Literature eview

1. The dilemma of Obesity

Mokdad et al., (1999) in his study found that the issue of unhealthy weight, overweight and obesity are perhaps one of the rising concerns for the Americans in the 21st century as more and more U.S. citizens become vulnerable to the circumstantial risks and dangers of the phenomenon (Mokdad et al., 1999). It is usually the body mass indexes (BMI) that indicate whether a person is actually overweight or not. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) carried out a study for the years 1999 to 2002 using the BMI phenomenon and concluded that about 65% of U.S. citizens in the adulthood years were categorized under the overweight group because of their BMI (Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2005).

To understand the phenomenon of obesity and its rise, it's important to understand the core meaning…...

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References

Adam Drewnowski and S.E. Specter (2004), Poverty and Obesity: The Role of Energy Density and Energy Costs, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 79, no. 1: 6-16.

Akande, a. & Akande, B.E. (1994). On becoming a person: Activities to help children with their anger. Early Child Development and Care, 102, 31-62.

Akande, a. Wyk, C.D.WV. And Osagie, J.E. (2000). Importance of Exercise and Nutrition in the Prevention of Illness and the Enchancement of Health. Education. 120: 4.

Alexander, M.A., & Blank, J.J. (1988). Factors related to obesity in Mexican-American preschool children. Image, 20(2), 79-82.

Using An Educational Intervention to educe Alcohol Consumption Among Older AdultsAn estimated 60% of adults between 65 to 75 years report consuming alcohol. According to Ettner et al. (2014) drinking does decline as age advances, but there are increased risks associated with drinking for older adults compared to younger adults. Older adults take numerous medications that might counteract alcohol, impairing their judgment and physiology. While the recommendation for older adults is to reduce their consumption or abstain completely, there is still a high prevalence of older adults who consume alcohol. With the ever-growing number of older adults, there is a likelihood there will be an increased number of older adults who consume alcohol, increasing healthcare costs.With an estimated 20% of the population aged 65 years or older by 2030, there is a need to ensure alcohol consumption is reduced, leading to reduced healthcare costs (Ettner et al., 2014). The use…...

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ReferencesConde-Sala, J. L., Portellano-Ortiz, C., Calvó-Perxas, L., & Garre-Olmo, J. (2017). Quality of life in people aged 65+ in Europe: associated factors and models of social welfare—analysis of data from the SHARE project (Wave 5). Quality of life research, 26(4), 1059-1070.   Ettner, S. L., Xu, H., Duru, O. K., Ang, A., Tseng, C.-H., Tallen, L., Barnes, A., Mirkin, M., Ransohoff, K., & Moore, A. A. (2014). The effect of an educational intervention on alcohol consumption, at-risk drinking, and health care utilization in older adults: the Project SHARE study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 75(3), 447-457. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2014.75.447 Fink, A., Elliott, M. N., Tsai, M., & Beck, J. C. (2005). An evaluation of an intervention to assist primary care physicians in screening and educating older patients who use alcohol. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(11), 1937-1943. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.00476.x https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-016-1436-x 

HEALTH Applying Theories and Models to Educational Interventions for Target PopulationsBeliefs/ Subjective Norms of Target PopulationPoor health of female sex workers (FSW) has been one of the primary concerns of public health for decades. It has become an international concern since globalization has affected the mobility of female sex workers worldwide, causing a higher risk of spreading sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).It is a generally held belief by the FSWs that their drug dependency during sex work is inevitable as they feel trapped in this spiteful cycle (Jeal et al., 2017). They feel it is highly likely that if they stop injecting drugs, there would be an inverse effect on their sex work. The drug services will be increased if sex work keeps relapsing and remitting during the entire process (Jeal et al., 2017). Moreover, female sex workers have reported that the use of drugs is to get rid of stress…...

