services: a practical guide. Washington. D.C.: ICMA.

S. debt.

Conclusion

Health care is a large part of the federal budget and it is increasing in importance. The rate of growth in health care outlays is greater than the rate of growth in the budget itself. The poses a problem, because the federal budget deficit is increasing in size. Debt service is going to be the most rapidly growing component of the federal budget over the next several years, highlighting the need to control costs in all aspects of the budget. The challenge, however, is that both demographic trends and health care cost inflation trends signal a dramatic increase in health care costs in the coming couple of decades. Health care reform is expected to help with cost containment, primarily through shifting some eligibility requirements, but greater solutions are required. Privatizing health care would take if off the government's books, but would have significant negative externalities with respect…

Works Cited:

Budget of the U.S. Government, fiscal year 2011. Retrieved December 9, 2010 from  http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2011/assets/budget.pdf 

CBO. (2010). HR 4872. Congressional Budget Office. Retrieved December 9, 2010 from  http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/113xx/doc11355/hr4872.pdf 

Klein, E. (2010). Rep. Ryan proposes radical solution to budget problem. Washington Post. Retrieved December 9, 2010 from  http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/05/AR2010020504796.html

S. Government to make future or immediate monetary outlays. In the second subcomponent, the reporting and outlay phase lasts for the duration until the funds are canceled or until the funds are totally disbursed. One should note that these cancellations are in no way connected with cancellations that are connected with budget reductions. These are a separate congressional activity (ibid).

Sometimes spending adjustments are needed during the fiscal year. They may require special reporting and approval procedures by both Congress and OMB. In some instances, an agency can request supplemental funding by submitting a request to the Congress. Mostly, the departments and agencies are required to manage their funds according to their available resources and have only a limited monitoring by the OMB and the Congress during this particular phase of the budget process (Government Printing Office, 29-30).

hat is the effect of this system in theory as well as…

Works Cited

Government Printing Office, the budget cycle. Washington, DC: GPO. Retrieved

from http://www.gpoaccess.gov/serialset/cdocuments/sd109-5/25-30.pdf.

Keith, Robert. U.S. Congress, Congressional Research Service. (2008). Introduction to the federal budget process (CRS Publication No. 98-721 ). Washington DC: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved from  http://budget.house.gov/crs-reports/98-721.pdf .

Keith, Robert. U.S. Congress, Congressional Research Service. (2008). Suspension of budget enforcement procedures (CRS Publication No. RL31068). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved from  http://www.policyarchive.org/handle/10207/ .

.. discretion as a practical matter" (1988, p. 78).

Wildavsky's was not critical of classical budgeting theory. He was more in favor of the concept of incrementalism that was a vital part of classical budgeting. He felt that incrementalism was superior to other budgeting approaches because it "increases agreement among the participants" (1984, p. 136) and also because it could reduce "burden of calculation" (1984, p. 136). Wildavsky went on to say that: "Clinging to last year's agreements is enormously economical of critical resources . . . which would be seriously depleted if all or most past agreements were reexamined yearly." (1984, p. 217).

The classical budgeting model proved efficient and practical for many decades but it lost its appeal in mid-20th century when a general trend towards excessive spending took over. This trend was observed all over the world and the main reason for the scope of government's responsibilities…

References

1. Caiden, Naomi. 1982. "The Myth of the Annual Budget." Public Administration Review 42 (6):516 -- 523.

2. Meyers, Roy T. 1997, Late Appropriations and Government shutdowns: Frequency causes, consensus and remedies. Public Budgeting and Finance. 25:38-45

3. Schick, Allen. 1980. Congress and Your Money. Washington: Urban Institute.

4. Schick, Allen. 1990. The Capacity to Budget. Washington: Urban Institute.

" (Huang & Chen, 1) This characterization of using the budgetary process to play 'games' carries with it a negative connotation, which is driven by the inherently threatening implications of tying personal income to performance evaluation.

That said, budgetary clarity is among the most important features to creating and implementing an effective plan of operation in any context. This is to argue that there is never an excuse for a failure to properly budget. This is a primary purpose of accounting, which allows an organization to identify those resources and conditions at its disposal and to determine how these can be used to yield functional operation, sustainability and profitability. Though the numbers which are yielded from a projected budget cannot be used as restraints with respect to operational creativity or mutability, these should at least help to establish a plan of action; anticipate certain milestones in the execution of the…

Works Cited:

Hope, T. (1997). Competing in the Third Wave. Harvard Business Press.

