Terrorism Essays (Examples)

Terrorism Define and Contrast the Many Definitions

Terrorism

The term "terrorism" is profoundly political, as can be seen by the numerous definitions of terrorism and the lack of a globally-agreed description. The myriad definitions show nations struggling to define "terrorism" in self-serving ways. Efforts to clarify and unify those definitions vary from legalistic to nearly bombastic. After listing many definitions from different nations and from within the United States, itself, this paper examines a legalistic attempt to lay the groundwork for a universal definition, then a more cutting attempt to dispel the self-serving political "fog" surrounding these definitions. The common thread in both approaches is the appeal to diplomatically weigh competing national interests in order to form a workable worldwide definition of "terrorism

Definitions of Terrorism

a. UN General Assembly Resolution 54/109 (1999)

"Criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the general public, a group of persons or particular persons for political purposes are in any circumstance unjustifiable, whatever the considerations of a political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or any other nature that may be invoked to justify them."[footnoteRef:1] The UN Member States still have no universal definition of terrorism, which is a significant obstacle to worldwide anti-terrorism efforts.[footnoteRef:2] [1: (United…… [Read More]

Terrorism Influences

Terrorism Influences

Terrorism has no specific definition and its definition largely depends upon the viewpoint of an individual for example Samuel Adams (a well-known revolutionary fireband) or Thomas Gefferson would have been terrorist from British perspective but they have been Great heroes from American perspective. Take the case of George Washington who was previously fighting with British army against French and was loyalist of British crown but later on he sought American independence from British rule and became terrorist in the eyes of British (Kreamer).

But there is an accepted definition of terrorism as UN has reached on no consensus but generally crimes against humanity, war crimes, cleansing of ethnicity and genocide are included in definition of terrorism. Recent trial of Bosnian Serb army Chief Ratko Mladic on the charges of genocide has been included in the concept of terrorism by various circles. Similarly, act of genocide by Hitler has also been considered terrorism all around the world.

We can see that the there is changing definition of terrorism from the perspective of every nation that is the main reason of not agreeing on any definition of terrorism by UN. But still there are some crimes like genocide by Bosnian…… [Read More]

Terrorism Is a Weapon of

Global Jihad, a Myth or Reality

The Jihad is often associated with a certain Muslim fight against the unfaithful, one that has been going on for decades now and which is unlikely to stop in coming years. However, despite this sustainable development of the notion and everything it entangles, it cannot be stated without a doubt that this is an obvious reality. This assumption is made based on the fact that the Jihad, as a means of war, is an artificial creation rather than one that is dictated by religion or supported by it.

This perspective largely depends on the point-of-view that is applied when looking at the global jihad. Therefore, from the point-of-view of the extremist Muslims the Jihad is an inevitable took with which pressure is applied on the "unfaithful." It represents a legitimate expression of the will of the Muslim and is justified in particular by the fact that the Muslim religion has often been subject to pressures from the Christian one and no freedom of religion has ever been applied in the case of the Muslim creed. Indeed, if taken together with the situation in the Middle East and in particular with that of the Occupied…… [Read More]

Terrorism and National Policy

TERRORISM & NATIONAL POLICY

Terrorism and National Policy

The main concern of the U.S. National Security Council relates to the existing terrorist movements that pose risks to Americans citizens and its territory. The U.S. has historically been one of the main targets of the Islamist terrorist groups alongside other countries such as Israel. The U.S. has undertaken various national policies to combat terrorism within and beyond its borders. However, the September 11 attacks on U.S. led the U.S. through Bush Administration to take up critical measures to deal with terrorism and its threats. This saw the U.S. attacking the backyard of renowned terrorists Iraq and Afghanistan being key targets. This led to the top leaders being killed and ushered in the leaderless Jihad terrorist movements existent today. These new movements demand new approaches to combat them. New ideologies and measures must be designed to ensure that the leaderless Jihad terrorist movements diminish.

Sageman's presents diverse views on radicalization in the evolution of the leaderless Jihad, and recommendations on how the existing jihad terrorist movements may be faded away in the context of the U.S. National security policy. Sageman points out a number of strengths and weaknesses of the evolution of…… [Read More]

Terrorism the Efforts to Outdo Terrorists Are

Terrorism

The efforts to outdo terrorists are seemingly falling off, leaving with it underprivileged notion of the prospective for a proper psychological involvement to terrorist perception only. However, the bulk research within this circumference have brought about hopeful as well as exhilarating beginning for an intangible progress in coming to terms to psychological procedure transversely to all ranks of terrorist activities. An argument has come up for much considerable detachment with a clearer task for psychological study to inform as well as improve realistic counterterrorism activities. This paper demonstrates knowledge and assimilation of terrorism perspectives, counter- and anti-terrorism, and aspects relating to prediction, prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and post-response (recovery) activities and analyze it in terms of how it would be dealt with it in terms of a counterterrorism plan that includes orientation (diplomatic, military, law enforcement, etc.) and specific strategies and tactics you would develop relating to prediction, prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and post-response recovery.

It is clear that beliefs of terrorism aggravation comes to play the moment moral correspondence fails to receive contemplation and the moment it turns out to be of less concern. With the view that the challenge is deep in the restraining indulgent of beliefs…… [Read More]

Terrorism in Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Has

Terrorism in Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland has been traditionally associated with pleasant concepts standing as a reference to its beautiful landscape, its benevolent people, and the general atmosphere in the country. However, things have changed significantly in recent decades as terrorism has pervaded the nation and as terrorists there have become more determined and more powerful. While the Irish Republican Army's choice to employ non-violent strategies in dealing with the government influenced many in thinking that Northern Ireland should no longer be considered a terrorism hotspot, the Real IRA's recent actions prove otherwise, taking into account that the group's members are resolute about having the whole world accept their thinking regardless of the fact that they have to kill innocent individuals in order to get what they want.

