The authors encourage case managers who have HIV / AIDS patients to make an active effort to move beyond the patient as a number in their load, and understand that these individuals are often so disenfranchised that they so need a medical advocate. In most cases, by the time the case manager becomes involved, the individuals are either so traumatized or so ill that they are most certainly not able to advocate for themselves.
Clinical Pathways and Other Structural Methods Used By Case Managers -- Roberts, R., et.al. (2007). "A Service Model of Short-Term Case Management for Elderly People at Risk of Hospital Admission." Australian Health Review. 31 (2): 173+.

One of the larger and increasing costs to case management services is in the gerontological population. This group has more frequent, albeit shorter, hospitalizations. Sometimes, because of the number of admissions, certain aspects of professional case management theory fall by the….

Sarah Harris
eferred Case: Steve Z, a 15-year-old truant student

The subject in the given case is a chronic absentee from school --he regularly skips school without a valid reason, and has received a referral to a family court, which has ordered him to go to school properly; however, he still remains continually (and unlawfully) absent. Unexcused absenteeism or truancy from school is associated with serious delinquency during youth and with considerable affectations in negative characters and actions during adulthood. Familial factors play a role in a child's truancy as they are essentially of a personal nature. Parents' turning a blind eye to such absenteeism is particularly influential, since it underlines a lack of penalties for undesirable/reckless conduct on the child's part. The boy demonstrates a lack of respect towards teachers, and this strained relationship between him and his teachers accentuates his habit of frequently keeping off classes. Personal factors influencing truancy….

manager (pretrial diversion worker) in this case may adopt best practices in court-based diversion, categorized into 1) specialty mental health, and 2) traditional court. The major portion of literature concerning court-based diversion concentrates exclusively on the former category, wherein attorneys and judges team up with other court officials, case managers, mental health personnel, psychotherapists, other services and the defendant for developing alternatives to treat offenders suffering from mental ailments. It must be borne in mind that there is heterogeneity in mental health courts, with considerable variability among different courts with regards to methods and systems employed in handling mentally-ill persons (Hartford et al., 2004). Numerous communities have insufficient capability of creating specialty courts having committed judges, counsel and staff members. Places wherein specialty courts that haven't been established, whether due to inability or any other cause, must still think about combining problem-solving practices with conventional courtroom practices. One can….

Managers in Criminal Justice
The objective of this study is to answer the question of why it is important to distinguish between community settings and correctional settings when providing services to clients. This work in writing will additional answer as to whether every correctional client require the assistance of a case manager and what special population is most likely to required the assistance of a case manager. Finally, this study will answer as to why ethics and confidentiality play an integral role when working with clients.

The work of Healey (12999) reports that Jurisdictions "across the country are adapting case management techniques, a service delivery approach developed by mental health and social services workers in the late 1960s and early 1970s to suit the needs of a wide variety of criminal justice populations." (p.1) It is reported that the jurisdictions utilize case management for the purposes of reduction of recidivism and….

Funding Case Management:
In the past few years, case management has developed to become a major part of patient-centered health homes and responsible care facilities. Through this process, case managers coordinate care and offer patient education regarding the management of diseases and the symptoms that show the need for a physician. While case management is a vital component of treatment service, its inclusion into the funding structure is dependent on the guidance and direction by key decision-makers. As a result, the decision to include case management in the spectrum of treatment services is usually dependent on the primary source of funding or the program level ("Funding Case Management," n.d.).

Based on this analysis, there are various strategies for getting case management funded within the existing health plans. The first strategy is to recognize the significance of case management as a major element for effective treatment and share it with the source of….

This is done for the purpose of having a safe and workable discharge plan. The nurse uses their experience and assessment skills reviewing the patient's current course, past medical history and what family or friend support there is outside the hospital (Case Management, 2009).
Case management in the home setting is designed with the same goals in mind as case management in the acute care setting. The role of home care in the success of case management is critical. The implementation of chronic care management and disease management programs have provided a unique opportunity for home care case management to reduce the need for acute care services. This has allowed for healthcare providers and executives to curtail costs and reduce lengths of stay (Cesta, and Tahan, 2002).

The goals of home care case management include:

Optimizing the delivery of all aspects of care

Keeping patients in less costly care settings

Facilitating a proactive approach….

Advance Directives should include documented patient decisions about health care, which should be honored (Advanced practice in nursing: ethical and role issues in end-of-life care, 2004).

As medical knowledge and technology increase, so do options for healthcare. When decisions arise concerning the treatment of dying patients, these options present complex ethical dilemmas. Many are faced with decisions about the best treatment to ease a patient's final suffering (End of Life Care: An Ethical Overview, 2005). It is the goal of this team that all care is giving in the utmost ethical way possible.

Improving the end of life and advocating for a good death has become the mission of many dedicated individuals and organizations, and is also a frequent subject of research and focus for policy improvements. Advocates who work to improve the care for dying patients have determined the elements that are necessary for a good death to take place. Common….

