Criminal Act
Essays

This article examines the psychological trait theory are related to criminology in attempts to explain how individual characteristics can contribute to crime and criminal behavior. In this discussion, the psychological theories of crime are explained in relation to their difference from the biological or social theories of crime. Some of the major aspects discussed in the paper include the evolution of the discipline of criminology, theories of crime, and psychological theories of crime.

¶ … dissecting a senseless, violent mass murder at Virginia Tech.

A casual observer might believe that any "rule" that involves exclusion is inappropriate in a pluralistic and free society and might even smack of elitism. The exclusionary rule, though, is actually an extension of the…

Rape is widely regarded as a global health threat. This paper provides a review of the relevant literature concerning rape including how human behavioralists view these issues. An examination of cultural factors that affect the perception and impact of rape is followed by a summary of the research and important findings in the conclusion.

¶ … adults have an episode or two from their youth of which they are not extremely proud. Perhaps it involved sneaking a beer (or several beers) at a social function, or lying about one's plans for the evening to get…

Criminology and Criminal Justice as Sciences

Controlling chaos: The causes of juvenile delinquency and their remedies

Illegal immigrant issue is age old in the United States, and just about that recent are the futile attempts to improve the situation on the matter. As we speak, some 4% of the United States' population consists of…

¶ … Capital Punishment Deterrence Hypothesis: Some New

Introduction Euthanasia otherwise known as assisted suicide refers to the painless extermination of a patient suffering from terminal illnesses or painful or incurable disease. According to Cavan & Dolan, euthanasia is the practice or act of permitting the death of hopelessly injured or sick individuals in a painless means for the purpose of mercy (Cavan & Dolan 12). The techniques used in euthanasia induce numerous artifacts such as shifts in regional brain chemistry, liver metabolism and epinephrine levels causing death. Advocates of euthanasia trust that sparing a patient needless suffering or pain is a good thing. If an individual is hopelessly hurt or ill with no hope of ever getting well, if such a person is in an unending and unbearable pain and cannot experience the things that make life meaningful, the best option for such patients is euthanasia. Euthanasia raises questions on morals, legal and essence of medicine. The essence of medicine is to advocate for human life, and doctors are supposed to conserve life and find treatment to all types of illness. Types of Euthanasia The society and legal provisions, are supposed to safeguard human life and uphold individuals rights to life. There are three forms of euthanasia. They include voluntary euthanasia, which is a form of active euthanasia conducted at the request of a client. The other form of euthanasia is involuntary euthanasia also known as mercy killing or taking of a patient life without the consent of the patient, but with the aim of relieving suffering. The third type of euthanasia is nonvoluntary euthanasia, which refers to the euthanasia conducted even if the client is not competent enough to give consent. Nonvoluntary euthanasia is illegal in almost all countries including Netherlands (Devettere 317). The History of Euthanasia The debate regarding euthanasia dates from the ancient Rome and Greece. Physicians started to advocate for the utilization of anesthetics to mitigate pain of death. In 1870, a physician by the name Samuel Williams recommended the use of morphine and anesthetics to end the life of a patient deliberately. This followed debates regarding euthanasia ethics in Britain and the United States. The debate ended in 1906 with Ohio State sanctioning a bill to make euthanasia legal, but the bill was defeated. According to McDougall & Gorman, the translation good death implies that the Romans and Greeks who coined this term agreed on the fundamental aspects (Dowbiggin 6). With official permission, people of Athens could get a dose of poison, which allowed them to choose between life and death. The Romans never punished people who tried to committed suicide unless such people were irrational. The dearth of cases of assisted suicide does not imply that euthanasia was not evident in the ancient times. The tale narrated by Pliny the Younger, a renowned roman writer who lived between 62-and114 AD says much about the nonjudgmental stance of the ancient Romans toward fathoming what constituted a good death. Later in the 20th Century, advocates of euthanasia looked back fondly on the attitude and cited it as a reason for overturning accepted interpretations of the human life value (Dowbiggin 7). However, the ancient Roman definition of a good death toppled by the revolutionary Christian doctrine maintaining the inviolability of life and condemning suicide, mercy killing or assisted suicide. Euthanasia is illegal in scores of countries, but doctors perform it even in nations where it is illegal. The legal prohibition of euthanasia and the refusal in the law to accept a patients consent to act as possible justification of homicide are due to intricacies in legal processes. When processes are designed and establish the voluntariness of a patients request for assisted suicide, such process portrays a cautiously circumscribed qualification. The illegality of euthanasia defer with states and countries. For instance, in Britain, euthanasia is illegal and killing a person intentionally is manslaughter or murder even though the person requests to die Under the Suicide Act endorsed in 1961, it is a criminal act in Britain to counsel or assist someone to take his own life, and this crime is punishable by law. Euthanasia is illegal in almost all states in the United States apart from Oregon state, Washington state and Montana, and it is punishable by law. For instance, Dr. Jack Kevorkian, known for helping terminal patients to die received an imprisonment for a second-degree murder for providing suicide advice to patients. He served 8 years of his ten to twenty five years prison sentence and he got released on parole in 2007 (McDougall & Gorman 584). In 1977, in the case between Quill v, Vacco and Washington v. Glucksberg, the Supreme Court declared that banning euthanasia is constitutional. This was when Dr. Jack Kevorkians string of helping patient commit suicide came to halt when the Michigan jury found him guilty of murder Thomas Youk (McDougall & Gorman 584). On the other hand, Netherlands legalized euthanasia through endorsing the Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide Act (Cohen-Almagor 169) .The Act allows patients above twelve years to request or undergo euthanasia. However, patients between 12 and 16 years require the consent of their parents. The country does not punish those who conduct assisted suicide in respect to the principle