Body

Ireland has had a long history of political and social problems as a result of English intervention on the island. The fact that the English persecuted the Irish throughout recent centuries is one of the most important factors fueling terrorists to go through with their plans. With problems in the region having much deeper roots related to the 'Catholics vs. Protestants' conflict, conditions were critical during the early twentieth century as…… [Read More]

Terrorism in Western Europe That Terrorism Be

Terrorism in Western Europe

That terrorism, be it transnational or domestic, impacts negatively on the overall well-being of economies is a well-known fact. With that in mind, governments have overtime embraced numerous counterterrorism measures in an attempt to mitigate the adverse effects of terrorist activities. In this text, I concern myself with terrorism in Western Europe. In so doing, I will limit my discussion to two countries in Western Europe where I will explore the history of terrorism and the various counterterrorism efforts being undertaken by law enforcement.

Terrorism in Western Europe: An Overview

To a keen analyst, Western Europe remains one of the most developed regions in the world today in terms of democracy and freedom. Further, most of the countries in this region are relatively wealthy and provide their citizens with significant rights and privileges (Engene, 2004). However, though Western European countries have relatively responsible governments in comparison to other countries across the world, the region has had its share of terrorist activities. This is more so the case should one take into consideration terrorism in the region from the historical perspective - especially post World War II. Further, most of the acts of terrorism affecting this region…… [Read More]

Terrorism Memo to the Department of Homeland

Terrorism

Memo to the Department of Homeland Security: There are federal statutes on the books that can help address the way that terrorists finance their draconian operations. This document delves into the specifics of how financing can be cut off or at least addressed to some extent, enough to bottle up terrorist movements which of course require money.

What is terrorist financing?

Jeff Breinholt coordinated the Department of Justice Terrorist Financing Task Force in 2003, and he published an article explaining what the law is in the United States vis-a-vis terrorist financing. "Terrorist financing enforcement has emerged as a powerful means of disrupting…" those terrorist supporters in the U.S., and also "…those who use our financial system and generosity against us" (Breinholt, 2003, p. 1).

Breinholt explains that terrorist financing entails "…the act of knowingly providing something of value to persons and groups engaged in terrorist activity," this crime has actually been in the books since 1994 (Breinholt, 7). Money laundering can be part of the way that terrorists finance their evil deeds, and it doesn't really matter whether the funds that are transmitted into the hands of terrorists are "dirty" (have been laundered) or not, Breinholt writes. It doesn't…… [Read More]

Terrorism Is an Act That Requires Will

Terrorism is an act that requires will, determination, conviction, and intelligence to number merely a few attributes. Whereas the first three regard purely motivational attitudes, the latter implies the skillfulness to act according to what drives the act. Today, technology facilitates terrorist activities and thus national security is more so endangered and with it, people's lives and the well being of societies are put at risk. Modern technological means of communication and information technology allow for prospective terrorist individuals to connect with each other at unlimited level, whereas no previous time boundaries and distances restrict them. Director of National Intelligence James Clapper admitted to the ever-growing concern for an increase in number of advanced cyber attacks within the following years. If, in 2011, the issue was among the last addressed, cyber threats moved ahead of the list a year later when it was acknowledged that ?we currently face a cyber environment where emerging technologies are developed and implemented faster than governments can keep pace.

This is indeed concerning because the U.S., like the majority of modern societies are extremely dependent of information technology and most, if not all information is compressed into cyber space. This further makes the country vulnerable…… [Read More]

Terrorism Has Posed a Threat

As any crime, an act of terrorism can happen at any time and anywhere without anyone suspecting it. In spite of being unable to stop all terrorist acts from happening, the fight against terrorism has surely contributed to diminishing it.

After the 9/11 attack in the U.S., terrorism has been taken to a whole new level, as, the whole world has been traumatized. Most people regard terrorism as one of the greatest problems that humanity has to face in the present. However, as it has been proved, terrorism, when compared to other threats that the world has to face, causes very little damage. Furthermore, the chances of one becoming involved in a terrorist act are more than insignificant. As years passed, consequent to the events from 2001, the fear of an impending terrorist act did not pass, and Americans feel just as scared as they were right after the events. The chances that one has to become the victim of a terrorist attack are about the same with those of the same person to become the victim of an impact between earth and an asteroid. Despite that, people show no fear of dying from such an event. (Mueller, John 2007)…… [Read More]

Terrorism 4 Different Topics 3

Rational choices are limited in this setting, and may merely consist of making the best of the worst available alternatives. The American public is becoming increasingly frustrated with national policymakers who seem to be firing global broadsides but are not able to hit anything. In fact, Butler even questions whether the war on terrorism is a struggle against Osama bin Laden, his Al Qaeda network, and a few similarly minded groups, or, "is it also an effort to undermine the paradigm that anything goes in the name of a cause and the idea that even the slaughter of civilians is an acceptable political act?

3. Predict the most important trends in terrorism.

Clearly, things are going to get worse before they get better. Today militant Islam is gaining power and influence around the world. The relentless increase in the destructive capacity of small groups and individuals has been fueled in large party by three fundamental technological advances:

1) more powerful weapons;

2) dramatic progress in communications and information processing; and 3) more abundant opportunities to divert nonweapon technologies to destructive ends.

As noted above, terrorists may be dangerous, but they are not stupid, and terrorists organizations around the world have…… [Read More]

Terrorism Assess the Likelihood of

They are assured to acquire attention of the media, provided right ascription of the support of the occurrence. Further, a good protection against these dangers is very hard and costly; it will continue to be as such. A lot of the know-how linked with the buildup of the CBRN weapons-particularly chemical and biological agents possess genuine use in civilians and are categorized as twofold use. The widespread reach of this know-how, together with the comparative effortlessness of manufacturing several chemical or biological agents, renders them alluring to terrorist gangs aiming to unleash fear or causing huge number of fatalities. Terrorists have observed the strong psychological effect brought about by the current anthrax incidents in our nation of late that produces their importance to go up. Jessica Stern reasons that vengeance, spell of fear, revenge, motivational alterations, increase and accessibility, and superior indulgence of the manner in which to build up and use CBRN weapons will soon result in their extended use; to her, threat is the tool of the terrorist for attaining control, and for that cause CBRN weapons are smart for instantaneous utilization.