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ReferencesJeal, N., Macleod, J., Salisbury, C. & Turner, K. (2017). Identifying possible reasons why female street workers have poor drug treatment outcomes: A qualitative study. BMJ Open, 7.   G., El-Bassel, N., McCrimmon, T., Terlikbayeva, A., Primbetova, S., Riedel, M., Kuskulov, A., Velez-Grau, C., & Witte, S. S. (2019). Project Nova: A Combination HIV prevention and microfinance intervention for women who engage in sex work and use drugs in Kazakhstan. AIDS and Behavior, 23(1), 1–14.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2268-1 Moeini, B., Hazavehei, S.M.M., Zareban, I., Mousali, A., Bashiriyan, S., Soltanian, A. & Kafami, V. (2016). Effectiveness of an educational program based on the theory of planned behavior for improving safe sexual behaviors intention among addicted males: A quasi-experimental study. International Journal of High-Risk Behaviors and Addiction, 6(2).  http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.32432 National Cancer Institute. (2005). Theory at a glance: A guide for health promotion practice.  https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/theory.pdf Taghdisi, M.H., Babazadeh, T., Moradi, F. & Shariat, F. (2016). Effect of educational intervention on the fruit and vegetables consumption among the students: Applying theory of planned behavior. Journal of Research in Health Sciences, 16(4), 195-199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013018 Mergenova,

98). The need for ongoing research to identify optimal solutions in a given setting is also made clear by the reliance on experimental methods to measure options. The efficacy of the scientific method is well established, of course, and it is not surprising that many educators are drawn to this super-philosophy as a way of formulating effective solutions to convoluted problems. For instance, Glickman and his colleagues add that, "The use of trial and error in a laboratory setting is the key to evaluating the outcome of action. Therefore, experimentalists do not view knowledge as absolute or external to human capabilities. ather, knowledge is a result of the interaction between the scientific person and the environment" (p. 97).
Conclusion

The research showed that educational supervisors are faced with a complex set of challenges in their day-to-day work that demands a viable educational super-philosophy. For this purpose, the research also showed that…...

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References

Brubacher, J.S. (1939). Modern philosophies of education. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Ediger, M. (1995, Spring). Demonstration teaching in the schools. Education, 115(3), 371-375.

Garubo, R.C. & Rothstein, S.W. (1998). Supportive supervision in schools. Westport, CT:

Greenwood Press.

Utay and Miller (2006) described a study in which researchers observed over 100 individuals with unresolved grief reactions. There were three phases of treatment employed with these individuals. The first stage of treatment involved cognitive structuring for the decision to grieve again and for procedure clarification. The second stage involved guided imagery for reliving, revising, and revisiting the scenes at which the loss occurred. The third and final stage involved future-oriented identity reconstruction. The researchers reported that the reliving of the event through guided imagery effectively changed the client's view of reality, and furthermore helped along their grief resolution (Melges & DeMaso (1980), as cited by Utay & Miller, 2006). Moreover, Guided imagery has been established as a versatile and effective intervention.

The importance in assisting the children's mother with the grief process lies in the fact that bereavement is associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality, and it is…...

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References

Elliott, K. (2000). Long QT syndrome. Alberta RN, January/February.

Firth, Hurst (2005). Clinical Genetics, New York: Oxford University Press, 378-9.

Gravitz, MA. (2001). Perceptual reconstruction in the treatment of inordinate grief. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 44(1), 51-5.

Joffrion, L.P., Douglas, D. (1994). Grief resolution: faciliatating self-transcendence in the bereaved. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 32(3), 13-9.

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The two hypothetical systems working on an individual's brain during the experience of addiction are complementary within and between system changes. The first counteradaptation results in a decrease in the transmission of dopamine and serotonin release during withdrawal phases of the cycle (obinson & Berridge 2001). Effectively, dopamine and serotonin transmission is artificially increased beyond the normative range during drug use, then virtually stopped once the drug has left the body. This intensifies not only the "come down" feeling but also the preoccupation anxieties associated with substance abuse as well as the existing emotional, environmental, or social vulnerability which lead to the initial lapse. Sensitization is the component of addiction which compels an individual to continually seek greater quantities of the substance (obinson & Berridge 2001). Effectively once the brain has been exposed to a chemical which alters neural transmission, the body attempts to return to a homeostatic state.…...