of due care (Cohen-Almagor 169). Patients experiencing hopeless and unbearable pain can request euthanasia to put to an end their humiliation, and the physician conducting it reports to the review committee. In May 2005, Terri Schiavo died at 41 years. Her death followed numerous years in a persistent vegetative state and prolonged legal battle between her husband and her parents concerning the husbands decision to remove life support machine including a feeding tube and hydration. The husband believed that his wife was in unbearable and unmanageable condition, which abased her for over five years. For many years, doctors declare an expletive to defend a standard of care and ethics developed for the advantage of patients. In this regard, conducting assisted suicide challenges the moral and ethical principles of the medical provision. The essence of medicine is to uphold human life and seek solutions to health issues that affect human beings. If the society allows assisted suicide, then the essence of medicine becomes jeopardized (Baird 117). It is important to appreciate that medicine is an imperative healing endeavor, which does not advocate for euthanasia. People who help patients to end their agony through administration of injections and deadly drugs, such as morphine, to individuals who have lost sanguinity in life disregard the healing process. Doctors should not be in a hurry to ignore the knowledge that God has given them. Legalizing euthanasia would make people who believe that they have lost optimism in life and those who spend substantial amount of money on medical bills feel free to appeal for assisted suicide. Such people can emote and pretend they are in great pain to seek sympathy and permission to end their lives (Baird 117). Most states constitutions stresses on the rights to life, and not rights to death. Some laws provide that more steps that are effective should be applicable in ensuring that superlative concern of the dying is provided. Life persists to be sought-after even when it is not promising and hence illegalization of euthanasia. In event when assisted suicide is legalized, the handicapped, the marginalized and the underprivileged that are forever in distress would capriciously request for assisted suicide and demand for their rights when they demand for euthanasia (Baird 117). Legalizing euthanasia would question the human conscience and the role of doctors in supporting life. Doctors are not in the business of assisting people to die neither are they in the business of prompting premature deaths to benefit those in the mortuary trade. Owing to the fact that, roles of medical practitioners is to do the best for his/her patient, most doctors would not choose assisted suicide as the best thing for their patients. They would make all efforts to try to look for solutions even when they know fatality is knocking. Under the Geneva Declaration, the health of a patient should be first consideration of a medical practitioner and medical practitioners should uphold utmost respect for human life. Under the same declaration, medical practitioners should not utilize their medical knowledge to infringe civil liberties and human rights even when under threat. As a result, euthanasia whether given on patient or family request fails to respect the ethics of medicine since the code of conducts of medical doctors and physicians provides that,' no deadly medicine should be administered to any patient. Legalizing euthanasia also jeopardizes the trust between a doctor and a patient. Doctors role is to preserve life and not to kill even if the patient desires to die. In addition, assisted death fails to respect God's supreme role in human life, and if legalized would fail to recognize the possible case of misdiagnosis. Legalizing euthanasia would contravene the most important discrepancy between active and non-active measures whereby they fail to let the nature acquire its course by letting a person die naturally. Proponents of assisted death do not recognize the possibility of misdiagnosis Anti-thesis Proponents of legalization of assisted suicide believe that if assisted suicide aims at ending intolerable and unmanageable suffering, then doctors should render it to patients but upon request. They argue that patients hold the autonomy to decide what is good for them. For patients with incurable diseases which essentially makes the patient lack the meaning and purpose of existence, assisted death should be their best option as this will lessen they distress and emotional suffering of people close to her (Levene 205). For instance, Michael, the husband to Terrie felt that the only option to ease his emotional pain and that of his wife was to help her die through withdrawing the feeding tubes and life support machine. Terri Schiavo had suffered since 1999 to 2005, and had been on life support machine for all that period until her mercy killing in May 2005. Assisted suicide usually helps in reducing pain, desperation, humiliation as well as torment. In such a case, proponents of euthanasia believe that euthanasia performed in extreme cases of hopelessness and under patient or familys request is not bad. Although assisted suicide leads to inconsistency between values and good morals that forbids killing, it encourages mercifulness. Euthanasia is appropriate if it helps in doing away with intolerably oppressive existence (Back 4). For the general purpose of the distress and concerned relatives, assisted death should be legalized to show mercy and compassion to those who are suffering by helping them to die in dignity. Nobody loves to die but hopelessness and unendurable situations makes one to desire to die. Conclusion Many states have not legalized Euthanasia because it contravenes medical, ethical and moral values. However, there are a few states where it is applicable under patients or familys request like in the case of Terrie Schiavo. In countries where assisted suicide illegal, law punishes those who carry out these acts. While people believe that those who request for euthanasia exercise their personal free will and freedom, doctors cannot assist people to die because this challenges their conscience, dignity and medical ethics. While legal endorsement of euthanasia would help reduce prolonged pain to a patient and his/her family, doctors should never use their medical knowledge to harm the health of a patient but should instead uphold it at all cost. This work focuses on Euthanasia which entails the painless extermination of a patient suffering from terminal illnesses or painful or incurable disease. The civilization and legal provisions, are supposed to defend human life and uphold individuals rights to life. The debate regarding euthanasia dates from the ancient Rome and Greece. Legalizing euthanasia would question the human sense of right and wrong and the responsibility of doctors in supporting life. Legalizing euthanasia also jeopardizes the trust between a doctor and a patient. The work also strives to review how theProponents of legalization of assisted suicide aims at ending intolerable and unmanageable suffering