The objectives that lead a group to resort to embark upon the CBRN warfare include the…… [Read More]

Terrorism Is Not a New

Although they created considerable turmoil in Germany for over a decade, it is questionable what they actually accomplished. The Gang gradually disappeared from the scene and has not been heard from for a number of years. Their activities, however, did cause a major change in how Germany, as a nation, addressed terrorism within its borders. Because of the Gang's activities, Germany enacted some of the broadest enforcement laws available for combating terrorism.

The activities of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam are much broader-based than those of the Baader-Meinhof Gang. The LTTE membership numbered in the thousands and had clearly defined mission: the establishment of homeland for the Tamils. This terrorist group has maintained itself for an extended period of time and, despite being no closer to accomplishing its goals now than it was thirty years ago still maintains its activities. The LTTE marked a new era in terrorism by introducing suicide bombings and the introduction of women as active participants and demonstrated how ideology can sustain itself over an extended period of time.

Finally, Iran represents how terrorism has been adopted by a sovereign nation as a legitimate form of warfare. Iran, in pursuing its goal of being the…… [Read More]

Terrorism During Its Long Violent History Has

Terrorism, during its long violent history, has been used as a means of intimidation and aggression. In its narrow definition only violent acts (or threats of violent acts) committed by nongovernmental groups or individuals are considered to be terrorism, but in the broader context governments have been known to commit terrorism as well

Terrorism may include political assassinations, violent political revolutions, hijackings, skyjackings, and bombings. When such acts are perpetrated within a country's borders, it is known as domestic terrorism, while global or international terrorism knows no such boundaries. The causes of terrorism are varied and have been committed in the past due to historical, cultural, political, social, psychological, economic, or religious reasons (or a combination of these reasons).

The purpose of my current research is to explore the causes behind the spate of global terrorism, specifically Islamic terrorism that has swept many regions of the world during the past few years and continues to pose a potent threat to the civilized world. By researching and analyzing the possible causes of such terrorism, I also expect to uncover the appropriate response to tackle the problem, i.e., whether the hard-line approach such as the one adopted by the Israeli government or…… [Read More]

Terrorism Concepts No Answer Available

3)

The exportation of Saudi-born terrorist could backfire when these jihadists return from places like Iraq and turn their attention towards the royal family, whom many of them already hate. Essentially, Saudi is promoting the idea that terrorism is a viable path to political change, and that won't necessarily sit well when the chickens eventually come home to roost.

4)

Hezbollah can now be seen as a partner to Iran rather than a proxy for its national government due to the simple fact that the Iranian government has little or no direct control over the day-to-day activities of Hezbollah, leaving the organization largely independent and focused far more on domestic Lebanese concerns rather than on issue more important to Iran.

5)

Byman suggests that rather than simply labeling states with a "rogue state" status, true regime and political change is necessary in countries that pose this threat. He also asserts that this has "little to do with Washington," however, and thus is not advocating direct military action by the U.S. Or other nations/international entities to bring about this change.

6)

Metz sees the "new" state sponsored terrorism as terrorism sponsored against external enemies, and the three goals he identifies for…… [Read More]

Terrorism Definitions of Terrorism The

If Huntington is correct, as long as there are radical Islamic groups hating Americans, the U.S. can snuff out a few here and there but they will never stop organizing, never stop blowing themselves up in jihads. Huntington believed that it was and always will be a clash of Muslim vs. Western culture, and Muslim vs. Judaism.

Barnett notes in his blog (2004) that yes, 3,000 people were killed in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, but "we lost over 200 times that many to heart disease" and "over 150 times that amount to cancer." He is not minimizing the horror of terrorism, but he believes "police" (covert operatives) not "soldiers" are the answer to combating terrorism. Bush failed in his presidency and failed the American people because he seemed only able to "express our anger, not our hopes," Barnett asserted. Barnett is correct when he says Americans are missing the "positive" attitude that is necessary to keep our country on the right track. As for the implications for U.S. policy vis-a-vis terrorism, there will be no end to the fight against terrorists.

FIVE: 19th Century anarchists and socialist movements. Workers who had been exploited launched the socialist movements…… [Read More]

Terrorism in Academic Military and

That said, Even if those countries do not actually build nuclear bombs, they could still decide to develop latent nuclear weapon capabilities as a type of insurance policy. This is not a new realization. For instance, the Baruch Plan, which was brought before the United Nations in 1946, attempted to place controls on fissile material and dual-use nuclear technologies. While that plan was stillborn, recent years have seen renewed efforts to control the spread of these technologies. In his February 2004 National Defense University speech, for example, President Bush proposed for the world to "create a safe, orderly system to field civilian nuclear plants without adding to the danger of weapons proliferation. The world's leading nuclear exporters should ensure that states have reliable access at reasonable cost to fuel for civilian reactors, so long as those states renounce enrichment and reprocessing." This proposal has faced resistance by Iran, which states that it cannot trust the suppliers to guarantee nuclear fuel. Unless the global community can work out an equitable system of fuel supply, certain countries in the future would likely continue to mine underground networks.

Stopping the spread of nuclear weapon capabilities to other countries and reducing the demand for…… [Read More]

Terrorism and Individual Freedoms

Terrorism Suppression and Freedom

The aftermath of the 9/11 terror attacks was characterized with the establishment of various measures and initiatives towards war on terrorism. As the government has constantly enhanced its war on terrorism efforts, it has emerged that these initiatives have evolved into reshaping the country's national security policies and challenged the value placed on individual freedom. The attempts towards preventing terrorism and enhancing homeland security in the United States have entailed the enactment of various anti-terrorism laws such as the Patriot Act. While these attempts may not have been developed to limit the civil liberties of American citizens, they have contributed to a significant diminution of freedoms for Americans (Whitehead and Aden, 2002).