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References

1. Nesse, R. (1994). An evolutionary perspective on substance abuse. Ethology and Sociobiology, 15, 339- 348.

2. Robinson, T, & Berridge, K. (2001). Mechanisms of action of addictive stimuli incentive- sensitization and addiction. Addiction, 96, 103- 114.

3. Koob, G., & Le Moal, M. (1997). Drug abuse: Hedonic homeostatic dysregulation. Science, 278, 52- 58.

4. Brown, J.M., & Miller, W.R. (1993). Impact of motivational interviewing on participation and outcome in residential alcoholism treatment. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors,7, 211-218.

Fullan, et al.'s approach is to employ "greater specificity without suffering the downside of prescription," (9) meaning that curriculum design must teach people how to do something within the proper context and that all details must be included without the complicating and ineffective method of saying that all children must be taught the same subjects in the same manner ("prescription"). The attending result, then, would be that curriculum would be designed with an inherent awareness of all learning modalities, with the flexibility to be taught to all students in any number of different manners, with ultimate flexibility - in short, massive textbooks would give way to a more interactive multi-branched approach that the teachers would actively control during the classroom much like a boat captain pilots a tricky inner-harbor channel. To allow this, curriculum design would be a collaborative process not only within the schools and districts but between the…...

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Reference:

Fullan, M., Hill, P. & Crevola, C. (2006). Breakthrough. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. pp109.

They will in turn pass on that legacy to their own children. Since that is the general rule and principle, why does it affect persons of color more fiercely?
Persons of color are disproportionately represented in the low strata of the SE ladder. Amongst the poor persons of color have higher percentages and are more likely to exist in extreme poverty. Since SES determines where you live to a large extent, and where you live will determine the schools to which your children can attend. Then SES becomes a limiting factor because person whose household income is low will live in government housing and may be on some government support program. These persons will also have their children attend schools within these communities' schools where there is high teacher absenteeism, poor results on standardized testing and generally poor conditions (Lee, 2002). Again, in this regard persons of color are over…...

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References

Achievement gap (2002) National conference for community and justice. Retrieved from http://www.kccjky.org/summaries/full_achieve.htm

Anderson M.L. & Taylor H.F. (2010) Sociology the essentials. NY, New York: Wadsworth

Cengage Learning.

Brunner, B., & Haney, E. (2007). Civil Rights Timeline Milestones in the modern civil rights movement. Retrieved from  http://www.infoplease.com/spot/civilrightstimeline1.html#axzz0wJNCuRjZ

Intervention for the Improvement of Hypoglycemic Control
Diabetes complication is one of the top health problems in the United States, and the ADA (American Diabetes Association) recommends that people suffering from diabetes should control their hypoglycemic and maintain A1C to < 7% to avoid diabetes complications. To achieve this objective, the "diabetes self-management education (DSME)"(Ni coll, aiser, Campbell, ET AL. 2014 p 207) is an effective tool to enhance hypoglycemic control and improve patients' outcomes. The DSME is an on-going educational process to facilitate the skill, knowledge, and ability of patients to carry out a diabetes self-care. I am a diabetic educator working in the diabetic outpatient clinical setting. My experience has made to understand that patients struggle to manage and control their diabetes after being educated because patients are not allowed to set their goals in order to manage their diabetes. (American Diabetes Association; 2013).

Objective of this paper is to…...

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Reference

American Diabetes Association (2013). Standards of medical care in diabetes -- 2013. Diabetes Care 36 (Suppl. 1):S11 -- S66, .

Funnell, M.M. Brown, T.L. Childs B.P. Et al. (2010). National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education. Diabetes Care. 33: 589-596.

Nicoll, K.G. Ramser, K.L. Campbell, et al. (2014).Sustainability of Improved Glycemic Control After Diabetes Self-Management Education. Diabetes Spectrum 27 (3): 207-211.