Huang, C. & Chen, M. (2008). Relationships among budgetary leadership behavior, managerial budgeting games, and budgetary attitudes: Evidence from Taiwanese corporations. ScienceDirect. Online at  http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W58-4VDSJS0-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=987186959&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=570424efa71791707f3c9fc21199de67 

Walker, K.B. & Johnson, E.N. (1999). The effects of a budget-based incentive compensation scheme on the budgeting behavior of managers and subordinates. Journal of Management Accounting Research 11, 1-28.

S. This has partially continued during the 90s as well, so protectionist barriers is one of the things Nissan needs to consider when exporting to its main partners.

There are two different actions Nissan may consider in the future in this sense. The first one refers to the fact that Renault, an European company, still holds a significant part of Nissan shares, which may facilitate exports on the European market. On the other hand, trade barriers can generally be avoided by direct implementation in the respective country, a measure which Japanese companies, especially Toyota, have successfully applied in the U.S. during the 80s.

2. Internal competencies

A. General Motor seems to be currently both the most important producer and the sales leader. However, this should come with several amendments. If we are referring to the market leader, there are several criteria worth mentioning. First of all, the number of cars…

Bibliography

 http://www.nissan-global.com/EN  / www.oanda.com  

So 24 hours per day of care. With 24 hours and 8-hour shifts, 24/8 = 3 nurses are needed for each day.

If the agency works 365 days per year, and a shift is 7.5 hours, it will provide 16.43 hours of care per day, which will require 16.43 / 7.5 = 2.19 nurses per day.

4. The total workload in care hours is the weighted average of the different types of patients, so (.25)(.5) + (.25)(.8)+(.25)(1.2)+(.25)(2) = .125 + .2 + .3 + .5 = 1.125 * 5000-5625 care hours. This equates to 1.125 care hours per clinic visit.

If there were 6000 visits, divided equally among patients that require care of 0.4 hours, 0.9 hours, 1.0 hours and 2.2 hours. Under that scenario, the total workload care hours would be (.25)(.4) + (.25)(.9) + (.25)(1) + (.25)(2.2) = 1.125*6000 visits = 6750 total workload care hours, or 1.125…

Budget Analysis for the City of Lakeland: Executive Summary

In order to understand how a new performance-based budgeting process could be utilized by the City of Lakeland, it is essentially to conduct a review of the City's Annual Budget, with a detailed description of how the budgeting process works from beginning to end.

Lakeland's budgeting process is divided up into parts, with each part being designated a specific amount of time (in terms of a calendar month) in which it is to receive attention. The tasks associated with the budgetary process are thus sequential and proceed in an orderly manner; once the first steps are taken and accomplished, the next steps may be conducted.

Steps According to Monthly Division

The first steps begin in the month of February. The evenues Manual supplied by the City is utilized to understand and predict the City's revenue and revenue sources, using a systematized…

References

City of Lakeland, Florida. (2016). Fiscal Year 2016 Annual Budget.

How many work weeks are in the project timeline, where work will actually occur?

The project timeline runs from 1 January 2017 to 31 March 2018. This implies that there are 65 weeks in total within this period. However, taking into consideration that there are three weeks for vacation, the number of weeks in the project timeline where work will actually occur is 62 weeks.

How much money does the team cost per hour?

There are 10 managers. The manager salary for an hour is $100. Therefore, the cost for managers per hour is $100 x 10 = $1,000.

There are 100 programmers and staff. Their rate per hour is $35 per hour. Therefore, the cost for programmers and staff is $35 x 100 = $3,500.

This implies that the team costs $4,500 per hour.

How much money does the team cost per week?

Every week contains forty working hours.…

budgeting management was most helpful to me, I believe, in the sense that it actually helped clarify the various processes about which I wrote, providing me greater conceptual awareness of budget management planning, processes, and content. Of the essays I completed, I must admit that I like various parts of all of them, but feel that my third essay was the best. By then I was more confident about what I was writing. Overall, what I learned from writing all three essays, an insight that will, I believe, remain with me long after this course, is that one learns a great deal more about a subject from writing about it.

My third essay was the best-focused of the three, and most detailed and specific. It was the end result of much thinking I had done. My best sentence, within that essay was (I feel): "The top management, working with the…

budget process for Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department (LVMPD). LVMPD was formed in 1973 as a result of the merger of the Las Vegas Police Department with the Clark County Sheriff's Department. LVMPD serves the city limits of Las Vegas along with unincorporated areas of Clark County.