Anti-terrorism law has been characterized by unintended consequences that threaten the essential constitutional rights of individuals who have completely no involvement with or link to terrorism. The war on terrorism has unexpectedly provided ways for law enforcement agencies and personnel to infringe on American's civil liberties in various ways. For instance, government leaders and law enforcement personnel have been given the right to carry out searches without prior notice under…… [Read More]

Terrorism in Afghanistan A Critical

In sum, Mousseau believes that a market economy can help reverse the alarming trends taking place in Afghanistan today and create a democratic nation that embraces different values and beliefs. "Those on the lowest rung of the economic ladder," Mousseau points out, "are the most vulnerable to the negative consequences associated with globalization" (2002-2003, p. 19).

Respective international theoretical approaches

Both authors make the point that the United States has consistently failed to understand the situation in Afghanistan, a failure that has led to repeated setbacks despite the enormous amounts of resources that have been devoted to the country and the more than thousand American lives it has cost. On the one hand, Rubin applies an "ugly American"-type of analysis to the situation in Afghanistan to justify his claims that significantly more military and foreign aid resources are required as well as a long-term commitment to prosecute the war on terrorism to succeed. On the other hand, Mousseau argues that the U.S. simply does understand the cultural values and beliefs of the Afghani people to apply the types of foreign policy initiatives than can make them change their minds about America.

Evaluation of the usefulness of the respective theories

The…… [Read More]

Terrorism Refers to Threats Violence Bombings Etc

Terrorism refers to threats, violence, bombings, etc. Terrorism is known to have a long history, but even today, the reason behind this terror by the super powers and the government remains explicit. The acts of terror are very common these days and could be found in current political and social environment. A part of terror is still confused when it is applied in the actual present world (Robb, 2007).

Where the word terrorism comes from and its definitions

According to the department of USA that deals with terrorism, defense, violence etc., terrorism could be defined as "something that creates illegal violence, fear, chaos among the population. Common basis of terror are politics, religion or even ideology. They threat the society to achieve their goals." The main features are fear, threats and aggression that lead to terror in the victims. Another similar definition by the FBI states that terrorism involves illegal forces that give rise to threats and violence within the society and culture. On the ground of political and social issues and objectives, the society is violated and government is intimidated. The department of U.S. further defines terrorism as a planned political violence by the secret agents and national groups,…… [Read More]

Terrorism Is at This Point One of

Terrorism is at this point one of the main threats that decision makers in the field of national security have to deal with especially in the United States. The issue has been raised mainly after the events from 9/11 2001, but have been a constant concern for the law enforcement agencies since the beginning of the 90s and even before. The United States have a particular way in which it deals with homeland security issues given the nature of its administrative and political organization. The national, regional, and local law enforcement agencies and subdivisions are the ones that provide the legal and operational framework and background for actions to be taken at all the levels that could be affected by a terrorist threat or by any time of threat posed at the homeland security.

The present paper researches the role national security agencies have, with due regard for the shared responsibility they have at the national, regional, and local level. The structure of the research focuses on several key elements. Firstly, it points out the role of the Department of Homeland Security, as the coordination mechanism for all actions taken in preventing and responding to threats that may exist at…… [Read More]

Terrorism Represents the Organized Use

They are bombarded with information concerning the crimes performed by a certain community and they come to believe that it is important for them to act the respective community regardless of the aftermath.

Women terrorists practically act against the generally accepted belief that women are non-violent. The reality is that many women become terrorists and governments need to take this concept into consideration in order to be able to effectively act against terrorist organizations worldwide.… [Read More]

Terrorism Annotated Bibliography Gardner K L 2007 Fighting

Terrorism Annotated Bibliography

Gardner, K.L. (2007). Fighting terrorism the FATF way. Global Governance: a Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations. (13:3). 325-45. FATF, or Financial Task Force, is considered a successful organization in terms of investigating how global terrorism is funded. Without financial backing, the complexities required that go into terrorism attacks would not be possible. Kathryn Gardner argues that other aspects of investigation into potential terrorist organization could benefit from duplicating the FATF model. The three factors Gardner identifies that are most pertinent to these investigations are: coordination, flexibility, and commitment by the government.

Identification of terrorist threats and fighting global terror must be a joint effort. Only through coordinated efforts on the part of law enforcement agencies can terrorism be properly tracked and the threats evaluated. Although differing scholars have not decided upon a universal protocol for conduct, what they do all concur with is the idea that terrorist cells are interconnected. It is very rare to have a terrorist action performed by a single individual or a small unit, as in the Oklahoma City Bombings. Organizations can be widespread, too far for a single group to monitor. The only way to fight is to work together as…… [Read More]

Terrorism How Have Worries Over WMD Terror

Terrorism

How have worries over WMD terror attacks distorted a balanced approach to policy on terrorism?

Intelligence failures led to the presumption that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction (Jervis).[footnoteRef:1] The presumption was rooted in a widespread policy playing upon mortal fears, rather than on reason. "Although administration officials exaggerated the danger that Saddam posed, they also revealed their true fears when they talked about the possibility that he could use WMD against the United States or its allies," (Jervis, p. 57).[footnoteRef:2] It also "made little difference" that Saddam was shown to have no WMDs (Jervis, p. 57).[footnoteRef:3] Therefore, the approach to policy on terrorism has been overtly shaped by fear mongering rather than on intelligence. [1: Jervis, Robert, 2005.] [2: Jervis, Robert, 2005, p. 57] [3: Jervis, Robert, 2005, p. 57]

At the same time, policy on terrorism is always going to entail some type of trade-off between preparing for the worst possible scenario (eg. WMDs aimed at the United States and its allies), and encouraging the best possible scenario, however, unlikely (eg. The elimination of terrorist networks). Fears often to play themselves out in the real world, and not just on the screen during a Jerry Bruckheimer movie.…… [Read More]

Terrorism Organizations What Is Terrorism Legacy in

Terrorism Organizations

What is Terrorism?

Legacy in the 21st century

Based Terrorist Organizations

Aryan Nation

Ku Klux Klan

Counterterrorism and Prevention

Definitions and Structures

Homeland Security

Patriot Act

The very nature of terrorism, of course, is to engender fear and panic into the population base. Thus, targets are so numerous that complete protection of all is impossible. Targets could include any of the governmental buildings in Washington, D.C., courthouses or public buildings in major cities, malls, churches, and transportation centers in any town. Unless the materials are manufactured in the United States, though, the most likely targets are those that exist in coastal cities with larger port access (Smith, 2001).

