Environmental Science
Environmental fundamentals

Defining environmental science: The quest for sustainability

Environmental science or environmental studies are defined as the "study of a range of environments, from the bodies we live, to the physical structures, institutions and industries we build, to the politics, languages and cultural practices we use to communicate, and to the earth and its complex multitude of animals, flora and bio-physical elements and processes" (What is environmental science, 2012, York University). The word derives from the French world 'environs,' which means everything around us (What is environmental science, 2012, York University). A critical component of environmental studies has become how to enhance the sustainability of human life in conjunction with the environment. Humans today are not seeking simply to understand the environment but to live in harmony with it. Environmentalism seeks to acknowledge that humans are part of the environment, not merely consumers of it. "Sustainability creates and maintains the….

Environmental Science
Minerals

Minerals play a very important part in society, in terms of both the economy and health. People use minerals to stay healthy by means of food supplements. Minerals are also present in foods that people eat. Minerals also play a very important part in the mining industry and in the economy. According to the Mine-Engineer.com (2011) Website, the mining industry in the United States includes 140,000 employees.

Metallic minerals can be melted to obtain new products. Two examples of these are iron and copper. They are usually associated with igneous rocks and are generally used to manufacture products that can be used for various purposes. Such products might include wire or wheels. Non-metallic minerals are not melted to yield new products. Two example include salt and marble, which can be used for flavoring food and building material, respectively.

Mining

1.

Minerals are extracted and processed during the mining process. Minerals are extracted from….

ransportation technology is no exception: the single largest element responsible for the high-output power requirements of internal combustion engines had always been the need to overcome friction. For the same reason, all mechanical means of producing energy for transportation systems also require copious amounts of lubrication, adding another major source of environmental impact from petroleum waste products (Rodrigue, 2010).
he physical mechanics of thermal friction also contributes greatly to the pollution of the environment by virtue of the minute rubber particles from millions of truck and automobile tires continuously released into the atmosphere. In many cases, the materials used to manufacture rubber tires are highly toxic in the form of its absorption in soil and water (Rodrigue, 2010). More importantly, the gaseous release of carbon emissions from internal combustion engines contributes tremendously to acid rain and may account for as much as one-quarter of all nitrogen fallout on bodies of….

Although proximity to the spraying of humans may be an issue, refuge during the spraying is possible, while it is impossible to entirely avoid exposure to insects throughout the summer. In contrast, when insecticide is sprayed, individuals can be specifically instructed to take cover during those times, and if necessary shelter could be provided to those individuals with inadequate housing, such as migrant workers.
Step 4. isk characterization. What is probability of individual or population having adverse health effect? isk characterization evaluates data from dose-response assessment and exposure assessment (steps 2 and 3). isk characterization indicates that Mexican-Americans, many of which are agricultural workers, are more vulnerable to pesticide exposure than other groups.

Although it is argued that the poor or uneducated would not follow the safety precautions required by the Malathion application program, this is also true of individuals who fail to take precautions against West Nile. Uninformed residents, for….

By regulation, the design of the nuclear reactor must include stipulations for human operator error and equipment failure. Nuclear Plants in the western world use a Defense in Depth idea which is a system with numerous safety components, each with back-up and design to accommodate human error. The components include:

"Control of adioactivity - This requires being able to control the neutron flux. If the neutron flux is decreased the radioactivity is decreased. The most common way to reduce the neutron flux is include neutron-absorbing control rods. These control rods can be partially inserted into the reactor core to reduce the reactions. The control rods are very important because the reaction could run out of control if fission events are extremely frequent. In modern nuclear power plants, the insertion of all the control rods into the reactor core occurs in a few seconds, thus halting the nuclear reaction as rapidly as….

Question

The United States EPA's AirNow program issues an Air Quality Index (AQI) based on the presence of five major pollutants: ground-level ozone, particle pollution, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. The AirNow program compiles AQI data daily, issuing warnings on particularly polluted "action days." The AirNow website offers a summary of its results in list or map form. Information about air quality and the AQI is also color-coded to provide the public with non-technical basic knowledge about air quality in their community and potential health effects, if any.

The AirNow map of the United States paints a fairly rosy picture of air quality throughout the United States. Most areas, and especially the highly populated regions of the northeast, rate "good." The regions with "moderate" air quality include the Gulf region, parts of Appalachia, and parts of Southern California.

The AQI summary offers more detailed information about American cities. Again, most regions….

A number of countries are also likely to fall short of one or more legally required 2010 emission ceilings of four significant air pollutants. The requirement to decrease contact to air contamination persists to be a significant matter (About air pollution, n.d.).
Air contamination persists to be a very important issue. Air contaminants discharged in one country are often transported in the environment and harm human well-being and the environment somewhere else. Two pollutants, fine particulate substance and ground-level ozone, are now usually accepted as the most noteworthy in terms of impacts on health. Long lasting and peak contact can lead to an assortment of health consequences, ranging from minor results on the respiratory system to early mortality (About air pollution, n.d.).

Clean water is necessary to existence. egrettably, ever since the Industrial evolution, most of Europe's rivers have been taken care of recklessly by being used as an expedient way….