LVMPD is funded by the City of Las Vegas and Clark County. Police department funding is based on a complex formula determined by population, calls for service, and the number of felony crimes from the previous year. Both city and county governments must approve not just the annual operating budget, but also their respective percentage of the budget. In addition to funding supplied by the two governments, the department itself generates approximately one-third of its funds though property tax and the charging for certain services, such as special events. A special sales tax to fund commissioned positions generates additional funding.

The Law Enforcement…

Works Cited

Haynes, B. (2011). Board votes to tap Las Vegas police reserves. Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved August 4, 2011 from:  http://www.lvrj.com/news/board-votes-to-tap-las-vegas-police-reserves-120669354.html 

Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department. (2011). Amended Final Budget FY 2011- 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2011 from: Retrieved August 4, 2011 from:  http://www.lvmpd.com/pdf/FinalBudget2011-2012.pdf 

Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department. (n.d.). About Us Consolidation. Retrieved August 4, 2011 from:  http://www.lvmpd.com/about/consolidation.html 

Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department. (2011). Fiscal Year 2011-2012 Budget-in-Brief. Retrieved August 4, 2011 from:  http://www.lvmpd.com/pdf/BudgetinBrief2011-2012.pdf

budgeting an adequate tool for planning and control in organizations and when should alternative approaches be considered? Is budgeting obsolete in the 21st century?

Starting with the last question first, although budgeting does seem to have its problems with it, and although it fails to produce results, nonetheless studies find that the majority of managers still turn to budgeting as means of conducting their business unable to surrender the system.

Criticisms against budgeting includes the following: (a) that they are too time-consuming; (b) that they are slow to detect problems; (c) that they are not reliable for performance management; (d) they are rapidly outdated; (e) the process lacks rigor; and (f) it disrupts cooperation.

Assessing, however, whether these factors persuade 21st managers to adopt replacement schemes, Libby and Lindsay (2007) discovered that more than 50% of the 212 Institute of management Accountants (IMA) members whom they surveyed in 2006 affirmed…

References

Libby, T. & Lindsay, RM (2007) Beyond budgeting or better budgeting? Strategic Finance, 47-51

Mitchell, M. (2005) Beyond budgeting: case studies in N. American financial services, Journ. Of Per. Man. 18, 1-13.

With, E. & Dijkman, A. (2008) Budgeting practices of listed companies in the Netherlands FindArticles, Management Accounting, Quar.

 http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0OOL/is_1_10/ai_n31369438/?tag=rbxcra.2.a.33

Breakeven Analysis

Sony Flexible Budget Analysis

Sony is a company that has long dominated the electronics market. However, in recent years, it has seemed to loose its primary grip over the market. Still, examining the financials of 2013, one can see that there have been new advancements in growth, especially in regards to net income, operating income, and financial and mobile sales revenues.

After several years of disappointing sales, Sony has seen some recent growth streams. Sales and operating revenue is up from the past two years by 4.7% (Sony, 2013). Additionally, net income is also up since 2012. There have also been increases in the sales of financial services and mobile devices over the past year (Sony, 2013). This has helped increase the overall operating revenue and net income overall, which was desperately needed by Sony after several years of the company loosing its grip on the marketplace. Numbers…

References

Accounting Tools. (2014). Flexible budget. Budgeting: A comprehensive guide. Web. http://www.accountingtools.com/flexible-budget

Sony (2013). Annual Report. Web.  http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/IR/financial/ar/2013/shr/pdf/AnnualReport_E.pdf

A normal costing approach uses an annual average overhead rate consistently throughout the year, without accounting for day-to-day and month to month fluctuations. This average overhead rate is applied to the cost of a manufactured product, along with actual direct material and actual direct labor. Because the amount of overhead is computed as an average over the year, a department's applied overhead will rarely, if ever, be equal the actual incurred overhead. A department's applied overhead will rarely equal the actual overhead incurred. Why the reason for the variance? The most common reason is that the department is operating at a different level of volume than the level used in calculating the budgeted overhead rate. This can be the result of an over- or under-estimation of the hours which will be needed to produce goods or unexpected events like plant shutdowns. Still, even with the variances, companies prefer to use…

budgets of any major size will get most, but not necessarily all, of their money from taxpayers of several many sorts but the main goal of the agencies regardless of size and structure is to provide basic and needed services to the area they serve, whatever and wherever that may be.