Terrorists tend to target places that are media hyped, affect the lives of citizens, and are usually transportation, entertainment, or financially based in larger urban areas. Indeed, for greater efficacy, targets usually involve places where there are large non-combatant crowds, causing panic and disputing the socio-economic system. Investigating terrorism is even more complicated. It may be national, international or a combination of events, often involving dozens of agencies in dozens of jurisdictions. It may be proactive in that it looks to prevent attacks, or reactive in that it works as…… [Read More]

Terrorism What Is Involved in

In modern terminology, and for foreign policy, political science and international law, crimes against humanity are any atrocious act committed on a large scale. They can be prosecuted in most any Federal Court System, depending on where they occurred and which population was part of the criminal activity. The implication for international law is that crimes against humanity are subject to universal jurisdiction, which means that States can exercise their own jurisdiction regardless of where the crime was committed, and that all States also have the obligation and duty to assist each other in the defense of these sorts of activities. It is also important to note that no human, regardless of affiliation, is immune from prosecution, even heads of state, and on person can plead a defense as obeying orders.

Part 3 -- Is it legally justified to invade/occupy another country in the name of arresting/hitting terrorists? International cooperation regarding the arresting or bringing to justice those suspected of being involved in terrorist activities began in the 1960s and revolved around airline hijackings. Several notable events occurred to solidify international laws: the 1985 seizure of the cruise liner the Achille Lauro, the hijacking of TWA flight 847, the 1972…… [Read More]

Terrorism Intelligence Counterterrorism and Protection and Subjects

Terrorism

Intelligence, counterterrorism and protection, and subjects for investigation appear to be relevant, interesting and worthy of detailed examination. The research traditions allowed in mainstream educational systems provide different avenues of approach to examine these ideas. The purpose of this paper is to examine the ideas of terrorism through the lenses of the five research conditions: narrative, grounded theory, phenomenology, case study and ethnography. Additionally, I will propose three different topics for doctoral research and determine why each of these approaches warrant inquiry.

Before examining terrorism, it is a most important challenge to define the term. The defining of this word is perhaps the greatest source of confusion included in this type of research inquiry. How is terrorism related to intelligence and protection? While these are fashionable catchwords of the day, it seems important to link the phrases and terms with concrete and realistic symbols that can be understood by the general populace. Terrorism is an emotional concept. Terror and fear are relative terms within the human psyche and determining specific and limiting methods of examination will no doubt obscure the greater picture of what is important to the purposes of higher education. It is therefore most important to choose…… [Read More]

Terrorism What Was Once Seen

Thousands of individuals employed within the Russian nuclear complex - many of whom have knowledge and access to nuclear materials - receive salaries that are barely at subsistence level, raising the possibility that they might be susceptible to offers from anyone in the market to buy nuclear components" (Deutch, 1997).

5. Economic Consequences

It is generally a habit of the terrorist groups to target international powers in order to make their statement. But these international powers have extremely strong economies, and most importantly, extremely diverse. What this means, is that even if a terrorist attack would affect one economic sector, the large diversity of operations and revenues would be able to support the economic revival of the affected sector and support the country's economic growth (Sandler and Enders, 2005). However, one cannot rely on this premise as it is most applicable at a macroeconomic level. On a microeconomic level, the internal strength of the economy can be easily affected.

After an attack has occurred, certain businesses are expected to flourish while others could encounter difficulties. A sector which integrates in both categories is the insurance industry (OECD, 2002). To better explain, after the incident has occurred, many insured individuals are…… [Read More]

Terrorism Final Examination Questions 1 3 &

Terrorism Final Examination

Questions #1, #3, & #5

Bjorgo discusses levels of causation in the introduction of his book. These include structural causes, facilitator (or accelerator) causes, triggering causes, and motivational causes. At a macro level, how does each of these contribute to terrorism? In other words, concentrate on each of these types of causal factors at a general level (e.g. all kinds of structural causes), instead of focusing on individual causes (e.g. globalization, which is a type of structural cause). In your opinion, which of these contributes most significantly? It is in answering this question that you can introduce more on the individual causes.

Structural causes of terrorism are typically more plentiful and easy to measure. Ross states "structural theories posit that the causes of terrorism can be found in environment and the political, cultural, social, and economic structure of societies." (Ross, 1993,-Page 317) Structural causes of terrorism can be religious or sexual oppression. A structural cause can be a political or economic system such as socialism or capitalism. Structural causes can be abject poverty, malnutrition, excessive crime rates, and other detrimental factors that act as stressors within a society or culture. There has not been a great deal…… [Read More]

Terrorism and Democracy Terrorism Is by Its

Terrorism and Democracy

Terrorism is by its very nature is anti-democratic as it seeks to achieve political ends by violence. It has no interest in any of the bedrocks of democracy such as building consensus, stimulating debate or protecting the rights and interests of minorities. In the wake of the 9/11 attacks on the WTC twin towers, the 'clear and present' danger to democracy, freedom and liberties has become even more pronounced. There is consensus among all those who cherish democracy that urgent steps are necessary to counter the threat of terrorism. The key question is: how to accomplish this? In this essay we shall examine how terrorism undermines democracy and whether setting up an international committee can help to fight terrorism. We shall also look at short definitions of democracy and terrorism.