Norris, S.L., Lau, J., Smith, J.,et al. ( 2002). Susan Sundae, N.L Norris elf-Management Education for Adults with Type 2 Diabetes meta-analysis of the effect on hypoglycemic control.

Included in life skills are such as the ability to manage personal finances, the ability to manage a household, the ability to care for personal needs, and awareness of safety as well as many other life skills including citizenship and leisure activities.
Findings & Conclusion

In the United States and the United Kingdom, governmental assistance to special needs students in education is seen as the answer to making appropriate educational provisions for these students with disabilities. The view of the World Health Organization to developing countries is quite different however; this may be based on the cultural barriers to education for special needs students in the developing countries.

Recommendations

Recommendations arising from this brief study and proposal for research include a recommendation that research be conducted for the purpose of determining what governmental aids and supports can be made for special needs students in education to provide them with the most appropriate and…...

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Bibliography

Brolin, D.E. (1989). Life Centered Career Education: A Competency Based Approach (3rd ed.). Reston, VA: The Council for Exceptional Children.

Edgar. G. (1988). Employment as an outcome for mildly handicapped students: Current status and future direction. Focus on Exceptional Children 21(1), 1-8 (EJ380199).

Goodship, Joan M. (1990) Life Skills Mastery for Students with Special Needs. ERIC Digest #E469.

Minority Students in Special and Gifted Education (2002) National Research Council U.S. Committee on Minority Representation in Special Education. National Academies Press 2002.

By the 1970s most states had mandatory child abuse reporting laws. These laws aimed at identifying abused children and setting in motion legal procedures to investigate the child's situation and either to provide services for them in their own home or to remove them from their home and place them in a safer environment (Melli, 1998).
Historically, the laws and regulations of the present are the children and grandchildren of the laws that were pioneered in the 1960s and 1970s. Certainly, experience makes any process better and smoother, but essentially, the system of three to four decades ago would have been very similar to today. hat would not have percolated down to teachers, principals and other team personnel yet would have been the knowledge of the new legal system and how to function in it. This uncertainty would have undoubtedly have slowed the intervention as wary professionals move cautiously, balancing…...

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Works Cited

Crosson-Tower, Cynthia. (2010). Understanding child abuse and neglect. 8th ed. Upper

Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson-Prentice Hall.

Educators' role in child abuse and neglect prevention. (2010). Retrieved 30 July 2010

from  http://www.enotalone.com/article/9974.html

Della-Piana's 2008 article "Enduring issues in educational assessment" the "key recommendations" in the report Nation at Risk called for standardized tests to measure "minimum competency" "at major transition points" to "certify the student's credentials; identify the need for remedial intervention, and identify the opportunity for advanced or accelerated work" (Della-Piana 2008). However, even for this early report, construct validity -- namely the question if the tests that 'raised the alarm' regarding student underperformance were valid -- was an issue. Tests that measure outcomes alone may not fully test necessary learning skills, like the ability to reason mathematically. But open-ended questions can be highly subjective in terms of grading. These were some of the problems critics had with the tests used in the report Nation at Risk and continue to plague many NCLB tests in states all over the union.
For example, an essay written by a student can…...

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All three articles examine NCLB and its current implications -- even Della-Piana's article, which is a historical overview of the report A Nation at Risk, as it mobilized support for greater use of standardized assessment amongst liberals and conservatives alike. Holland's review of current literature and data regarding current use of NCLB stands in striking contrast to Della-Piana's more focused examination of validity issues in standardized testing that have existed since A Nation at Risk. Hughes' book review, through which she examines how non-standardized testing can elevate performance in a specific context, provides a refreshing anecdotal approach to the generalizations of the other authors. All three authors grapple with the degree to which the loss of individualized curriculums helps or harms overall student learning, as well as with questions of validity regarding test results.