While all budgets are quite similar in one form or another, they are all different in their own ways and this can include the aim(s) of the money to be spent, where the money will come from and the overall fiscal policy exercised within the budget including investment, tax rates and savings strategies.

Basic Description of each budget

Differences and similarities of each budget

Sources of evenues of each budget

Change of revenue accounts in the future

e. Budget's fit with mission of the domain

f. How to improve budget and/or revenue estimation for each budget

Conclusion

Budget Comparison…

References

HHS. (2014, June 1). HHS Budget in Brief. Department of Health & Human Services.

Retrieved June 28, 2014, from  http://www.hhs.gov/budget/fy2015/fy-2015 -

budget-in-brief.pdf

IRS. (2014, June 26). Forms and Pubs. Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved June 26, 2014, from  http://www.irs.gov/

Zero-based budgeting is used for entirely new projects and programs, including a recent investment in a new development platform and series of applications based on the Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) model. These investments are zero-based and provide for the development of technologies that are often patentable, which create significant barriers to entry in new markets the company is entering. Often the zero-based budgeting is substantiated with the potential of creating patentable products over the long-term.

The frequency of budgeting varies by the level of the organization. Often the strategic budgets are set once a year, using the base level approach to ensure consistency and also attain predictability of results. At the business unit level forecasts are evaluated on a quarterly basis, often in quarterly reviews with the CEO and other members of the board of directors present. These are often very involved and quite intense in the level of scrutiny applied to…

In this regard, Garner adds that, "A safety-smart leader realizes that while a $10 flashlight purchased in bulk at the local discount store may put out enough light to read a driver's license, a 20,000 candlepower light that sets the department back $90, may make all the difference in the world when the officer holding it faces an armed offender one dark night. Little things like that are not lost on the troops" (p. 92). In fact, as to budget priorities, Garner (1998) suggests that officer training and safety considerations should be at the very top of the police manager's list: "A competent police manager encourages and demands an organizational environment where safety is valued, taught and practiced. He mandates that supervisors and managers role model, inspect, reward and correct for safety. He assures that the very best safety training and equipment is made available to his personnel" (p. 92).…

References

Borrello, a. (2009, March). In defense of the police manager. Law & Order, 57(3), 64-65.

Carrick, G. (2003, April). Traffic safety in the new millennium. Law & Order, 51(4), 44-45.

Coulton, G.F. & Feild, H.S. (1995). Using assessment centers in selecting entry-level police officers: Extravagance or justified expense? Public Personnel Management, 24(2), 223-

Garner, G.W. (1998, December). A leader's role in officer safety. Law & Order, 46(12), 91-92.

5. What are the top 3 in monetary costs for capital improvement projects recommended for the ensuing fiscal year?

The top 3 costs for Special Warrant Articles for the upcoming budget are: The GMS site de-watering study (including design and cost) at $86,000, GMS/LMS safety locks and video surveillance at $56,431 and finally LMS Emergency Access Road at $44,000.

6. Excluding food service sales what are the top 3 revenue budget lines for the year 05/06?

The top three revenue line for the school year were: Federal Program Grant at $239,042, State School Building Aid at $238,392.16 and revenue from Other Local Sources at $165,049.

7. What is the total dollar amount for appropriations recommended by the School Board?

The total amount recommended by the School Board for the upcoming year is $19,514,314. This includes the $259,854 appropriated to Special Warrant Articles as well as the $19,254,460 appropriated for all…

Are visits to customers scheduled so that sales staff are available to customers at all times in the showroom? Are the full time carpenters sufficient to handle timely output? Would one additional full time person be more financially beneficial than using four on-call contractors?

Income can be categorized as point of sale or accounts receivable. Expenses can be categorized as fixed (insurance, rent, etc.) and variable (supplies, utilities, etc.). Everything that is paid out each month should be included, factoring in for taxes and other items that don't necessarily occur each and every month. Just organizing the data in this fashion may reveal immediate areas of action, like lagging receivables or expenses in a particular category that are out of scope. One of the first steps usually involved is that once everything is laid out in writing, it is time to review the list and decide where to adjust accordingly.…

Sources:

Managing Finance: Essential Skills for Managers, Geoffrey Meredith and Bob

Williams, 1999 Publisher: McGraw-Hill Book Company of Australia Pty Limited.