Definition of Democracy

Democracy (Greek demos, "the people"; kratein, "to rule") is a political system in which the people of a country rule through any form of government they choose to establish. In modern democracies, representatives of the people elected by popular (usually universal) suffrage, exercise supreme authority. These elected representatives are responsible to the electorate. (Pious, para I)

In certain democracies, such as the United States,…… [Read More]

Terrorism Shares Features in Common With Irregular

Terrorism shares features in common with irregular warfare, insurgency, and crime. Like crime, terrorism violates the law and infringes on the rights of others. Like insurgency, terrorism "appeals as a weapon of the weak," (Arquilla, Ronfelt & Zanini 1999, p. 134). Similarly, Arquilla et al. (1999) note that terrorism "has appealed as a way to assert identity and command attention," (p. 134). Like irregular warfare, terrorism is asynchronous and asymmetrical, not ascribing to the rules of war. However, terrorism is unique in that "today's enemy is not a state but a transnational, non-state actor" that uses warfare that is "not traditional…elusive…and…exploits…industrial and technological advantages," (Howard n.d.). As Howard (n.d.) points out, terrorism more resembles a virus than anything else (p. 123). Moreover, terrorism involves ideology and paradigms that underwrite its existence: in the case of al Qaeda a pseudo-religious doctrine. The goals of terrorism are farther-reaching and more global than those of guerilla fighters or ordinary criminals.

In a post September 11 environment, al Qaeda has been forced to alter its targeting strategy away from spectacular or theatrical attacks because of three factors. First, al Qaeda's financial resources and networks have been infiltrated and compromised, in part due to "loss…… [Read More]

Terrorism Definitions of Terrorism Under the U S

Terrorism

Definitions of terrorism

Under the U.S. Government, terrorism has different definitions, not accounting also scholars' own definitions of this concept. In a study by Mark Burgess (2003) for the U.S. Center for Defense Information, he identified five (5) definitions of terrorism, three from the U.S. Government and two from academic scholars. The common factors in each definition, according to Burgess, are the terrorists' motives, identity, and methods.

The Department of Defense defines terrorism as "[t]he calculated use of unlawful violence to inculcate fear… to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious or ideological" (para. 4). The FBI has the same definition, albeit worded differently and includes not only people, but also property as an object of violence. The State Department, meanwhile, has a more specific definition, identifying terrorism as "premeditated" and primarily "politically motivated," and identified terrorists as "subnational groups or clandestine agents." Scholars have defined terrorism as follows: (i) "deliberate evocation of dread" and (ii) "…terrorists' concerns are macroconcerns about changing a larger order…" (para. 9, 12).

Among these definitions, Department of Defense best captures a politically correct definition of terrorism. However, current literature and debates on the definition of terrorism…… [Read More]

Terrorism There Have Been Various Definitions and

Terrorism

There have been various definitions and views of terrorism that have beenfronted over the years. It has been described as a strategy and at other levels as a tactic, some have called it a crime and yet other refer to it as a holy/noble duty; some consider it an inexcusable abomination yet others consider it a systematic reaction to oppression. Obviously, a lot depends on whose point-of-view is being represented, be it theological, political or psychological. Also terrorism can be seen as willful destruction (killing) of people or destruction of property by people not acting on behalf of an established government to redress a real or imaginary injustice attributed to an established government. However it is important to note that not all cases of willful destruction of people or property are acts of terrorism (Red Cross Organization, 2007).

Some of the important definitive characteristics of terrorism include among others; the act of destruction performed by a person or group of persons not acting on behalf of an established government, the act of destruction carried out to redress a real or imaginary injustice, and the act aimed directly or indirectly at an established government. Without these three characteristics an act…… [Read More]

Terrorism Defining and Justifying Terrorism

289). Coady (cited in Halwani, 2006) points out that lack of a good definition makes it difficult, if not impossible, to address the moral implications of terrorism. Coady defines terrorism as "the organized use of violence to attack noncombatants ('innocents' in a special sense) or their property for political purposes" (p. 290). This definition focuses on the targets, innocent "noncombatants" and does not consider the goals the terrorists aim to achieve. It does specify for "political purposes" rather than criminal, and does not mention causing fear. There exists some disagreement on whether threats, for example, as opposed to real acts, constitute terrorism. If the goal of inducing fear is part of the definition, then threats would be included, but if terrorist goals are limited to "political purposes," then threats would not qualify as terrorist acts.

Coady (cited in Halwani, 2006) points out that some "acts of political violence may be very wrong even when they are not terrorist" (p. 291). This would seem to correct the everyday assumption that all terrorist activity is the worst sort of evil. In some rare cases, perhaps terrorism can be justified -- when the Jews drove the Syrians out of Jerusalem, for example, but…… [Read More]

Terrorism Preparedness Since September 11 2001 the

Terrorism Preparedness

Since September 11, 2001, the United States has made a significant progress guiding against terrorist attacks using terrorism preparedness to forestall further terrorism attacks in the United States. Terrorism preparedness exercise is a broad range of response and preparedness program to support communities that might be affected by the terrorist attack. (National Commission on Terrorist Attacks, 2004).

Typically, the U.S. government has implemented a range of program for terrorism preparedness and one of the policies employed is the use of wide range of intelligence to investigate the imminent terrorism that might have occurred in the United States. Typically, the U.S. intelligence has collaborated with other intelligences globally to prevent act of terrorism in the United States. For example, the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) has collaborated with Pakistan intelligence to locate the hideout of Ben Laden and killed him.

Moreover, the United States has implemented various military exercises for terrorism preparedness. For example, the federal government has coordinated with the states and local governments in carrying out the terrorism preparedness. Typically, the government has implemented various training program for military personnel and non-military personnel to forestall terrorist attacks. The training program includes bomb detection program exercise, evacuation program exercise,…… [Read More]

Terrorism Global Terrorism Preslar D B

The food supply is extremely vulnerable, and that makes all of us vulnerable, as well. The author also maintains that inspection at borders and inspection stations have kept most pathogens and problems from entering the country, but we have to wonder, how long will that last? This applies to this course because it is a true threat of terrorism that could occur here or anywhere around the world. It also applies because those who would harm American would have no regrets about using agro-terrorism to do the greatest harm to the most people. They would feel justified at the death toll and panic that ensued. The threat of global terrorism is very real, and in fact, is on the increase. This document shows why we should be afraid, and never give up being vigilant about all forms of terrorism, no matter how obscure they might seem.… [Read More]

Terrorism Americans' Views of Terrorism Were Forever

Terrorism

Americans' views of terrorism were forever established on September 11, 2001, when terrorists flew two planes into the World Trade Towers in New York, collapsing them both, and one plane into the Pentagon, causing severe damage. A fourth plane crashed into the countryside in Pennsylvania instead of hitting its target, probably in Washington, D.C., only because passengers challenged the hijackers and fought back. Over 3,000 people lost their lives that day.