For example, the individual may not feel he is truly 'sick' because he does not feel bad, may not wish to suffer the side effects of the drugs, and not fully how to understand to take them properly. Psychological counseling, the assistance of a nurse, even a meal provision service for the sick and the disabled all might be necessary to ensure that the man was compliant. The goal of comprehensive case management is to provide interventionist services over the long-term, and AIDS is a long-term, chronic illness, even (or especially) when treated with antiretroviral drugs. In the case of a comprehensive case management intervention, the individual's immediate needs are first met (for example, the cost of the drugs or problems with coordinating medical treatment with employment). But then provisions are made to integrate social support services into the individual's life, such as home visits by a nurse, free home-delivered….

b. The nurse must ascertain the status of a health care proxy and other mandates by the patients request such as DN (Do Not esuscitate) orders, etc.

c. The mental stability of the patient may need to be reviewed to ascertain whether such decision by the patient can be made according to hospital policy, state and federal laws.

Interpretation:

4: The issue of informed consent and/or refusal has several dimensions when dealing with any population, including HIV. The first, and probably the most important, is the attempt to ascertain the cognitive capacity of the patient in determining his or her own care and treatment. Any adult whose decision-making capacity is intact has the right to absolute self-determination in making informed health care decisions. "A person with HIV has the right to refuse any medical treatment or procedure, even if a decision not to undergo treatment may result in death." (ubenstein, Eisenberg & Gostin,….

"Whether it is the systematic denial of coverage and care in the private insurance system, the price-inflated private Medicare plans, the poor results of privatized Medicaid administration, or the costly Massachusetts health reform, in no instance has the market succeeded in providing equitable access to quality care at a cost affordable to individuals and society as a whole" (Ten Health Care Financing Principles to Ensure Universality, Equity, and Accountability, 2009). In reality, as a market good, health care is by definition very exclusionary. It is sold only to those who can pay and is readily exhaustible and depleted by private interests that take their cut from available resources through profit, leaving less for the public as a whole. A society that is inclined to protect both bodily and financial health should require a combined provision of health care on a guaranteed and long-term basis. Health care is treated as….

Human Resources -- Performance Management and Organizational Effectiveness
Nurse socialization can be significantly aided by case management. The inclusive, team-oriented, patient-centered approach to case management develops powerful dimensions of the nurse, the nurse-patient relationship, the healthcare team and the healthcare environment. Unfortunately, the traditional patriarchal system found in current healthcare militates against this most effective development and usage of case management.

One way in which nurses learn their roles and functions in the healthcare system is through Case Management. For example, through Newman's model of nurse case management, the nurse can: review the totality of circumstances; focus on the "caring and commitment" aspect of service; learn and honor a patient's choices and goals; assist the patient in reaching educated decisions; raise the quality of care while reducing costs; expand his/her work with patients to assist them in settings outside the nurse's set service area; and employ a team-oriented approach to care (Butts….

Nurse Case Manager:
Case management in the nursing field is basically described as the functions and activities carried out by the nurse case manager within a specific care setting. In some cases, these functions and activities are usually performed by a self-governing practitioner, especially in private case management practices and community nursing facilities (Cohen & Cesta, 2005, p.278). Generally case management responsibilities are provided by the nurse case manager in acute care, primary care, home care, and managed care organizations. Nonetheless, these activities may be offered to particular patient populations and communities like the elderly. Some of the most case management activities include patient identification and intake, problem identification and assessment, patient outreach, development and implementation of plan of care, and coordination of care.

oles and Functions of Nurse Case Manager:

In acute care organizations, the roles and functions of the nurse case manager includes coordinating the care provided to a group of….

Management
Case management involves the efforts of various workers to strategize, look for, facilitate and oversee the services that are offered in healthcare and other social services to those in need of them. It involves examining the services that are offered and coordinating them so that they can actually be able to meet the needs of the individual or the family involved. It seeks to ensure that the services offered and the resources that are used are of value and also low in terms of cost. The social worker in this instance will first evaluate what the individual and their family's needs are and then manage the process so that what is provided actually meets the needs identified (NASW, n.d.).

Use of Case Management

Case management is a procedure, which attempts to bring together the skills of various workers so that in combination, they can be able to offer services that are….

The World ank model centers on a five-person team called the Performance Advisory Service or PAS (Yandrick 1995). PAS trains supervisors to analyze work performance and personality problems. The supervisor first determines if a skill deficiency is involved or there are personal and environmental factors. He does this by reviewing the employee's records in search of troubled behavioral patterns; consulting with work team leaders, colleagues and support staff in investigating possible problems within the organization; and/or directly exploring the employee's work performance and conduct.

In the last option, the supervisor may ask or remind the employee about the consequence of poor performance; if he or she is being rewarded for poor or nonperformance; if performance matters to him or her; if there are health or stress factors conducing to his or her poor or low-level performance; or if there are external stimuli behind it. Armed now with the different angles and….

This means, assessing where the company is currently sitting, examining the various obstacles that are standing the way of achieving the objective and what possible solutions can used to overcome these obstacles. Once this has been identified, you want to begin taking the different solutions and implementing them. This requires that all managers, work together in making an effort to change the work environment for the better. Where, they will embrace of all the different opportunities as a way to increase productivity within an organization. (Gerhart, 1995) Once, there is agreement on how to move forward, managers must begin communicating what is taking place with employees by addressing those issues that are most important. In the case of communication and employee needs, managers would need to conduct regular meetings with employees, discussing a whole host of issues that could be affecting performance. This means that managers must be proactive,….