Five Steps to an Effective Strategic Plan, Scalet Sarah, CSO Magazine, July, 2005

"Put it on paper," Cintron advises, and adds, "The first step to creating a budget is simple: put down on paper what you are spending your money on. That sounds easy, but it takes discipline and honesty -- in other words, do not omit anything, no matter how small" (76). In fact, many of the clients who seek out Cintron's advice simply guess at how much money they are spending each month without ever committing a single item to paper. By listing all expenses, though, even the trivial ones, people can make a decision concerning how important these expenditures are to their lifestyles and eliminate those that can add up without people realizing it. For example, Cintron also notes that, "Cut unnecessary expenses. Once you see [what you are spending] in black and white, you can figure out what you can cut. I call it going on a money diet"…

Works Cited

Cintron, Ivan. 2000, May. "The Art of Savvy Budgeting." Black Enterprise 30(10): 76.

Encourage more school districts to implement school breakfast programs by providing a 50% increase in the state's reimbursement rate for school breakfasts. (WG, 2006)

The California budget includes $400 million to implement a broad strategy to ensure that California is ready for public health emergencies and is properly equipped to handle them. This funding will enable the state to increase patient care capacity (also known as "surge capacity") to achieve the levels recommended by the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Health esources and Services Administration (HSA). In the past, California has responded to "moderate" local or regional public health emergencies, such as a fire, flood, explosion, or earthquake, with up to 10,000 casualties over a limited period. Measured against federal HSA benchmarks, California needs to increase response capacity in some areas. Emergency planning experts agree that the most critical element in preparing for surge needs…

References

California Government (2006, May). Revised Budget Summary 2006-2007. Retrieved 9/7/06, at  http://govbud.dof.ca.gov/ 

Wisconsin Government (2006, may). Wisconsin executive budget 2006-2007. Retrieved 09/07/06, at http://www.doa.state.wi.us/debf/ex

Advertising Budget

The product being promoted by this particular budget is a new ladies razor, and the name that has been decided upon is the "Eternal Ladies azor." The razor's value is that it lasts longer and is priced lower than the competitor's leading razor. Now it's time to get the word out to the targeted audience of single, hairy women between the ages of 20 -- 34. With our new razor they will be hairy no more!

The budget for this particular product is $50,000 for the initial campaign, with additional dollars being allocated to the campaign based on sales of the razor. The advertising budget objective is to provide an initial pop for the product with continuing sales throughout the year to establish a niche in the marketplace, culminating in a rise in brand awareness by 15 -- 20% within the year.

In order to accomplish that objective…

References

Clow, K.E. & Baack, D. (2007) Integrated Advertising, Promotion, and Marketing Communications 3rd edition, New York: Pearson Education

Delgado-Bellester, E. & Munuera-Aleman, J.L. (2005) Does brand trust matter to brand equity?, Journal of Product Brand Management, Vol. 14, Issue 3, pp. 187-196

Potluri, R.M. (2008) Assessment of effectiveness of marketing communication mix elements in Ethiopian service sector, African Journal of Business Management, Vol. 2, Issue 3, pp. 59-64

April 1, 2015 and March 31, 2016, an estate of $3,125,000 is exempt.

April 1, 2016 and March 31, 2017, an estate of $4,187,500 is exempt.

April 1, 2017 and Dec. 31, 2019, an estate of $5,250,000.

Raising the estate tax rates will help the families of the most advantaged members of the population.

However, there were also provisions made for education that should increase funding for schools. However, most of these funding increases were geared strictly at charter schools. New York City charter schools will now enjoy some of the greatest protections in the country; under the new state budget agreement, for the first time ever, charter schools will be eligible for government funds (MYFOXNY, 2014). A $1.1 billion, or 5.3%, increase in education aid, with high-needs districts getting almost 70% of the hike; allocations of $340 million for universal pre-K during each of the next two years, with…

Works Cited

AP. (2014, March 24). NY budget talks continue in Albany as deadline nears. Retrieved from AP:  http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2014/03/ny_budget_talks_continue_in_albany_as_deadline_nears_1.html 

MYFOXNY. (2014, March 30). Huge win for NY charter schools. Retrieved from Fox NY: http://www.myfoxny.com/story/25108048/highlights-of-proposed-140b-ny-2014-15-budget

Weaver, T. (2014, March 29). 2014 NY State Budget. Retrieved from the Post-Standard:  http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2014/03/ny_budget_details_property_tax_freeze_30_million_for_onondaga_lake.html 