Until that day, terrorism had been a somewhat distant concept to most Americans. We heard about terrorism in Israel, and perhaps some of us had friends or family to worry about, and we heard about I.R.A. attacks in Great Britain, but September 11 was the firsts time international terrorists had done major damage on U.S. soil. Virtually everyone in the United States became vocally opposed to terrorism on that day even if they hadn't given it much thought before then.

In fact, it is difficult to think anything positive about terrorism, especially in the era of smart bombs, when our military is able to bomb with such precision that civilians are rarely killed and injured, and only the target is taken out. The fact that our military is…… [Read More]

Terrorism What Is the Role

These contexts include: simple contexts, in which there is a clear cause-and-effect structure at work that is self-evident; complicated contexts, in which there are many right answers, but it is hard to ascertain them; complex contexts, in which there are no visible solutions (a dynamic in which there are "unknown unknowns"); and chaotic contexts, in which a leader is simply tasked with reducing the severity of a situation.

Over time, national security is faced with each of these contexts, and intelligence requires employing officials who are equipped with the requisite expertise to successfully target a given predicament.

In light of the many different tasks faced by national security, it is essential to have a Grand Strategy (or Statement of Purpose) that accounts for every aspect of national defense and steers the different compartments toward a unified direction.

An example of a unified direction can be seen in the War on Terrorism initiated by the United States in the wake of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. The United States' national security realized that it needed to target weapons of mass destruction, which they defined as "nuclear, chemical, biological, or radiological weapons."

Four core goals were identified: fighting the enemy overseas,…… [Read More]

Terrorism Now a White Male

They play an enormous role in shaping our thought patterns about what terrorism is. And this is neither good nor bad. Rather it is just the way it is due to the large role the media plays in our lives in this modern day. Most Americans depend on it.

I believe the media to be a powerful influence on American society today. From what we buy, to what we eat, to the kinds of cars we buy, to its impact on violence in our society, media probably has more influence on us than anyone would like to admit. Its influence on my own ideas of terrorism has been significant. When I think about it, I wouldn't know terrorism existed if it weren't for the media. So, it logically follows that they greatly impact my thought process on a subject they defined -- and continue to define -- for me.… [Read More]

Terrorism Reached a New Low

However genius terrorist organizations might seem, the United States and its allies has at its command an even more sophisticated and comprehensive body of technological tools that can be harnessed toward the counterterrorism effort. Counterterorrism has become, especially since September 11, one of the hallmarks of the American intelligence system. Learning how to stay one or several steps ahead of those who would attack the United States is one of the primary jobs of counterterrorism units. Using technology to their advantage, counterterrorism units in United States government agencies can thwart planned attacks and minimize damage from any that happen to take place at home or overseas.

The new terrorism is, however, characterized by its lack of clear centralized power. Combating a faceless, subversive, sneaky enemy means mobilizing as many resources as possible. Technology is only one part of the counterterrorism process, which relies on its human resources as much as on its digital ones. Counterterrorism, like the enemies it seeks to subvert, relies on the media to craft messages and create propaganda that would best serve its purposes. Communications and communications-related technologies are central in the battle against the new terrorism.

Cyberterrorism is an emerging front in the war on…… [Read More]

Terrorism Research Issues on the Topic of

Terrorism

Research Issues on the Topic of Terrorism

Written into the very word, terrorism is a fascinating social problem worth inquiry. The meaning of terrorism is an act of violence or other that paralyses the individual or society with a feeling of terror. That terror can be a product of the relative infrequency and therefore surprise and seeming senselessness associated with the event, such as in the case of large scale and broad violent acts against larger populations (like 9/11, or the Oklahoma City bombing in the U.S.). The form of terror might also grow out of the expectation of debilitating acts against others as a standard operating procedure during certain circumstances (like the support and at the very least complicity of commanders in times of often ethnic war where women of the "enemy" are frequently and violently raped as an act of aggression and show of power).

Though the impetus and even the degree of "terror" can vary greatly and even have different character due to its cause it is a defining aspect of terrorism, at least part if not all of the perpetrators intent is to strike terror into the hearts of individuals being attacked or who anticipate…… [Read More]

Terrorism Global Terrorism the Purpose

Brief Analysis: The three suspects are all Islamic, two were German converts to the belief, and one was a Turkish Muslim. They all supported Al Qaeda, and had a "deep hatred" for Americans. The Germans found them largely because they were discovered spying on an American military base on New Year's Eve of 2006. Authorities have been tracking their movements closely ever since. Their bombs had the potential to be more deadly than those used in the Madrid and London terrorist bombings, and they had detonators and other equipment necessary to conduct mayhem on many locations.

While the three suspects were caught, many officials believe there are up to ten more supporters still at large in Germany and in other countries. Most officials fear terrorist attacks on September 11, 2007, to "commemorate" the terrorist attacks in the Eastern United States in 2001. It seems the Al Qaeda network is determined to continue terrorist activities against the United States and her supporters, and so, items such as this will continue to appear in the news. The items indicate that terrorist activities are much more understood and monitored now, and that many suspected plots have been thwarted by intelligence gathering and understanding…… [Read More]

Terrorism Who The U S Congress

As reported by the New York Times

How: A Pakistani man accused of aiding Al Qaeda who was imprisoned in his home country for three years, has been released by the government.

Brief Analysis: The connections of Muhammad Naeem Noor Khan to terrorism are debated, as the CIA alleges he has been involved in terrorist activity but Pakistani officials have said that information from Mr. Khan led them to a Tanzanian wanted in connection with the 1998 bombings of American embassies in East Africa, which killed more than 200 people. They say he is not a terrorist, but merely had knowledge of the event, and thus upon gaining this information, he was released. This highlights how the international nature of terrorist organizations and the conflicting policies of nations in dealing with terrorists make it even more difficult to combat this threat.… [Read More]

Terrorism Compare and Contrast a

Jewish people believed they were promised land of their own, and the Palestinians believed that they would be given a defined homeland as well. However, the governments making these decisions were outside the Middle East and were acting in their own interests, not the interests of the people living in the areas affected. When the United Nations recognized Israel as a political entity after World War II, it did so in response to the outrage of Germany's Holocaust. While this was understandable to Western countries, Palestinians felt that they had been cheated out of their homeland and that instead it had been given to Israel.