Points of agreement and disagreement

While all authors agree that the nation's schools are failing some of our children, the question remains how to address and improve this. Is a stress-ridden environment where some teachers even feel pressured to 'cheat' to save their jobs and schools really the answer, especially given questions of the validity and even the competent construction of such texts, as discussed in Holland and Piana? Hughes alone takes the brave stance that standardized assessment may not be useful or wise: "in an effort to leave no child behind, the United States is leaving many children behind," she writes (Hughes 2009). "Society must look beyond test scores and consider the impact of

Afro-Caribbeans
WHAT WORKS EST

Adherence Intervention for Afro-Caribbeans

Recent improvements on prescription medications are beneficial only if patients adhere to them faithfully. Non-adherence is common and results in adverse conditions (Ho et al., 2009). This is a problem both to patients and heir care providers as well as the healthcare system itself. The solution consists of identifying the causes and motivations of non-adherence and the design and implementation of better interventions to improve adherence (Ho et al.). The following studies present and suggest more effective interventions for a variety of health conditions among Afro-Caribbean people who have been reported to have a high level of non-adherence to therapy.

Literature Review

Culture-Specific Interventions

Many health providers contend that more effective interventions in reducing risks for diseases, especially HIV / AIDS, through greater adherence need to culturally conform to the specific culture of the subject population (Archibald, 2011). This study used a naturalistic approach in securing the…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adams, O.P. And Carter, A.O. (2010). Diabetes and hypertension guidelines and the primary health care practitioners in Barbados: knowledge, attitudes, practices and barriers -- a focus group study. Vol 11 # 96, BMC Family Practice: BioMed Central.

Retrieved on February 1, 2013 from  http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2296/11/96 

Archibald, C. (2011). Cultural tailoring for an Afro-Caribbean community: a naturalistic approach. Vol 18 # 4, Journal of Cultural Divers: Pubmed. Retrieved on January 27,

2013 from  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3408883

Social and Behavioral Aspects of Public Health1. The relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and health is one of the most robust in the public health literature. Whereas high SES is almost invariably linked to lower morbidity and mortality, low SES is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. What theories, variables, and processes help to explain this inverse relationship between SES and health outcomes?Money may not buy happiness, but it does buy better health and therefore longer life. The multiple variables that are involved in this calculus include the fact that affluent people can afford healthier foods, visit health care providers for preventive checkups as well as whenever ill health requires it, enjoy a less stress- and depression-filled lifestyle due to fewer worries over money, and actively participate in those activities that provide humans with physical fitness and joy. This is not to say, of course, that less affluent people never…...

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ReferencesBoyd A, Van De Velde S, Vilagut G, De Graaf R, O\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'Neill S, Florescu S, et al. (2015). Gender differences in mental disorders and suicidality in Europe: results from a large cross-sectional population-based study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 173, 245–54.Foster, S., & O’Mealey, M. (2022). Socioeconomic status and mental illness stigma: the impact of mental illness controllability attributions and personal responsibility judgments. Journal of Mental Health, 31(1), 58–65.Misra, S., Jackson, V. W., Chong, J., Choe, K., Tay, C., Wong, J., & Yang, L. H. (2021). Systematic Review of Cultural Aspects of Stigma and Mental Illness among Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups in the United States: Implications for Interventions. American Journal of Community Psychology, 68(3–4), 486–512.Moradi, Z., Tavafian, S. S., & Kazemi, S. S. (2022). Educational intervention program based on health belief model and neck pain prevention behaviors in school teachers in Tehran. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1–9.Moreno-Agostino, D., de la Fuente, J., Leonardi, M., Koskinen, S., Tobiasz-Adamczyk, B., Sánchez-Niubò, A., Chatterji, S., Haro, J. M., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., & Miret, M. (2021). Mediators of the socioeconomic status and life satisfaction relationship in older adults: a multi-country structural equation modeling approach. Aging & Mental Health, 25(3), 585–592.Prus, S. G. (2004). A Life Course Perspective on the Relationship between Socio-Economic Status and Health: Testing the Divergence Hypothesis. Canadian Journal on Aging, 23, 145–153.Rarick, J. R. D., Dolan, C. T., Han, W., & Wen, J. (2018). Relations Between Socioeconomic Status, Subjective Social Status, and Health in Shanghai, China. Social Science Quarterly (Wiley-Blackwell), 99(1), 390–405.Silva, A. C. S., Alvarenga, P., Barros, L., & de Mendonça Filho, E. J. (2022). Chronic Illness and Child Behavior Problems in Low-SES Families: The Mediation of Caregivers’ Mental Health. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 31(9), 2594–2607.The theory of planned behavior. (2022). Boston University School of Public Health. Retrieved from   BehavioralChangeTheories3.html#:~:text=The%20Theory%20of%20Planned%20Behavior%20(TPB)%20started%20as%20the%20Theory,ability%20to%20exert%20self%2Dcontrol.https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/mph-modules/sb/behavioralchangetheories/ 