Weaver, T. (2014, March 29). NY Budget: Estate tax change. Retrieved from the Post-Standard:  http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2014/03/ny_budget_estate_tax_change.html

Project Budget and Control

Preparing a Budget

Top-down budgeting is business-planning system whereby the budgeting process begins with information flowing from the very top of the organization down to the departmental or divisional levels within the organization. The top down approach could be used in a large organization that deals with a project they have done before. The reason behind using this approach would be the fact that this is a big project. Therefore, an overall estimate would be made of task that are higher in level and then those estimates of higher-level tasks are then used in setting limits of the costs of lower level tasks. The advantage of using this method is the fact that there will be no need of relying on low-level managers to come up with information on budgeting. Therefore, the business will allow lower level managers focus on their specific departments and hence do…

Reference

Project controlsonline.com (2012). Project Controls: What is it and why is it important ? Retrieved July 11, 2014 from  http://projectcontrolsonline.com/Home/DefinitionandImportanceofProjectControls.aspx

Grant: Strengthening the Family Unit

Grant -- Strengthening the Family Unit

BUDGET NARRATIVE

The program expenses described in this budget narrative are for the Year 1 Pilot. Subsequent years of program are dependent on the provision of additional funding, to be determined at the close of the Year 1 and upon satisfactory evaluation of the Pilot program.

PERSONNEL:

Costs attributed to personnel with project coordination and budget oversight duties are assigned to this category. Two positions with direct project responsibilities are funded from this category: Project Coordinator, Project Trainer, and Project Administrator. The Project Coordinator and the Project Trainer are scheduled to work the equivalent of .50 FTE, and the Project Administrator is scheduled to work the equivalent of .35 FTE. The salary calculations are provided for 20 hours per week for the Project Coordinator and 15 hours per week for the Project Administrator.

Position

Annual Salary

% of Time…

budget components (Policy Document, Financial Plan, Operating Plan, Communications Device), rank them in order of importance in your opinion and justify your rank order.

ank 1: Policy Document: The Policy Document is synonymous with a Budget Document. The budget document can be a line item detailed listing of every expenditure for every department within the government operation. The document conveys the policies and procedures of the administration and outlines its funding.

The expenditure amount is a further clarification of the entity's commitment to their underlying cultural and operating practices which complement their specific organizational goals and organizational strategies. Organizational strategies in accordance to the Policy Document include the Strategic Planning Document which details how the organization will propel itself into the coming years as a strategic city seeking to attract the best and the brightest to start businesses and to be residents. As the underlying specific goals to the macro…

References

Blocksidge, Charles. "The Art of the Budget." The American City & County 110.3 (1995): 6-. ProQuest. Web. 18 July 2011.

PPBS. http://www.ninemoney.net/planning-programming-and-budgeting-system-models-ppbs.html

Thomas, John. "Operational Plan Framework: A Step Toward Sound Management." Optimum 15.2 (1984): 76-.ABI/INFORM Complete. Web. 18 July 2011.

Company is a corporate development, management, Information Communications Technology (ICT), and support consultancy firm, offering its clients solutions to confidently research, survey, set up, and profit from business, as well as other opportunities. The firm aids civil society, public, and private clients in developing required relationships, advances in bonds and securing the required support services and systems in a cost-effective manner, in order to run optimally and accomplish their specified goals. Our objective is providing our clients with essential professional services, to be utilized as a springboard for instituting their business, as well as offering them and others the flexibility of operating without an office; that is, they can simply avail themselves of our Virtual Office Service as a start. X Company's strengths include:

Human esource: Our Company is constituted of a esourceful Managers' team, with highly- qualified members having strong preference for knowledge generation, dissemination and utilization. As knowledge…

References

DoIT Project Management Advisor. (2006). Stage 2: Initiate the Project. Retrieved August 4, 2015, from http://www.pma.doit.wisc.edu/initiate/5/how.html

Personal finance at duke. (n.d.). What is a budget and why is it important? Retrieved August 4, 2015, from  http://personalfinance.duke.edu/manage-your-finances/budget/overview 

Shapiro, J. (n.d.). Budgeting Toolkit. Civicus.

Westland, J. (2011, June 23). Project Management: 4 Ways to Manage Your Budget. Retrieved from CIO:  http://www.cio.com/article/2406862/project-management/project-management  -- 4-ways-to-manage-your-budget.html

This type of policy is aimed at "stimulating total spending in the economy," through cutting taxes to leave businesses and individuals with more money to buy goods, thus raising demand and increasing production and generating increased spending (Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia).