The differences between fundamentalist and more moderate Islam comes down to the nature of Islamic belief. Islam does not make any real distinction between religion and government. In the Koran, religion and government are completely intertwined. So to fundamentalist Moslems, a non-fundamentalist Islamic country in which Moslems live is an affront to Allah. This fact had a lot to do with the overthrow of the Shah's government in Iran and the fact that a religious leader was installed as their head of state. It is an important part of why the Taliban became so closely…… [Read More]

Terrorism the Effects of Terrorism

No matter the actual cost of terrorism in terms of the economic damage, the perception that investment is going to incur higher risk will inevitably lead to the conclusion that it will also incur higher costs. Since higher costs are generally an anathema to transnational business, it stands that capital would move away from areas that have experienced terrorism. In fact, this is born out by the numbers. As already mentioned, FDI in the U.S. dropped by a factor of ten following the September 11th terrorist attacks. No one person, business, institution, or government had to organize this shift; rather it occurred organically as a function of the market itself. In the aftermath of the attacks, the U.S. suddenly seemed like a riskier place to do business and capital would have been shifted towards areas of the world that had the perception of being safer.

In fact, surveys conducted among major international corporations found that, with regard to FDI, the presence or absence of a significant terrorist threat was cited as a significant factor in determining where to invest capital (Abadie and Gardeazabal 3). In an open, yet integrated, global economy where capital can easily be shifted from one locus…… [Read More]

Terrorism Encyclopedias and Dictionaries Define

At times terrorist succeed and at times they fail. Some times they have larger and long-term goal and some times they have short-term aims. For example, a group hijacking a plane wanted some immediate results like release of the prisoners or financial gain but blowing a plane into a building would definitely mean that terrorists wanted something big out of it. Sometimes terrorists want to just cause panic and fear. They attack to make people realize that they are vulnerable. They just want people to become fearful & terrified to go about their usual and routine activities.

War on Terror

War on Terror' is the phrase that has been used and abused since Americans were attacked on their soil on September 11 in New York's Twin Towers. Today America's foreign policy is defined by the term 'War on Terror'. The attack on twin towers made America vulnerable and they had to wage a war against unknown and hidden enemies. The war on terror was started and to support the objectives allies were gathered. The war has become so ingrained in American policy and psyche that it would stay in American policies for years to come. The extent and expansion of…… [Read More]

Terrorism Impact When a Terrorism

Some rates had even decreased. Maritime shipping rates grew by 5 to 10% on average in the two weeks after the attack, but that rise was soon reversed. Airfreight rates, however, were about 10% higher in late 2001 than before the attacks. Due to the abrupt slowing of cumulative demand starting in 2000 and the decline in fuel costs after the terrorism, there should have been a steeper falling off in freight costs. The stability of freight rates, despite power fuel prices and underused shipping capacity would suggest that transportation costs may have increased as a result of the 9/11 attacks (Looney).

In 2005, Songster looked at the impact that terrorist acts have around the world on the hospitality industry, which has become a prime target in a number of threatening situations. Hotels, restaurants and bars around the globe have increasingly become scenes of terrorist atrocities not enjoyment and relaxation. The question is what kind of impact are such attacks having on the trade and how can hospitality operators work to reduce their threat? For example, in 2005, there was a terrorist attack in Amman, the capital of Jordan. Sixty people died in the horrible hotel bombing-- the Grand Hyatt,…… [Read More]

Terrorism Has Been Defined as

The left wing will considered the beggar to be at par with others on moral grounds, and will therefore demand the access of the beggar towards loans and welfare scheme. The right wing will condemn the free access of the beggar towards economic reforms, and will doubt that if access to these economic provisions will further involve the participation of the beggar into bad social habits. According to left wing the provided assistance to the beggar will make him contribute towards turning the world into better place for survival, where as the rightwing will consider such a measure as a threat to world peace.

Shane Harris. Domestic Counter-terrorism. 2007. National Journal Publications.

Kevin Jack Riley, Bruce Hoffman. Domestic Terrorism: A National Assessment of State and Local Law Enforcement Preparedness. 1995. MIT Press.pp. 34

Jay P. Farrington. Domestic Terrorism. 2001. HW Wilson. pp. 196

Robert a. Kilmarx, Yonah Alexander. Political Terrorism and Business: The Threat and Response. 1979. Hw Wilson. pp. 94

Jay P. Farrington. Domestic Terrorism. 2001. Xlibris Corporation. pp. 84

Anthony Kubiak. Stages of Terror: Terrorism, Ideology, and Coercion as Theatre History. 1991. pp. 142

Robyn L. Pangi, Arnold M. Howitt. Countering Terrorism:: Dimensions of Preparedness. 2003. MIT Press.…… [Read More]

Terrorism and Economy How Has

S., have the potential to cause billions of dollars of damage to the U.S. economy" (Threat pp).

Works… [Read More]

Terrorism Corporations and Terrorism Yes

An excellent example is Enron, which collapsed as a result of its own internal greed and evil. The corporation was successful globally, and so, when it failed, it touched workers all around the world, leaving them jobless. It is also well documented that many corporations doing business in foreign countries use the business practices of those countries in their overseas dealings. For example, many corporations in Mexico routinely bribe officials and agencies in order to continue doing business in the country. This leads to violence, extortion, and corruption, and those are all forms of terrorism in Mexico. In fact, Mexico is notoriously corrupt, and so are many other foreign countries. A business must be corrupt to do business there. Thus, these corporations who stoop to these practices are indeed roots of terrorism, because they promote the corruption and terrorism already at work in these countries. Corporations can be evil, and when the influence the deeds of others, they become evil as well.… [Read More]