The following multimodal evaluation procedure is recommended for Carlos: Semi-Structured Clinical Interview

The foremost component of an informal evaluation of traumatized individuals entails semi-structured interviewing, in which the following details of the patient ought to be garnered:

• Demographic facts

• Employment history

• Medical history

• Educational history

• Social history and • Several specific facts.

Such an interview must be closely founded on minor and major trauma disorder facets (James, 2008). Particular questions to be posed to Carlos are linked to:

• Trauma nature and level of exposure

• Definite trauma integral to PTS (post-traumatic stress) symptoms

• Intrusive thoughts, recollections, emotions, imagery, responsiveness/awareness freezing, avoidance response and other similar symptoms

• Related elements of anxiety, depression, drug/alcohol abuse, anger or violent behavior

• Pre-morbid family and social life, and adjustment

• Familial history of psychological ailments. Essentially, therapists must seek comprehensive information on individual PTS symptomatology elements, identifying the nature, seriousness, content, rate, concise explanation and duration of symptoms.

The above-mentioned evaluation…...

1. The Historical Roots and Evolution of Child Labor: An Exploration of Causes and Consequences

Trace the origins and development of child labor practices throughout history
Examine the social, economic, and political factors that have perpetuated child labor
Analyze the impact of industrialization, globalization, and social movements on the prevalence of child labor

2. The Ethical Implications and Human Rights Violations of Child Labor: Confronting Exploitation and Injustice

Discuss the ethical dilemmas posed by child labor and its violation of fundamental human rights
Examine the psychological, physical, and developmental hazards faced by child laborers
Evaluate the role of international conventions and....

Early Intervention Programs and Enhanced Quality of Life for Individuals with Mild Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of movement disorders that affect muscle tone, posture, and movement. Mild CP is the least severe form, with individuals typically experiencing mild motor impairments that do not significantly impact daily activities. However, early intervention programs can play a crucial role in improving the quality of life for individuals with mild CP. These programs aim to enhance physical, cognitive, and social development, maximizing their potential and promoting a fulfilling life.
Benefits of Early Intervention Programs
1. Improved Physical Function:
- Physical therapy strengthens muscles, improves....

Barrier nursing technique knowledge is an essential aspect of healthcare education, especially for nursing students who will be responsible for providing direct patient care. Understanding the best practices for infection control and prevention is crucial to ensuring patient safety, as well as the safety of healthcare providers themselves. Several studies have been conducted to assess the level of barrier nursing technique knowledge among nursing students, with the goal of identifying any gaps in knowledge and improving education and training programs. One study by Caceres et al. (2019) aimed to evaluate the knowledge and skills of nursing students in barrier nursing....

Literature Review on Barrier Nursing Technique Knowledge Among Nursing Students

The concept of barrier nursing techniques has been pivotal in infection control within healthcare settings. This literature review aims to explore the existing research concerning the knowledge of barrier nursing techniques among first-year General Nursing and Midwifery students at Martin Luther School of Nursing, Hubballi. Barrier nursing, which includes practices like isolation, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and strict hand hygiene, is crucial for preventing the spread of infections, particularly in vulnerable patient populations.