Importantly, the authors note that these budget imbalances will have a significant negative impact on the general economy. They will reduce living standards and damage the economy, and bring the nation to a "real risk of a fiscal crisis" (p. 5). In large part, these effects will come from reducing national saving.

The authors note, however, that all is not lost if action is taken immediately to reduce budget deficits. Gale and Orszag write, "Significant changes in fiscal policy are needed to deal preemptively with the costs from low national saving and the risk of a fiscal crisis. The sooner we begin, the better" (p. 6).

eferences

Gale William…

References

Gale William G. And Orszag, Peter R. 2004. The Budget Outlook: Projections and Implications. The Economists' Voice: Vol. 1: No. 2, Article 6, October 27, 2004. November 2004.  http://www.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=ev 

Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia. 2004. Fiscal Policy. © 1997-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved. 04 November 2004. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761579937/Fiscal_Policy.html

If we take the former approach, we must now combine men and women together demographically; women now work far more outside the home than they did in 1935. According to the United Nations, this is now roughly 80 years, meaning the retirement age should be pushed to 70, allowing 5-8 more years of pay ins, and far fewer years of pay outs (World Population Prospects, 2006). In addition, if we follow the original mandate, Social Security is a supplemental or emergency program, not meant for those who do not need it.

So, if we take a two-pronged approach; moving the retirement age to at least 70 and recategorizing those who take retirement benefits based on their savings and investment programs, we are in more of a fiscal position to tweak the system already in place. While this may seem unfair to some, if we think about it logically, those "baby…

REFERENCES

"Life Expectancy for Social Security," (2010). Social Security Office. Cited in:

 http://www.ssa.gov/history/lifeexpect.html 

"World Population Prospects -- Highlights." (2006). The United Nations Office of Economics and Social Affairs. Cited in:

 http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/WPP2006_Highlights_rev.pdf

Control function, may it be management or accounting, plays the same key role. It is, in many ways, a two-way process. First of all, a top-bottom control flow, where the upper management or higher authorities oversee a certain process, but it is also a bottom-top process, as is the case when the feedback and follow-up actions come from the lower levels.

In the case of the expenditure process, the top-down circuit is, first of all, characterized by the budget restrictions that are imposed on the upper management levels of the company. In this sense, the top management defines a certain amount of money that can be spend and notifies accordingly the lower levels within the company. All acquisitions are thus limited by the expenditure levels fixed in the budget.

In many ways, the control function tends to be associated with management accounting. As we know, one of the most important…

Bibliography

1. http://www.iei.ul.ie/images/doument_images/Stg2/AC2902_intro.htm#Unit%203 

2. Bookkeeping and Accounting. On the Internet at http://www.onlinewbc.gov/docs/finance/bkpg_acct.html#4000

On the Internet at

Functions That udgeting Accounts for Is the Planning Function

We will be arguing for the importance of the planning function in the overall budgeting activity and will be arguing for the many ways the budgeting planning function is coordinating with the company's strategic planning.

First of all, the planning function in terms of budgeting refers to the planning activities that the company, starting with the financial department, needs to (1) determine what the company's long-term strategy is, (2) determine what projects bring most added value to the company and (3) determine what priority these projects should have.

Let's refer to each of these steps in part and determine how they impact the budgeting strategy of a company. The long-term strategy for a company is essential in determining the overall objective of a company. For the long run, this may be increasing the volume of sales or increasing the market share…

Bibliography

1. The Training and Technical Assistance Division. Budgeting Techniques. On the Internet at http://www.tcada.state.tx.us/training/presentation/ppt/BudgetingTechniques.ppt#1

The Training and Technical Assistance Division. Budgeting Techniques. On the Internet at http://www.tcada.state.tx.us/training/presentation/ppt/BudgetingTechniques.ppt#1

BHP Billiton Budget and Financial Planning

Company Overview

BHP Billiton is a global Anglo-Australian company specialized in petroleum, metal and mining. Headquartered in Melbourne, the BHP Billiton is one of the world largest mining company using the 2013 total revenue. The BHP Billiton was established in 2001, and has been ranked as a top performing mining company in the world. At the end of 2015 fiscal year, BHP Billiton recorded $44.6 Billion as the total revenue with the net income of $1.9 Billion. In 2010, the company recorded a net income of $12.7 Billion, and by the end of 2014 fiscal year, the net income increased to $13.8 Billion. However, the company net income drastically declines to $1.9 billion at the end of the 2015 fiscal year. (Annual Report, 2015).