Thos facilities that come in under that allowable limit because of air pollution control systems can then sell their leftover allowances to other facilities and organizations on the open market. This allows the facilities that buy up such allowances or pollution credits to pollute more, because other facilities are polluting less. This type of system has some potentially good points, by rewarding facilities that control air pollution and providing a means for those who cannot afford the latest air pollution technologies or who have not completed upgrades to buy some maneuvering room until they can get that done (What is Cap and Trade, n.d.).
A cap-and-trade strategy provides an incentive for all segments of the economy to compete to discover the best ways to cut emissions. In this type of system the government plays a small role, and leaves the main decisions to the private sector. The government would establish….

Environmental Science
What is the annual yield of cranberries in New Jersey? What is the dollar value of cranberries to New Jersey's economy? 547, 500 barrels; $20.3 million.

Will climate change create positive or negative growing conditions for cranberries in New Jersey for the next 50 years? For the next 100 years? Be sure to support your well written argument with data meaning number, graphs, and sources! Climate change will create negative growing conditions for cranberries in New Jersey for the next 50 years. It will create even worse conditions for growing this crop in the next 100 years. The climate change is resulting in hotter temperatures, which the Bangor Daily News reported is "undermining" (Walsh, 2011) cranberry harvests.

a) Effects of temperature increase over the next 50 years on growing of cranberries: supported by an explanation of 3 pieces of supporting evidence. Cranberries grow well in weather that is not too hot….

LD50 values are not always given on the pesticide label; rather, the relative toxicity of a pesticide product is exposed by one of three signal words: DANGE, WANING, or CAUTION. The rationale for signal words is to alert the user to the level of toxicity of the product. The signal word is usually assigned based on the pesticide's inhalation, oral or dermal toxicity, whichever is the most toxic" (Lethal Dosage (LD50) Values, 2009).
4. What is the difference between prospective and retrospective cohort studies?

There are two key types of cohort study, the retrospective and the prospective cohort study. The foremost dissimilarity involving the two is that the retrospective looks at phenomenons that have already taken place, whilst the potential kind begins from the current. The retrospective case study is past in temperament. Whilst still starting with the partition into cohorts, the researcher looks at past data in order to evaluate….

Environmental Science
Suburban Sprawl: Problems and Solutions

The objective of this work is to discuss the cost and benefits of low density suburban development and to who it is that gains and loses.

Low density urban sprawl was seen as the answer to housing the growth urban population in both Australia and USA cities. However, this has proven to be untrue and the facts speak quite differently. Health problems are many in these areas perpetuated by the crowding and increased use of automobile as a form of travel.

Urban sprawl can be defined as: "Sprawl is the spreading out of a city and its suburbs over more and more rural land at the periphery of an urban area. This involves the conversion of open space (rural land) into built-up, developed land over time."(Numbers USA, 2005)

esearch establishes that urban sprawl is linked to less walking and riding of bicycles and the denser the community the….

The published results also show that female students with special needs that had been placed in a general education setting were less satisfactorily integrated than the males, Bakker explains. hy general education students rejected girls in this context requires additional research, according to the authors. On the other hand, this research in no way should be interpreted as negative regarding the concept of mainstreaming students with special needs.

M.J. Reid and colleagues write in the Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology (2007) that the "Incredible Years" program -- another strategy using parents and placing students with special needs into mainstream classrooms -- has shown some success. In this research, some students were placed in general education classrooms and others were part of a program designed to enlighten and train parents of children with special needs. The results show that when mothers receive training from the schools, children showed "less externalizing….

" By writing her book, Carson in fact is credited with launching "the modern environmental movement," the authors insist. And her book was far more than just the "cumulative and devastating biological effects of pesticides," Bekoff writes; "it is about life itself, focusing on the many different webs of nature that go unnoticed, misunderstood, and unappreciated until we lose them."
Carson's book was "a wake-up call for us to do something about how we destroy and desecrate nature"; it also alerted millions of readers to the "appalling abuse and torture of animals in slaughterhouses" and set forward the notion that ecosystems and species are more important that the comfort of and profits of humans, Bekoff writes. Like Thoreau and John Muir, Carson was very concerned about humans' attempts to "mold Nature to our satisfaction," and to "redecorate nature," as she wrote on page 245 of her book. She wrote that "no….

17).
A that they assumed that the entire world of plants and animals, even the land itself, was sacred

Paleolithic humans did not see themselves as better than other features in the natural world. They thought that everything in the natural world including plants, animals, bodies of water and the Earth itself contained spirits (Oelschlaeger, p. 17).

A that they surmised that divinity could take many narural forrns and that metaphor was the mode of divine access

The belief that all objects contained spirits led to the idea that divinity is present in all things. They did not create greater and lesser gods because they did not see any one element of nature, including themselves, as superior to any other element in nature, (Oelschlaeger, p. 21) but used metaphors to explain their relationship to the rest of the world. An example of that would be totemic beliefs (Oelschlaeger, p. 13).

A that they believed….

Any opposing views of the issue

Of course, some fisherman may protest that they need to make a living now and protest limits on fishing endangered fish species. Restaurateurs may protest they are just giving the customer what he or she desires. But they must remember the analogy of the 'dust bowl' in America -- exploit the earth now, but pay the price with a barren ocean in the future.

Other water or land resource problems that might result from your issue

Locally, people dependant upon the tourist industry in fishing communities, where fish restaurants are an important part of the economy may suffer. But besides the damage to the ecosystem that can result from overfishing, many people are dependent upon fish for sustenance all over the globe. Damage to the ocean and to the supply of food derived from the ocean harms all of humanity as well as the sea and environmental….