This report carries out a financial and budget planning for the BHP Billiton to enhance a greater understanding on the…

Sources of data to evaluate effectiveness of financial management process are:

Tracking items such as utilities, inputs, salaries, and materials.

Evaluate whether costs are allocated by the cost centers.

Financial reports are linked to financial budgets

Cash flow statements are accurate.

Environmental Impact Requirements. As noted above, many citizens maintain that the aesthetic impact of cellular towers lowers their residential property values, but there are other concerns involved in such installations as well. According to Crowell (1996), there have been a number of concerns voiced about the potential health and environmental problems that electro-magnetic radiation from cellular communications towers and their supporting facilities may create. In an effort to protect the aesthetics of these communities as well as to ensure public health and safety, local governments have increasingly applied zoning powers to regulate tower installations by requiring setbacks from residential or commercial structures, imposing height restrictions, and requiring safe zones in the event the tower collapses or debris falls from the tower; in fact, some municipalities have specifically established setback requirements for towers based on health and environmental concerns (Crowell 6). Still other local governments have imposed moratoriums on issuing facility…

Works Cited

Cellular Tower Installations through Public/Private Partnerships." (2005). WEL Associates, LLC. Available: http://www.welutz.com/cell_tower.html.

Clark, Martha L. (2005). "Massachusetts: The Land." In Encyclopedia Britannica [premium service].

Crowell, Anthony. (1996, June). "Local Government and the Telecommunications Act of 1996." Public Management, 78(6):6.

Czerniawski, June. (2000, March 19). "Fence Post: Police station needed." Daily Herald, 15.

Beacon College, as a small institution, has encountered problems regarding its overall governance standards and accounting oversight. The empirical facts suggest that the entire organization did not have a culture of challenge and innovation. This seems at odds with the overall mandate of the college however. As a liberal arts college, it is by definition innovative and challenging. However, the empirical facts suggest that management was satisfied with the status quo. In any organization, one individual should not have all the information pertaining to a critical subject. This creates information asymmetry where the individual can use their informational knowledge to direct action from others who do not have access to the information. This appears to be an early problem of Beacon College. The CFO did not divulge information in a transparent manner and as a result, the overall financial performance of the organization suffered. Management was unable to make critical…

References

1) Cleveland, Frederick A. (1915)"Evolution of the Budget Idea in the United States." The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 15-35.

2) Rubin, Irene S. (1997) The Politics of Public Budgeting: Getting and Spending, Borrowing and Balancing. Third Edition, Chatham House Publishers: Chatham, New Jersey

3) Sullivan, Arthur; Steven M. Sheffrin (2003). Economics: Principles in action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 502.ISBN 0-13-063085-3

4) Walsh, Mary Williams. "Richard A. Musgrave, 96, Theoretician of Public Finance, Dies." January 20, 2007. New York Times: Business

Affordable Care Act decreased the number of Americans without health insurance by the millions, which was its primary objective. It used three different mechanisms to achieve this goal -- the expansion of Medicaid, the insurance exchanges, and the extension of coverage to young adults up to age 26. These changes have also helped to stem the growth of health care costs, and have delivered greater health care savings throughout the system, even private insurance customers, than was originally expected. There were some initial costs to the ACA, running from 2014-2019 but after the point the Congressional Budget Office expects the ACA will have a net benefit in terms of its impact on the budget, because of the new taxes it created.

The incoming government is expected to unwind the ACA, as this has been a stated goal of Trump, and of the epublican party. What this means has been studied.…

References

Abbott, R. K. (2015). The Impact of the Affordable Care Act on Large Employers: A Retrospective. Benefits Quarterly, 31(1), 8-14.

CBO (2016) Budgetary and economic effects of repealing the Affordable Care Act Congressional Budget Office. Retrieved December 4, 2016 from  https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/114th-congress-2015-2016/reports/50252-Effects_of_ACA_Repeal.pdf 

CBO (2016) Payment of penalties for being uninsured under the Affordable Care Act Congressional Budget Office. Retrieved December 4, 2016 from  https://www.cbo.gov/publication/45397 

HHS.gov (2016). The Affordable Care Act is working. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved December 4, 2016 from  http://www.hhs.gov/healthcare/facts-and-features/fact-sheets/aca-is-working/